Gaubert Oil Company, Inc. Versus Bayou Fuel Marine and Hardware Supplies, Inc., C & M Contractors Inc., Lafitte Real Estate, L.L.C., Jacquelyn R. Daigle, Jared Daigle, Chad Daigle, Gulf Coast Bank and Trust Company, New Orleans Regional Business Development Loan Corporation, Jlh Enterprises, L.L.C., Jean Lafitte Harbor, L.L.C., Jean Lafitte Marine, L.L.C.

GAUBERT OIL COMPANY, INC. NO. 19-CA-252

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

BAYOU FUEL MARINE AND HARDWARE COURT OF APPEAL
SUPPLIES, INC., ET AL
STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 759-820, DIVISION "N"
HONORABLE STEPHEN D. ENRIGHT, JR., JUDGE PRESIDING

October 23, 2019

JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Marc E. Johnson,
Stephen J. Windhorst, and John J. Molaison, Jr.

AFFIRMED
JJM
MEJ
SJW

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
GAUBERT OIL COMPANY, INC.
Daniel A. Ranson
Ryan C. Higgins

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
JLH ENTERPRISES, L.L.C., JEAN LAFITTE HARBOR, L.L.C., JEAN
LAFITTE MARINE, L.L.C. AND MARIA COUEVAS
James L. Donovan, Jr.

MOLAISON, J.

This is an appeal from the grant of a partial summary judgment in favor of

several defendants in a revocatory action. The revocatory action is one of several

claims asserted in a petition filed by Gaubert Oil Company Inc. (Gaubert) against

numerous defendants as a result of a default on a promissory note. Gaubert asserts

that property securing the promissory note was sold to a third party, increasing or

causing the insolvency of the debtor. For the following reasons, we affirm the

judgment.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 12, 2016, Gaubert filed a petition naming Bayou Fuel Marine and

Hardware Supplies Inc. (Bayou Fuel), C&M Contractors, Inc. (C&M), Lafitte Real

Estate, LLC (Lafitte Real Estate), Gulf Coast Bank and Trust Company (Gulf

Coast), New Orleans Regional Business Development Loan Corporation (RLC),

Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC, Jean Lafitte Marine, LLC, JLH Enterprises, LLC, (JLH),

Jacquelyn Daigle, Chad Daigle, and Jared Daigle as solidary defendants. JLH is

the buyer of immovable and movable property that comprised a marina owned by

Bayou Fuel, C&M and Lafitte Real Estate. Gulf Coast and RLC (collectively

known as “the lenders”) are lenders and hold mortgages and other security interests

in the immovable and movable property as a result of the sale. Gaubert asserts an

interest in certain property sold pursuant to a promissory note executed by Bayou

Fuel.

The petition states a claim for indebtedness on the promissory note made by

Bayou Fuel, a revocatory action, enforcement of a security interest and purchaser

liability. The petition claims that on March 3, 2016, Bayou Fuel, C&M and Lafitte

Real Estate sold movable and immovable property to JLH, adversely affecting a

security interest in the property held by Gaubert. The petition prays for a judgment

against all defendants, who Gaubert asserts are solidary obligors, that includes the

19-CA-252 1

annulment of the sale and transfer of any property, the liquidation of the property

and the annulment of any and all security interests held by the lenders resulting

from the sale.

Gaubert filed a motion for summary judgment against defendants Bayou

Fuel, Jacquelyn Daigle, Jared Daigle and Chad Daigle (the Daigles) in the suit on

the promissory note. On December 17, 2017, the trial court granted the summary

judgment and reduced the debt to a money judgment. In that judgment, the trial

court found that Bayou Fuel and the Daigles defaulted on a promissory note and

were solidarily liable for payment to Gaubert in the amount of $609,726.35 plus

interest and attorney fees. That judgment was appealed to this Court.

However, before the appeal was considered, the parties entered into a partial

dation en paiement1 on September 28, 2018. In the dation, the Daigles and Bayou

Fuel acknowledged the total indebtedness of $1,020,120.33 and gave several

pieces of immovable property with a combined total value of $728,800 to Gaubert

to partially satisfy the money judgment. The dation also established a deficiency

on the money judgment of $291,320.73. After the dation, the parties filed a joint

motion to dismiss that appeal. This Court granted the motion dismissing the

appeal on October 8, 2018. Gaubert Oil Company, Inc., v. Bayou Marine and

Hardware Supplies, Inc., 18-225 (La. App. 5th Cir. 10/8/18).

In a related appeal before this Court, Gulf Coast and RLC filed a motion for

summary judgment, primarily arguing that a revocatory action cannot cancel a

lender’s mortgage. The trial court granted the summary judgment finding that a

revocatory action only lies to revoke contracts between third parties and the

obligor. The trial court also found that at the time of the sale, Lafitte Real Estate

1
Dation en paiement, or giving in payment, is a contract whereby an obligor gives a thing to the obligee,
who accepts it in payment of a debt. La. C.C. art. 2655.

19-CA-252 2

and C&M, two of the sellers, were not Gaubert’s obligors. Bayou Fuel was the

only obligor.

Gaubert filed a motion for new trial which the trial court granted in part to

clarify the original judgment. The trial court found that there is no genuine issue

of material fact, and the lenders are entitled to judgment as a matter of law in the

revocatory action with regard to Gaubert’s request to directly annul the lenders’

mortgages and security interests, and dismissed those claims with prejudice. The

judgment further clarified that the court rejected Gaubert’s assertion that the

lenders’ mortgages may be invalid based on a theory that Bayou Fuel, C&M and

Lafitte Real Estate operated as a single business enterprise. However, the

judgment makes it clear that nothing in the original judgment affects Gaubert’s

claim that Bayou Fuel, C&M, and Lafitte Real Estate operated as a single business

enterprise and that each is a solidary obligor on the promissory note, and that

nothing in the original judgment is meant to affect the ranking of any security

interest. Gaubert appealed the original judgment. That matter is on appeal to this

Court in a companion case, Gaubert Oil Company , Inc. v. Bayou Fuel Marine and

Hardware Supplies, Inc., 19-120 (La. App. 5th Cir.), ____So.3d ____.

In this appeal, defendants, JLH (the buyer), LLC, Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC

and Jean Lafitte Marine, LLC, filed a motion for summary judgment in the main

claim in the revocatory action. The trial court granted that motion and dismissed

Gaubert’s revocatory action against JLH, noting that the other two defendants were

previously dismissed with prejudice from this case by a judgment dated November

27, 2018, and that a partial dation en paiement of property in the equivalent value

of $728,800 established that Gaubert was not prejudiced as a result of the March 3,

2016 sale of assets to JHL. Gaubert appeals.

19-CA-252 3

FACTS

Bayou Fuel, C&M and Lafitte Real Estate are businesses started by Kenneth

Daigle and Al Gross in the 1970’s in Lafitte, Louisiana. Bayou Fuel operated as a

marina and supply business selling fuel, groceries, marine and hardware

suppliesand C&M provided crane and dock services for the oil field industry with

equipment to load and unload barges. C&M also rented boats and cabins, and

operated a trailer park. Lafitte Real Estate owned the properties and leased the

space to the other two entities.

In 2006 Kenneth Daigle’s sons, Chad and Jared purchased Mr. Gross’ 50%

shares in the businesses for $2.6 million through financing and a mortgage with

Whitney Bank. That mortgage was subsequently assigned to NCC Financial, LLC

(NCC). After that transaction, all three businesses were owned by Jacquelyn

Daigle (Nicholas Daigle’s wife) (50%), Chad Daigle (26%) and Jared Daigle

(24%) respectively.

Gaubert, a supplier of commercial fuel including gasoline and diesel fuel,

sold fuel to C&M and Bayou Fuel on an open account for many years and the

parties agreed that a good business relationship existed among them. In 2014,

when the amount unpaid on the open accounts grew to $879,670.14, Gaubert put

deliveries on a COD basis. Shortly thereafter, Gaubert and Bayou Fuel agreed to

convert the accounts payable to a promissory note in favor of Gaubert. Gaubert

agreed to waive the finance charges on the amount due and Bayou Fuel executed a

promissory note to Gaubert in the amount of $774,670.14. In conjunction with the

promissory note, the parties also executed a commercial security agreement

encumbering the equipment, inventory, accounts receivables, and proceeds from

the sale of any of the assets of Bayou Fuel. Bayou Fuel made monthly payments

on the note until October of 2015, reducing the principle to $609,726.35.

19-CA-252 4

Due to financial constraints, the Daigles decided to sell the businesses in

2015. Their real estate agent secured an interested buyer, Nicholas Dinet, who

agreed to purchase the real property and all equipment and inventory for $3.1

million. However, Mr. Dinet was unable to secure financing to complete the

transaction. Further negotiations involved Maria Couevas, who was only able to

secure financing in the amount of $1.8 million through a combination of loans

including one by Gulf Coast and two by RLC. RLC is a community development

entity which provides financing for commercial projects that banks cannot.

An agreement to purchase the property for $1.8 million was executed and

the transaction was completed on March 3, 2016 by two acts of sale. In one,

Lafitte Real Estate sold the immovable property located at 4932 Kenal Drive for

$1.8 million to JLH, which was represented by Maria Couevas. In the second,

Lafitte Real Estate, C&M and Bayou Fuel sold all movables and assets of all three

businesses for $1.8 million.2 Primary financing for the purchase was obtained by

an $840,000 loan from Gulf Coast and two $300,000 loans from RLC. An

amendment to the purchase agreement shows an agreement between the Daigles

and Ms. Couevas whereby the sellers would finance $600,000 of the purchase in

the form of a mortgage on real property located at 3894 Jean Lafitte Road in

Lafitte, Louisiana. 3 Additionally, Gulf Coast extended a $100,000 line of credit to

Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC, a company related to JLH.

At the time of the sale, Jefferson Parish records showed a mortgage on the

property in favor of Whitney Bank in the amount of $4,080,000. The mortgage,

which had been assigned to NCC, had a balance due of $1,926,269.77. Because

Gulf Coast and RLC could not obtain first and second mortgages on the property

until the Whitney/NCC mortgage was paid in full and cancelled, the Whitney/NCC

2
This second act of sale makes it clear that the sale price included the immovable property.
3
It appears that the $600,000 promissory note in favor of the seller was never secured by a mortgage.

19-CA-252 5

debt was paid at the time of the act of sale. The settlement statement shows

disbursement of the funds for this purpose.

Gaubert instituted this litigation primarily to collect on the promissory note

and to revoke the sale of the immovable property and other assets of the three

companies. In the course of the litigation, Gaubert secured a judgment against

Bayou Fuel and the Daigles on the promissory note in the amount of $609,726.35

plus interest and attorney fees. As noted above, the parties reached an agreement

to settle that portion of the litigation by a partial dation en paiement by transferring

certain immovable property owned by the Daigles in partial payment. $291,320.73

remains as a deficiency after the partial dation en paiement.

This protracted litigation continued and brings two summary judgments in

two separate appeals before this Court. On review in this appeal is the trial court’s

grant of a partial summary judgment filed by JLH, Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC, and

Jean Lafitte Marine, LLC, which dismissed the main claim in the revocatory action

based on a finding that Gaubert was no longer prejudiced or damaged as a result of

the sale after the dation en paiement.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

In its single assignment of error, Gaubert argues the trial court erred by

dismissing its revocatory action against the buyer based on a finding that Gaubert

could not show that it was prejudiced by the sale. Gaubert maintains that it was

prejudiced and is damaged as a result of the sale because it is still owed money on

the debt as evidenced by the deficiency that exists after the dation. Gaubert

reasons that, since its creditor (Bayou Fuel) was cast in judgment on the

promissory note for a total amount exceeding $1 million, and Gaubert only

received a partial payment of $728,800, the deficiency of $291,320.73 is sufficient

to show prejudice.

19-CA-252 6

Gaubert argues in the alternative, that if the trial court granted summary

judgment based on the amount due on the open account, the amount of the debt is

$879,670.14. That was the amount due before the parties agreed to reduce the debt

by excluding the late charges and executing a promissory note. Gaubert contends

that, since it only received property valued at $728,800, there is a deficiency of

over $150,000 on the open account. Either way, Gaubert contends a deficiency is

sufficient to defeat the motion for summary judgment.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

Appellate courts review the granting of summary judgment de novo using

the same criteria governing the trial court's consideration of whether summary

judgment is appropriate. Gutierrez v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 13-341 (La.

App. 5 Cir. 10/30/13), 128 So.3d 509, 511. A motion for summary judgment is a

procedural device used to avoid a full-scale trial when there is no genuine issue of

material fact, and is favored and designed to secure the just, speedy, and

inexpensive determination of every action. Village Shopping Ctr. P'ship v. Kimble

Dev., LLC, 18-740 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/24/19), 271 So.3d 376, 380. La. C.C.P. art.

966A.(3) provides that, “[a]fter an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion

for summary judgment shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and

supporting documents show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and

that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

La. C.C.P. art 966 D. (1) provides that the burden of proof rests with the

mover, unless the mover does not bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that

is before the court. In that case, “the mover's burden on the motion does not

require him to negate all essential elements of the adverse party's claim, action, or

defense, but rather to point out to the court the absence of factual support for one

or more elements essential to the adverse party's claim, action, or defense. The

burden is on the adverse party to produce factual support sufficient to establish the

19-CA-252 7

existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that the mover is not entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Id.

A fact is material if it potentially insures or precludes recovery, affects a

litigant’s ultimate success, or determines the outcome of the legal dispute. Hines v.

Garrett, 2004-0806 (La. 6/25/04), 876 So.2d 764, 765-66. A genuine issue is one

as to which reasonable persons could disagree. If reasonable persons could only

reach one conclusion, there is no need for trial on that issue and summary

judgment is appropriate. Id. Any decision as to the propriety of a grant of the

motion must be made with reference to the substantive law applicable to the case.

Only in the context of the applicable substantive law can issues of material fact be

ascertained. Johnson v. Folse, 07-1031 (La. App. 5 Cir. 5/27/08), 986 So.2d 110,

114, writ denied, 2008-1377 (La. 9/26/08), 992 So.2d 991.

The summary judgment on appeal dismissed the revocatory action with

prejudice against defendants, Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC and Jean Lafitte Marine,

LLC and JLH. Jean Lafitte Harbor, LLC and Jean Lafitte Marine, LLC were

dismissed prior to this ruling based upon a finding that neither was a party to the

sale.4 In the reasons for judgment, the trial court stated that the grant of summary

judgment was based on the finding that the partial dation en paiement of property

in the equivalent value of the sum of $728,800 establishes that Gaubert could not

show prejudice as a result of the March 3, 2016 sale of assets to JLH.

The revocatory action derives from La. C.C. art. 2036, which provides that

“(a)n obligee has a right to annul an act of the obligor, or the result of a failure to

act of the obligor, made or effected after the right of the obligee arose, that causes

or increases the obligor's insolvency.” In order for an obligee to annul an act of the

obligor, he must show; (1) an act (or failure to act) of the obligor that causes or

4
These parties, which were not parties to the sale, were dismissed in a November 27, 2018 judgment of
the trial court. Gaubert confines its arguments to the dismissal of JLH.

19-CA-252 8

increases the obligor's insolvency, and; (2) the act must occur after the obligee's

rights arose. Long Duc Bui v. Mughal, 52,514 (La. App. 2 Cir. 2/27/19), 266 So.3d

494, 498. Additionally, the jurisprudence requires that the obligee must prove

prejudice, injury or damage to the obligee as a result of the act. Dortch v. Rollins,

50,170 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/9/15), 181 So.3d 911, 917. The test for determining

prejudice or injury is factual, based on the value of the property and the ranking of

the indebtedness. Id.

Included in the petition that instituted this revocatory action is a claim for

indebtedness on the promissory note that is used as a basis for the revocatory

action. In the claim for indebtedness, Gaubert alleged that it was the holder of a

note in the amount of $774,670.14 with an interest rate of 6% per annum from

December 18 2014. The petition also alleged that as of October 1, 2015, the

unpaid principal balance on the note is $609,726.35, and prayed for a money

judgment against all defendants in solido for the full amount of the note plus

interest and attorneys’ fees based on the default of the note. The petition is clear

that the debt used by Gaubert to support the revocatory action is based on the

promissory note. This is consistent with the figure used in the trial court’s reasons

for judgment. We find there is no material issue of fact relating to the question of

which debt is applicable to the revocatory action. Reasonable persons can only

reach one conclusion; that the suit was filed and the summary judgment was

decided on the debt due on the promissory note, not on the open account balance.

The relevant undisputed facts in this case are that Bayou Fuel is the obligor

on a promissory note in favor of Gaubert that was secured by assets owned by

Bayou Fuel. At the time of the sale, on March 3, 2016, the balance due on the

promissory note was $609,726.35, and Bayou Fuel was several months in arrears

on the payments. Bayou Fuel’s assets consisted only of movables. Bayou Fuel

had no interest in the immovable property sold, and was not a party to the act of

19-CA-252 9

sale transferring immovable property from Lafitte Real Estate to JLH. Bayou Fuel

was a party to an act of sale transferring movables from Bayou Fuel, C&M and

Lafitte Real Estate to JLH. The total amount paid for the two sales was $1.8

million. At the time of the sale, Gaubert’s only obligor was Bayou Fuel.5 After the

sale, Gaubert filed suit on the note and got a money judgment against Bayou Fuel

and the Daigles as a result. Subsequently, Bayou Fuel, the Daigles and Gaubert

entered into a partial dation en paiement in which Bayou Fuel and the Daigles

transferred several parcels of immovable property valued at a total of $728,800 to

Gaubert, leaving a deficiency of $291,320.73.

Gaubert’s position that it can show prejudice by the deficiency in the money

judgment would make the money judgment on the promissory note, rather than the

actual note, as the obligation used to support the action to revoke the sale. Since

the money judgment came after the sale, it cannot support the revocatory action.

The revocatory action requires that the obligee’s rights arise before the sale. A

debt supporting a revocatory action must be anterior. It can’t arise after the sale.

La. C.C. art. 2036.

While the obligation on the promissory note existed before the sale, the

obligation on the money judgment that resulted from the suit on that promissory

note did not. The money judgment was rendered on December 21, 2017, almost

two years after the sale. It cast Bayou Fuel and the Daigles in judgment for the

principal sum of $609,726.35 with 6% interest until October 31, 2015, and 18%

per annum from November 1, 2015 until paid in full. The judgment also awarded

attorney’s fees amounting to 25% of the principal and interest due on the note.

5
Gaubert argues that Bayou Fuel, C&M and Lafitte Real Estate were operated as a single business
enterprise and should be held solidarily liable. This argument was fully discussed and rejected in our
opinion in the companion case. Gaubert Oil Company , Inc. v. Bayou Fuel Marine and Hardware
Supplies, Inc., 19-120 (La. App. 5th Cir.)----So. 3d----.

19-CA-252 10

By the time the dation en paiement was executed on September 18, 2018,

over two years after the sale, interest and attorney fees on the money judgment

increased the debt to over $1 million dollars. We find the deficiency in the dation

cannot be considered a debt to support the revocatory action. We find support for

this position in the fact that at the time of the sale only Bayou Fuel, not the

Daigles, was a obligor of Gaubert. The Daigles only became obligors when the

money judgment was rendered subsequent to the sale. The only obligation that

existed at the time Gaubert filed this revocatory action was Bayou Fuel’s

obligation for the principal and interest due on the note as of the March 3, 2016

sale. Since that sale, Gaubert has received $728,800 in property. Thus, we agree

with the trial court that Gaubert will be unable to show that it was prejudiced by

the sale.

We also note that, to be successful in this revocatory action, Gaubert has the

burden to prove that the sale of assets caused or increased Bayou Fuel’s

insolvency. Proof that the transfer of assets caused or increased the insolvency of

the creditor is an essential element in a revocatory action. La. C.C. art. 2036. For

reasons more fully discussed in our opinion in the companion matter6, we find that

Gaubert cannot meet this burden. Before the sale, Bayou Fuel’s assets were

encumbered by a nearly $2 million mortgage that was paid for with the proceeds

from the sale. Additionally, Bayou Fuel is one of the holders of the $600,000

promissory note from JLH as part of the financing for the purchase. Thus, Bayou

Fuel was in a better financial position after the sale.

For these reasons, we find the trial court’s grant of the summary judgment

on the main claim in this revocatory action is correct and we affirm that judgment.

AFFIRMED

6
Gaubert Oil Company , Inc. v. Bayou Fuel Marine and Hardware Supplies, Inc. 19-120 (La. App. 5th
Cir.), ____So.3d____.

19-CA-252 11

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY MARY E. LEGNON

CHIEF JUDGE INTERIM CLERK OF COURT

FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON SUSAN BUCHHOLZ
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
HANS J. LILJEBERG
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. FIFTH CIRCUIT
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IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 2-16.4 AND 2-16.5 THIS DAY
OCTOBER 23, 2019 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL PARTIES
NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:

19-CA-252
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE STEPHEN D. ENRIGHT, JR. (DISTRICT JUDGE)
RYAN C. HIGGINS (APPELLANT) DANIEL A. RANSON (APPELLANT) GUS A. FRITCHIE, III (APPELLEE)
JAMES L. DONOVAN, JR. (APPELLEE) JOEL A. LEVY (APPELLEE)

MAILED
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