State of Louisiana in the Interest of J.P. .

STATE OF LOUISIANA IN * NO. 2019-CA-0542
THE INTEREST OF J.P.
*
COURT OF APPEAL
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FOURTH CIRCUIT
*
STATE OF LOUISIANA
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APPEAL FROM
JUVENILE COURT ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 2018-354-03-DQ-C, SECTION “C”
Honorable Candice Bates Anderson, Judge
******
Judge Rosemary Ledet
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(Court composed of Judge Terri F. Love, Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge Dale N.
Atkins)

Tenee Felix
LOUISIANA CENTER FOR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
1100-B Milton Street
New Orleans, LA 70122

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT

Leon Cannizzaro
DISTRICT ATTORNEY
Donna Andrieu, Chief of Appeals
Scott Vincent
ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEYS
ORLEANS PARISH
619 S. White Street
New Orleans, LA 70119

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE

REVERSED AND RENDERED

SEPTEMBER 25, 2019

This is a juvenile delinquency case. The juvenile, J.P.1 appeals her

adjudication and disposition for simple burglary. For the reasons that follow, we

reverse the adjudication and disposition and dismiss the petition with prejudice.

BACKGROUND

On April 24, 2018, the New Orleans Police Department (“NOPD”) received

a report of a simple burglary of a silver Nissan Altima located in a parking lot at

Delgado Community College (“Delgado”) in New Orleans, Louisiana. The

following day, April 25, 2018, NOPD Detective Nicole Alcala collected from

Delgado surveillance video purporting to capture the burglary. From the video,

Detective Alcala recognized one of the alleged perpetrators as J.P., with whom

Detective Alcala had had previous encounters. Detective Alcala issued a warrant

for J.P.’s arrest, and J.P. was subsequently arrested.

After J.P.’s arrest, the State filed a delinquency petition charging J.P. with

simple burglary, a violation of La. R.S. 14:62(A). J.P. entered a denial, and the

case proceeded to trial on May 7, 2019. At the conclusion of trial, the juvenile

1
Pursuant to the confidentiality requirements regarding juvenile proceedings, as set forth in
Rules 5–1 and 5–2 of the Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal and La. Ch.C. art. 412, the juvenile,
who was 15 at the time of the charged offense, is referred to by her initials only.

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court adjudicated J.P. delinquent. The same day, the juvenile court entered a

disposition, reprimanding J.P. This appeal followed.

ERRORS PATENT

We have reviewed the record for errors patent. State ex rel. A.H., 10-1673,

p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/20/11), 65 So.3d 679, 685 (observing that, in juvenile cases,

and pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 104 and La.C.Cr.P. art. 920, “conducting an error

patent review in juvenile delinquency proceedings is warranted”). We find none.

DISCUSSION

In her sole assignment of error, J.P. contends that the evidence is insufficient

to support her adjudication for simple burglary. Although juvenile delinquency

proceedings are not criminal in nature, due process requires that the State prove

every element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winship,

397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). Due process also requires that

the sufficiency of the evidence adduced at trial be reviewed under the well-settled

standard announced in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61

L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

In State v. Brown, 12-0626, pp. 6-8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/10/13), 115 So.3d

564, 570-71, we set forth the Jackson standard as follows:

In evaluating whether evidence is constitutionally sufficient to
support a conviction, an appellate court must determine whether,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781,
61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); State v. Green, 588 So.2d 757 (La. App. 4th
Cir. 1991). However, the reviewing court may not disregard this duty
simply because the record contains evidence that tends to support each
fact necessary to constitute the crime. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d
1305 (La. 1988). The reviewing court must consider the record as a
whole. If rational triers of fact could disagree as to the interpretation
of the evidence, the rational trier's view of all the evidence most
favorable to the prosecution must be adopted. The fact finder's

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discretion will be impinged upon only to the extent necessary to
guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law. Id. at
1310. “[A] reviewing court is not called upon to decide whether it
believes the witnesses or whether the conviction is contrary to the
weight of the evidence.” State v. Smith, 600 So.2d 1319, 1324 (La.
1992).

In Louisiana, the Jackson standard defines the minimum review required in

juvenile proceedings by the Due Process clause of the United States Constitution;

Louisiana law imposes a broader standard of review. See State ex rel. D.R., 10-

0405, p. 14 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/13/10), 50 So.3d 927, 935 (observing that “a child

adjudicated a delinquent in Louisiana is entitled to a broader scope and standard of

review than the minimum required by the Due Process clause”).

Consistent with the understanding that juvenile delinquency proceedings are

civil in nature, Louisiana courts review the sufficiency of the evidence in juvenile

cases under a hybrid of the Jackson standard applied in criminal cases and the

manifest-error standard applied in civil cases. See State in Interest of M.B., 16-

0819, pp. 7-8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/19/17), 217 So.3d 555, 562 (observing that “[a]s a

result of juvenile delinquency determinations being civil in nature, both the

Jackson standard and the manifest-error standard work together to provide

juveniles with constitutionally adequate appellate review.”) Accordingly, we must

determine whether, viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the

State, the juvenile court committed manifest error in finding that the State proved

beyond a reasonable doubt that J.P. committed a simple burglary.

Simple burglary is “the unauthorized entering of any dwelling, vehicle,

watercraft, or other structure, movable or immovable, or any cemetery, with the

intent to commit a felony or any theft therein.” La. R.S. 14:62(A). The intent

required for simple burglary is “the specific intent to commit either a felony or a

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theft at the time of his unauthorized entry.” State v. Marcello, 385 So.2d 244, 245

(La. 1980). Specific criminal intent is “that state of mind which exists when the

circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal

consequences to follow his act or failure to act.” La. R.S. 14:10(1). Absent an

admission by the defendant, specific intent “must necessarily be proven by

inferences from surrounding facts and circumstances.” State v. Duncan, 390 So.2d

859, 861 (La. 1980).

In this case, there was no direct evidence that, upon entering the vehicle, J.P.

did so either without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or a theft.

Thus, to adjudicate J.P. delinquent, the juvenile court was required to infer from

the circumstantial evidence that J.P. entered the vehicle without authorization and

that she did so with the intent to commit a felony or theft. As this court has

observed:

When circumstantial evidence forms the basis of the conviction,
such evidence must consist of proof of collateral facts and
circumstances from which the existence of the main fact may be
inferred according to reason and common experience. State v.
Shapiro, 431 So.2d 372 (La. 1982). The elements must be proven
such that every reasonable hypothesis of innocence is excluded. La.
R.S. 15:438. This is not a separate test from the Jackson reasonable
doubt standard; rather, it is an evidentiary guideline to facilitate
appellate review of whether a rational juror could have found a
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Wright, 445
So.2d 1198 (La. 1984). All evidence, direct and circumstantial, must
meet the Jackson reasonable doubt standard. State v. Jacobs, 504
So.2d 817 (La. 1987).

State v. Brown, 12-0626, pp. 6-8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/10/13), 115 So.3d 564, 570-71;

see also State v. Robinson, 442 So.2d 827, 830 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1983) (citing La.

R.S. 15:438) (observing that when intent, like any other element, is proven by

circumstantial evidence, “every reasonable hypothesis of innocence must be

excluded”).

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The evidence in this case consisted exclusively of Detective Alcala’s

testimony and the surveillance video. In adjudicating J.P. delinquent, the juvenile

court acknowledged as much, stating:

So today I'm going to see if that detective's information is
enough. I am going to adjudicate you delinquent based on the fact that
the detective saw you in the vehicle, the detective recognized you
from the video footage, that you were on the campus, that the person
did not give you permission to enter into their vehicle. That a police
report was generated, that the New Orleans Police were contacted, and
you were in the video. So let's see what happens. So you are
adjudicated delinquent for simple burglary.

In light of this evidence, we address the issues of authorization and intent

separately.

Authorization

As noted above, Detective Alcala was the State’s only witness. Although she

testified that she interviewed the owner of the vehicle during the course of her

investigation, Detective Alcala did not testify whether the owner had authorized

J.P. to enter the vehicle. Instead, the juvenile court inferred the lack of

authorization from the following colloquy between the juvenile court and

Detective Alcala:

THE COURT: At the time that you were able to discuss with the alleged
victim, not disclosing anything that the victim said to
you, at any time when you observed the video footage
and the person that you determined to be the victim, did
you ever see the victim give permission to Ms. Parker to
be in her vehicle?

MS. ALCALA: No.

THE COURT: Did you ever see the victim open their vehicle and allow
Ms. Parker to enter their vehicle?

MS. ALCALA: No.

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THE COURT: Did you ever see the victim use their key fob from the
school to open their vehicle in order to allow Ms. Parker
to enter the vehicle?

MS. ALCALA: No.

This exchange, however, was insufficient to exclude the possibility that the victim

had authorized J.P. to enter the vehicle.2

The surveillance video does not cure this insufficiency; to the contrary, the

surveillance video suggests that J.P. and her companion may have had some

relationship with the vehicle. The surveillance video shows two individuals

walking on a sidewalk bordering a parking lot on a bright, sunny day. As they

walk, they pass several parked cars. As the individuals approach a silver Nissan

Altima, one of them, identified by Detective Alcala as J.P., steps off the sidewalk,

approaches the front driver side door, opens it, briefly enters the vehicle, exits the

vehicle, shuts the door, and walks away. Thus, the video reflects that, in clear view

of anyone watching, J.P. and her companion walked directly to the silver Nissan

Altima and entered it. The fact that they did so leaves ample room for the

reasonable hypothesis that they had authorization to do so. The juvenile court’s

finding to the contrary was clearly erroneous.

Intent

Detective Alcala did not testify that, during the course of her investigation,

she spoke with either J.P. or her companion; thus, there is no statement by either of

the alleged perpetrators regarding J.P.’s intent at the time she entered the vehicle.

2
Indeed, before adjudicating J.P. delinquent, the juvenile court acknowledged as much, stating:

[W]hile we do have information that Ms. Parker obviously entered the
vehicle I don't know if that vehicle that she entered into at that point was the
vehicle that somebody said hey, go in there and put your backpack. I mean, we
really don't know, so that's why it's just very important that the victim should have
had the opportunity to be present in Court.

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Additionally, although the video shows J.P. enter the front driver side of the

vehicle, the video does not capture J.P.’s actions inside the vehicle; thus, there is

no evidence that J.P. actually committed or attempted to commit a felony or theft

in the vehicle. Indeed, Detective Alcala did not testify that anything had been

placed in or removed from the vehicle.

Instead, the transcript reflects that the sole basis of the juvenile court’s

inference that J.P. entered the vehicle with the specific intent to commit a felony or

theft was the juvenile court’s prior finding that she did so without authorization. As

previously discussed, however, the juvenile court’s finding that J.P. did not have

authorization to enter the vehicle was manifestly erroneous. As a result, the

juvenile court’s finding that J.P. entered the vehicle with the specific intent to

commit a felony or theft was manifestly erroneous.

In sum, the evidence in this case was not sufficient to exclude every

reasonable hypothesis that J.P. had authorization to enter the vehicle or the

possibility that she did so for a purpose that was neither a felony nor a theft.

Accordingly, we find the juvenile court manifestly erred in adjudicating J.P.

delinquent of simple burglary.

In a criminal proceeding, a finding that the evidence is insufficient to

support a conviction requires an acquittal; and a reviewing court making such a

finding must enter a judgment of acquittal.3 State v. Phillips, 412 So.2d 1061, 1063

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An exception to this rule exists. When the charged offense is among the crimes for which lesser
included offenses are statutorily enumerated in La. C.Cr.P. art. 814, an appellate court has the
authority to enter a conviction for the next highest offense supported by the evidence. La. C.Cr.P.
art. 821(E); see also State v. Higgins, 03-1980 (La. 4/1/05), 898 So.2d 1219, 1232 (observing
that, “under State v. Byrd, 385 So.2d 248 (La. 1980), and La. Code Crim. Proc. art. 821(E),
discharge of the defendant is neither necessary nor proper when the evidence presented at trial
does not support the verdict returned but does support a responsive verdict or lesser included
grade of the offense”). This exception has been applied in juvenile delinquency proceedings. See,

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(La. 1982) (observing that “[w]hen a reviewing court reverses a conviction on the

ground of evidentiary insufficiency, as distinguished from trial error, the double

jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment precludes a second trial and requires the

direction of a judgment of acquittal” and citing Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1,

98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978)). Similarly, in a juvenile delinquency

proceeding, when a reviewing court finds that the evidence is insufficient to

support an adjudication, the reviewing court must enter a judgment dismissing the

delinquency petition with prejudice.4 See, e.g., State in Interest of T.M., 11-1238

(La. App. 4 Cir. 3/28/12), 88 So.3d 1228, writ granted in part, judgment rev'd in

part on other grounds sub nom. State ex rel. T.M., 12-0964 (La. 12/14/12), 104

So.3d 418.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the adjudication and disposition are reversed. The

delinquency petition is dismissed with prejudice.

REVERSED AND RENDERED

e.g., State in Interest of Pigott, 413 So.2d 659, 663 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1982) (finding “no reason
why the rationale and justification used in Byrd should not apply to juvenile cases on appeal”).
4
Although simple burglary is among the crimes for which lesser included offenses are statutorily
enumerated in La. C.Cr.P. art. 814, the exception set forth in La. C.C.P. art. 821(E) and
discussed in Byrd does not apply in this case. Under La. C.Cr.P. art. 814(50), the responsive
verdicts for simple burglary are as follows: guilty; guilty of attempted simple burglary; guilty of
unauthorized entry of a place of business; guilty of attempted unauthorized entry of a place of
business; and not guilty. Because the evidence is insufficient to establish that J.P. did not have
authorization to enter the vehicle or that she had the specific intent to commit a felony or theft in
the vehicle, the evidence is insufficient to support an adjudication for either simple burglary or
attempted simple burglary. Additionally, because the structure allegedly burglarized was a
vehicle—not a place of business—the evidence is insufficient to support an adjudication for
either unauthorized entry of a place of business or attempted unauthorized entry of a place of
business. Accordingly, the only available responsive verdict is not guilty.

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