Marta I. Garcia and Lester A. Molina Versus City of Kenner, Kenner Police Department and Ronald Bertucci

MARTA I. GARCIA AND LESTER A. MOLINA NO. 20-CA-378

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

CITY OF KENNER, KENNER POLICE COURT OF APPEAL
DEPARTMENT AND RONALD BERTUCCI
STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 657-982, DIVISION "P"
HONORABLE LEE V. FAULKNER, JR., JUDGE PRESIDING

December 22, 2021

STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Susan M. Chehardy,
Marc E. Johnson, and Stephen J. Windhorst

AFFIRMED
SJW
SMC
MEJ

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
MARTA I. GARCIA AND LESTER A. MOLINA
Terrence J. Lestelle
Andrea S. Lestelle
Richard M. Morgain
Evan P. Lestelle
Randy J. Ungar

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
CITY OF KENNER, KENNER POLICE DEPARTMENT AND RONALD
BERTUCCI
Deborah A. Villio
Michael L. Fantaci
James C. Raff

WINDHORST, J.

In this personal injury action involving damages from a motor vehicle

accident, plaintiffs-appellants, Marta Garcia and Lester Molina, appeal the trial

court’s judgment in favor of defendants-appellees, the City of Kenner, Kenner Police

Department, and Ronald Bertucci, which resulted in the dismissal of plaintiffs’

claims. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

EVIDENCE and PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On April 2, 2008, plaintiffs filed suit against the City of Kenner, the Kenner

Police Department and Officer Bertucci, a Kenner Police Department police officer,

for damages allegedly suffered in a motor vehicle accident involving plaintiffs and

Officer Bertucci. The accident occurred on April 5, 2007, approximately 7:38 A.M.,

while Officer Bertucci was attempting to stop a speeding vehicle, and Ms. Garcia

pulled out directly in front of Officer Bertucci’s path from a side street. Mr. Molina

was a passenger in Ms. Garcia’s vehicle.

On the morning of the accident, Officer Bertucci was monitoring motorists’

speed on West Napoleon Avenue in Kenner, from an eastbound position where he

targeted traffic on both sides of the canal that divides the lanes of West Napoleon.

This roadway has a 35 miles per hour speed limit. Upon registering a vehicle

traveling at 53 miles per hour westbound from his position across the canal, Officer

Bertucci activated his emergency lights and siren and pursued the vehicle. To catch

the speeding vehicle, Officer Bertucci had to drive in the opposite direction, U-turn

across the canal, and then chase the speeder several blocks back in the other

direction. In addition, he had to drive much faster than the 35 miles per hour speed

limit.

While he was in pursuit of the suspected speeder, Ms. Garcia turned out of

Illinois Avenue onto West Napoleon Avenue in the path of Officer Bertucci’s

vehicle. Officer Bertucci testified that he was less than one block away, between

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Indiana Avenue and Illinois Avenue, when Ms. Garcia turned onto West Napoleon

Avenue. After braking and attempting to avoid the collision, Officer Bertucci

collided with Garcia’s vehicle near the Illinois Avenue intersection.

After a three-day trial during which testimony was elicited from a number of

witnesses, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of defendants and dismissed

plaintiffs’ claims against them with prejudice. In finding defendants were not liable

to plaintiffs, the trial court concluded that the emergency responder exception set

forth in La. R.S. 32:24 applied; that Officer Bertucci’s actions were not grossly

negligent; and that Ms. Garcia was solely at fault in causing the accident. Because

the trial court concluded that no gross negligence or reckless disregard could be

attributed to Officer Bertucci, there was no basis to impose liability on the Kenner

Police Department or the City of Kenner.

The trial court applied the emergency responder exception because, based on

testimony from multiple witnesses, the trial court found the Officer Bertucci

activated both his lights and siren well before the collision while he was pursuing

the speeder who was violating the law at the time of the accident. Officer Bertucci

testified that he activated his lights and sirens. Denise Bremermann, an eye-witness

to the accident, testified she saw Officer Bertucci turn on his emergency lights and

siren and pull out westbound onto West Napoleon Avenue to pursue a speeding

vehicle, and that he had to travel several blocks to catch the vehicle. Brian

McKnight, who was traveling in the opposite direction of Officer Bertucci at the

time of the incident, confirmed that Officer Bertucci activated his lights.1 Although

Ms. Garcia testified that it was her belief Officer Bertucci did not activate his lights

and siren, there was evidence at trial that Ms. Garcia’s vision was heavily diminished

due to multiple eye surgeries and being legally blind in her left eye.

1 Mr. McKnight could not confirm or deny whether Officer Bertucci activated his siren possibly
because his windows were up.

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Because the trial court applied the emergency responder exception, it

evaluated Officer Bertucci’s actions under a gross negligence standard to determine

whether defendants were liable to plaintiffs. After hearing all the testimony and

viewing all the evidence, the trial court concluded that Officer Bertucci was not

acting in a grossly negligent manner or with reckless disregard for the safety of

others at the time of the accident. Trial testimony indicated the roadway was dry,

the weather was clear, and traffic was light on the morning of the incident. Dr. Lloyd

Grafton, who was accepted as an expert in the field of police policy and procedure

as it relates to emergency vehicle driving, testified that Officer Bertucci’s set up for

speed enforcement was commonly used. He also testified that Ms. Garcia had the

duty to yield the right of way to the oncoming police unit driven by Officer Bertucci

because he had his lights and siren on, and because he had the right of way while

she had a stop sign. Dr. Grafton further testified that Officer Bertucci’s speed

enforcement set up was not the cause of the accident because Ms. Garcia pulled out

in front of Officer Bertucci when Officer Bertucci had the right to assume that traffic

pulling out from the side streets would yield.

Considering Officer Bertucci had the right away, the trial court ultimately

concluded that Ms. Garcia was solely at fault in causing this accident because “she

failed to yield to oncoming traffic and drove directly into Officer Bertucci’s path.”

As a result, the trial court allocated no fault to Officer Bertucci, ruled that the

defendants had no liability to plaintiffs in this case, and dismissed plaintiffs’ claims

with prejudice.

This appeal followed.

LAW and ANALYSIS

It is well-settled that an appellate court may not set aside a trial court’s finding

of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong. Perez through

Molina v. Gaudin, 17-211 (La. App. 5 Cir. 11/29/17), 232 So.3d 1271, 1273. Under

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the manifest error standard, a determination of fact is entitled to great deference on

review. Babin v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 12-447 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/13/13),

113 So.3d 251, 258, writ denied, 13-804 (La. 5/24/13), 117 So.3d 103, and writ

denied, 13-808 (La. 5/24/13), 117 So.3d 104. Where two permissible views of the

evidence exist, the fact finder’s choice between them cannot be manifestly erroneous

or clearly wrong. Perez through Molina, 232 So.3d at 1273. If the trier of fact’s

findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety, an appellate

court may not reverse, even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of

fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Id.

In this appeal, plaintiffs assert that the trial court erred in applying the

emergency response exception to this case and thereby applying a gross negligence

standard; in allocating 100% fault to plaintiff Marta Garcia; in finding defendants

were not at fault; and in not awarding plaintiffs any damages.

The Emergency Response Exception

We first address plaintiffs’ assignment of error that the trial court erred in

applying the emergency response exception in this case. This exception is set forth

in La. R.S. 32:24, which provides:

A. The driver or rider of an authorized emergency vehicle, when
responding to an emergency call, or when in the pursuit of an
actual or suspected violator of the law, or when responding to,
but not upon returning from, a fire alarm, may exercise the
privileges set forth in this Section, but subject to the conditions
herein stated.
B. The driver or rider of an authorized emergency vehicle may do
any of the following:
(1) Park or stand, irrespective of the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after
slowing down or stopping as may be necessary for safe
operation.
(3) Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as he does not
endanger life or property.
(4) Disregard regulations governing the direction of movement
or turning in specified directions.

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C. The exceptions herein granted to an authorized emergency
vehicle shall apply only when such vehicle or bicycle is making
use of audible or visual signals, including the use of a peace
officer cycle rider's whistle, sufficient to warn motorists of their
approach, except that a police vehicle need not be equipped with
or display a red light visible from in front of the vehicle.
D. The foregoing provisions shall not relieve the driver or rider of
an authorized vehicle from the duty to drive or ride with due
regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions
protect the driver or rider from the consequences of his reckless
disregard for the safety of others.

The purpose of this statute is to provide a qualified statutory immunity from

liability to drivers of emergency vehicles, under specific circumstances. Rabalais v.

Nash, 06-0999 (La. 3/9/07), 952 So.2d 653, 662. In applying this exception, the

Louisiana Supreme Court has also held that:

If, and only if, an emergency vehicle driver’s actions fit into
subsections A, B and C of La.Rev.Stat. 32:24, will an emergency
vehicle driver be held liable only for actions which constitute
reckless disregard for the safety of others. On the other hand, if
the emergency vehicle driver’s conduct does not fit subsections
A, B and C of La.Rev.Stat. 32:24, such driver's actions will be
gauged by a standard of “due care.”

Lenard v. Dilley, 01-1522 (La. 1/15/02), 805 So.2d 175, 180.

In this case, the trial court as the trier of fact found that the conditions of La.

R.S. 32:24 A, B, and C were satisfied, and therefore the applicable standard of care

was that of “reckless disregard” or “gross negligence.” Based on the evidence and

testimony presented at trial, the trial court found that Officer Bertucci was speeding

because he was in pursuit of a violator of the law, specifically a speeding vehicle,

and that he activated both his lights and sirens well before the accident.

Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in applying the emergency response

exception in that the trial court did not consider whether Officer Bertucci endangered

life or property when he exceeded the speed limit in violation of La. R.S. 32:24 B(3),

which provides that an authorized emergency vehicle driver may “[e]xceed the

maximum speed limits so long as he does not endanger life or property.” Plaintiffs

also argue the trial court did not consider whether his audible and visual signals were

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sufficient to warn motorists of his approach as required by La. R.S. 32:24 C.

Plaintiffs assert that the evidence at trial showed that Officer Bertucci endangered

life or property when exceeding the speed limit and that his audible and visual

signals were insufficient to warn motorists of his approach. Under La. R.S. 32:24,

if these requirements are not satisfied, Officer Bertucci’s conduct would be assessed

under an ordinary negligence standard. Rabalais, 952 So.2d at 658.

La. R.S. 32:24 contains no affirmative requirement that the court’s judgment

use words that track the statute or specifically mention each condition of the statute.

Taken as a whole, the trial court’s findings show that the court heard and considered

testimony as to whether Officer Bertucci endangered life or property when he

exceeded the speed limit and whether his audible and visual signals were sufficient

to warn motorists of his approach. The trial court’s judgment also indicates that the

court knew that La. R.S. 32:24 A, B, and C must be satisfied for the exception to

apply. The court found that all elements were satisfied, that the exception applied,

and that Ms. Garcia was “solely at fault in this accident because she failed to yield

to oncoming traffic and drove directly into Officer Bertucci’s path.” Implicit in the

trial court’s findings, particularly the allocation of no fault to Officer Bertucci, is a

finding that his actions did not endanger life or property.

The trial court considered other factors that relate to whether Officer Bertucci

endangered life or property when he exceeded the speed limit. As to whether the

traffic at the time of the accident made it unreasonably dangerous for Officer

Bertucci to pursue a speeder, the trial court found that only one vehicle was on the

roadway and that vehicle was already exiting the travel lanes at the time Officer

Bertucci completed the U-tum and began accelerating westbound on West Napoleon

Avenue after the speeding vehicle. The trial court further found that the weather

was clear and the roadway was dry, and that there was no evidence suggesting

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Officer Bertucci was distracted or unable to handle his vehicle at the speed it was

traveling.

Upon review of the record, we find that the trial court considered the evidence

and found that Officer Bertucci did not endanger life or property when he exceeded

the speed limit, and that this finding is not manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.

We also conclude that the trial court considered whether Officer Bertucci’s

signals were sufficient to warn motorists of his approach. The trial court specifically

found that “[a]lthough Ms. Garcia testified that she did not see Officer Bertucci

approaching, it is clear that the police unit was within her view.” The trial court

referred to testimony from witnesses who saw and/or heard his audible and/or visual

signals, including Ms. Bremermann and Mr. McKnight. In addition, Officer

Bertucci testified that he activated his lights and siren, and no one testified to the

contrary. Given these facts, we cannot say the trial court’s conclusion that Officer

Bertucci’s audible and visual signals were sufficient to warn motorists of his

approach is manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.

Considering the foregoing, the record supports a finding that the requirements

of subsections A, B, and C of La. R.S. 32:24 were met in this case. At the time of

the accident, Officer Bertucci was exceeding the speed limit because he was

pursuing an actual violator of the law. His audible and visual signals were activated.

In addition, he was not endangering life or property, and his signals were sufficient

to warn motorists of his approach. Therefore the trial court correctly applied the

“gross negligence” standard of care. Consequently, Officer Bertucci’s conduct can

only result in the imposition of liability if his actions constitute gross negligence.

Gross Negligence

Second, we consider plaintiffs’ assertion that the trial court erred in finding

that Officer Bertucci’s actions did not constitute gross negligence. “Reckless

disregard” is, in effect, “gross negligence.” Rabalais, 952 So.2d at 658. Louisiana

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courts have defined “gross negligence” as the “want of even slight care and

diligence” and the “want of that diligence which even careless men are accustomed

to exercise.” Rabalais, 952 So.2d at 658; Price v. Valenti, 13-822 (La. App. 5 Cir.

4/9/14), 140 So.3d 121, 124, writ denied, 14-0978 (La. 8/25/14), 147 So.3d 1120.

We also agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Officer Bertucci’s actions

did not constitute “reckless disregard” or “gross negligence.” As stated above, the

evidence showed that Officer Bertucci activated his emergency signals, was

pursuing an actual violator of the law, the weather was dry and clear, and the traffic

was light. There was no evidence he could not handle his vehicle or was distracted

from driving.

We cannot find that Officer Bertucci was grossly negligent in failing to

anticipate that a driver, who was entering the roadway from a side street, would

ignore (or fail to hear and see) his lights and siren, and proceed into the roadway in

front of him without stopping or slowing down. La. R.S. 32:123 provides:

Stop signs and yield signs; penalties for violations
A. Preferential right of way at an intersection may be indicated by
stop signs or yield signs.
B. Except when directed to proceed by a police officer or traffic-
control signal, every driver and operator of a vehicle approaching
a stop intersection indicated by a stop sign shall stop before
entering the crosswalk on the near side at a clearly marked stop
line, but if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting
roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic
on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection. After
having stopped, the driver shall yield the right-of-way to all
vehicles which have entered the intersection from another
highway or which are approaching so closely on said highway as
to constitute an immediate hazard. [Emphasis added.]

In addition to imposing the duty to stop and yield the right of way, this statute

specifically requires that the yielding driver stop where he or she has a view of

approaching traffic before entering the intersection. The driver entering a highway

has the primary duty to avoid a collision, which requires the entering driver to use

every reasonable means available to make sure that he can safely enter the highway.

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Griffin v. City of Monroe, 46,229 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/13/11), 61 So.3d 846, 850. The

driver must keep a lookout for vehicles on the highway and not enter until safe to do

so. Id. A motorist has the right to assume that traffic will observe all of the duties

imposed upon it by law and common sense, such as keeping a proper lookout.

Breland v. Am. Ins. Co., 163 So.2d 583, 585 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1964), writ refused,

246 La. 379, 164 So.2d 362 (1964); see also Price, 140 So.3d at 125.

There is nothing in the record to indicate that Officer Bertucci’s behavior

constituted “reckless disregard for the safety of others,” which would violate the

duty imposed by La. R.S. 32:24 on drivers of emergency vehicles. Nor does the

record indicate that Officer Bertucci acted without due regard for the safety of others.

Therefore, we do not conclude that the trial court’s finding that Officer

Bertucci’s actions do not constitute gross negligence is manifestly erroneous.

Allocation of Fault

Third, we address plaintiffs’ assertion that the trial court erred in finding Ms.

Garcia solely at fault. The trier of fact is owed great deference in its allocation of

fault, and its findings may not be reversed unless clearly wrong or manifestly

erroneous. Willis v. Ochsner Clinic Found., 13-627 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/23/14), 140

So.3d 338, 357. An appellate court’s determination of whether the trier of fact was

clearly wrong in its allocation of fault is guided by the factors set forth in Watson v.

State Farm Fire and Cas. Ins. Co., 469 So.2d 967, 974 (La.1985), including whether

the conduct was inadvertent or involved an awareness of the danger; how great a

risk was created by the conduct; the significance of what was sought by the conduct,

the capacities of the actors; and any extenuating factors which might require the

actor to proceed with haste, without proper thought.

Drivers are required to yield the right of way upon the immediate approach of

authorized emergency vehicles making use of audible or visual signals. La. R.S.

32:125 A. This duty arises when a motorist observes or hears, or under the

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circumstances should have observed or heard, the audible or visual warnings.

Griffin, 61 So.3d at 850. Jurisprudence indicates that stopping is only half the duty,

the other half is not to proceed until the determining that the way is clear. Toston v.

Pardon, 03-1747 (La. 4/23/04), 874 So.2d 791, 802. The second duty is heavier and

requires an even greater degree of care when the intersection is blind, or partially

obstructed. Id. After stopping, the motorist may not proceed until the way is clear.

The stopped motorist must look for and evaluate oncoming traffic and look a second

time before proceeding. Solomon v. Am. Nat. Prop. & Cas. Co., 49,981 (La. App.

2 Cir. 9/4/15), 175 So.3d 1024, 1027.

The trial court concluded that Ms. Garcia was solely at fault in causing this

accident because even though Ms. Garcia testified that she did not see Officer

Bertucci, he was clearly within her view, and she failed to fulfill her legal obligation

to stop and wait until it was safe to proceed. A trial court’s determination as to the

credibility of witnesses is entitled to great deference. Korrapati v. Augustino Bros.

Constr., LLC, 19-426 (La. App. 5 Cir. 7/31/20), 302 So.3d 147, 153. Based on the

trial court’s reasoning, the above law, and the record before us, we cannot say this

allocation of fault is manifestly erroneous. We reiterate that despite Officer

Bertucci’s lights and siren, Ms. Garcia entered the roadway in front of him. We

conclude that the trial court was not in error in finding that this does not warrant

allocation of fault to him.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment, dismissing

plaintiffs’ claims against defendants with prejudice.

AFFIRMED

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SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

NANCY F. VEGA
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
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DECEMBER 22, 2021 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL PARTIES
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20-CA-378
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HON. LEE V. FAULKNER, JR. (DISTRICT JUDGE)
EVAN P. LESTELLE (APPELLANT) RANDY J. UNGAR (APPELLANT) TERRENCE J. LESTELLE (APPELLANT)
DEBORAH A. VILLIO (APPELLEE) JAMES C. RAFF (APPELLEE) MICHAEL L. FANTACI (APPELLEE)

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