State of Louisiana v. Julio Ruano

STATE OF LOUISIANA * NO. 2019-KA-0709

VERSUS * COURT OF APPEAL

JULIO RUANO * FOURTH CIRCUIT

* STATE OF LOUISIANA

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BELSOME, J., CONCURS WITH REASONS

I respectfully concur with the majority’s opinion; however, I write separately

to discuss the district court’s credibility determination. The trial court’s judgment

in this case is based on its decision to heavily credit the witnesses’ testimonies

concerning their identification of the Appellant. Longstanding case law from this

court demands that courts of appeal give great deference to a trier of fact’s factual

findings based on credibility judgments. See Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 845

(La. 1989). See also Stobart v. State, Dept. of Transp. and Dev., 617 So.2d 880,

882 (La. 1993). The principles set forth in Rosell have been uniformly affirmed in

numerous cases since it was issued. However, even in Rosell, the Louisiana

Supreme Court stated that “[w]here documents or objective evidence so contradict

the witness’s story, … that a reasonable fact finder would not credit the witness’s

story, the court of appeal may well find manifest error or clear wrongness even in a

finding purportedly based upon a credibility determination.” Id. Recently, the

Court clarified that principle, stating as follows:

There is no legitimate conflict in testimony where documents or
objective evidence so contradict the witness’s story, or the story
presented by the witness is so internally inconsistent or implausible on
its face, that a reasonable fact-finder could not give credence to the
witness’s testimony. Faced with such circumstances, the court of
appeal may find manifest error or clear wrongness even in a finding
purportedly based upon a credibility determination.

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Henderson v. Nissan Motor Corp., 03-606, pp. 9-10 (La. 2/6/04), 869 So.2d 62,

68-69 (internal citations to Stobart, 617 So.2d 880, 882, omitted).

When considering a petition for compensation for wrongful conviction and

imprisonment,1 any relevant evidence is properly considered in the determination

of factual innocence. In this case, the issue is whether Appellant proved by clear

and convincing evidence that he did not commit “any crime based upon the same

set of facts used in his original conviction.” La. R.S. 15:572.8;2 State v. Ford,

50,525, p. 8 (La. 2 Cir. 5/18/16), 193 So.3d 1242, 1248. The trial court is not

constrained to a sterile examination of the testimony presented at the initial trial as

it appears in the record; rather, the entirety of the evidence, whether admitted at the

underlying trial or excluded, is properly considered in the determination of factual

innocence. Id.

In this case, the trial court considered all of the relevant evidence, including

the record from trial, the application for post-conviction relief, and the application

for compensation for wrongful conviction and imprisonment. After a hearing, the

trial court denied the application, finding the eyewitness identifications to be

credible. However, a review of the record reveals that the objective evidence

1
There is no dispute that Appellant was convicted, served a five-year sentence, and his
conviction was later vacated.
2
La R.S. 15:572.8 states in pertinent part:
A. A petitioner is entitled to compensation in accordance with this Section if he
has served in whole or in part a sentence of imprisonment under the laws of this
state for a crime for which he was convicted and:
(1) The conviction of the petitioner has been reversed or vacated; and
(2) The petitioner has proven by clear and convincing scientific or non-scientific
evidence that he is factually innocent of the crime for which he was convicted.
B. For the purposes of this Section, “factual innocence” means that the petitioner
did not commit the crime for which he was convicted and incarcerated nor did he
commit any crime based upon the same set of facts used in his original
conviction.
C. All petitions for compensation as provided in this Section shall be filed in the
district court in which the original conviction was obtained, hereinafter referred to
as “the court”, and shall be governed by procedures outlined herein and randomly
re-allotted by the court.
D. The court shall render a final decision on all petitions for compensation filed in
accordance with the provisions of this Section and shall be tried by the judge
alone. The court may consider any relevant evidence regardless of whether it
was admissible in, or excluded from, the criminal trial in which the petitioner
was convicted (emphasis supplied).
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clearly contradicts the witnesses’ testimonies concerning the identification, thus

calling the trial court’s credibility determination into question.

The record consists of evidence presented by the State and evidence

presented by Appellant. As to the State, it presented testimony from the victim and

three eye-witnesses, who all identified Appellant as the assailant. The victim, Mr.

Terencio Salinas, a Nicaraguan native, testified that after developing a flat tire, he

went to MBK Tire Shop to get his flat tire fixed. He further explained that he saw

the assailant at the tire shop when he was getting his car fixed. When he returned

to his car, he observed a green Jeep Cherokee parked in front of his van and the

assailant steeling tools from his van. Upon confronting the assailant, a struggle

ensued, wherein he was hit with tire iron, bit, and stabbed with a small pocket

knife. Mr. Salinas remembered that there was a small child crying in a baby seat in

the back of the vehicle. After the encounter, Mr. Salinas was hospitalized.

In his description of the assailant to Detective Nigel Baddoo, Mr. Salinas

stated the assailant was wearing a work shirt with the name “Santos” written on it.

Following his release from the hospital, Mr. Salinas, who had recognized that the

perpetrator was Hispanic, decided to seek out the perpetrator in places where

Hispanic people patronized because the police explained that they would likely not

find the assailant since the license plate could not be traced. He testified at trial

that he went from “store to store, from football [soccer] camp to football camp,

Wal-Mart, any place.” Eventually, he identified Appellant at the Union Market in

Kenner. He followed Appellant out to his vehicle to see if he was in a green Jeep;

however, he was not. He later identified Appellant for a second time in a line-up.

The remaining three eyewitnesses testified relatively consistently with Ms.

Salinas’s version of the events and identified Appellant as the assailant. Ruben

Suazo did not recall seeing a child in the back seat; however, he did write down the

license plate number of the Jeep. Yoni Omar Sanchez-Aguilera confirmed that

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there was a baby crying in the back seat of the vehicle. Aristede Craig, Sr., who

stopped to render assistance, called 911 and observed the assailant from

approximately twenty feet away. Inexplicably, the trial court did not discuss this

crucial witnesses’ vantage point.

Significantly, the State did not offer any objective evidence that would place

Appellant at the scene of the crime, nor could it offer a motive. A search of

Appellants home did not uncover any stolen tools or a work shirt similar to that

described by Mr. Salinas. Rather, the photographs of Appellant’s numerous tools

revealed that Appellant had no motive to steal tools since he had his own. To the

contrary, a determined Mr. Salinas had a clear motive to find and identify the

person who injured him since the police could not recover any information from

the license plate. Likewise, some of the other eyewitnesses had motive to identify

Appellant as they were offered assistance with immigration visas in exchange for

their cooperation in the case. This information, which formed part of the basis for

his application for post-conviction relief, was not disclosed to Appellant until after

his conviction. Surprisingly, the trial court made no mention of these facts while

weighing the credibility of these eyewitnesses.

Turning to Appellant, his witnesses included himself, Eugenio Santos,

Thang Hguyenh, and Hiep Vo, Mr. Escobar, and Dr. Robert Barsley, D.D.S.

Appellant testified that on the day of the incident, he worked at Trinity Yacht

Company and was also doing some repair/remodeling work at the home of Mr. Vo,

his neighbor. He further explained that every day after the work was complete he

would drink beer with Mr. Vo. At the time of the assault, Appellant was either at

home or at Mr. Vo’s home, in Kenner.

In addition, Appellant testified that he did not have any small children or

grandchildren on the day of the assault. He also never owned a green Jeep. Mr. Vo

and Escobar, who also worked on Mr. Vo’s home, both corroborated Appellant’s

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version of events and confirmed he never owned a green Jeep or had any small

children or grandchildren.

Further, Thang Hguyenh, the owner of the MBK Tire Shop on Chef Menteur

Highway, stated that he did not know the defendant. He also stated that Appellant

was not a regular customer. Mr. Hguyenh testified that all of his employees are

Hispanic. In addition, Mr. Eugenio Santos testified that he owns Santos

Automotive Center, although he is no longer actively involved in running the

business. Nevertheless, he stated he knows the employees and that the defendant

was not one, nor had he ever been one. To his knowledge, no one had given the

defendant a uniform shirt from the shop. Just as Mr. Santos had told the police, his

employees stopped wearing any type of uniform shirt after Hurricane Katrina.

Unlike the State, the Appellant admitted scientific and non-scientific

objective evidence to prove his innocence. The objective evidence is completely

inconsistent with the State witnesses’ identifications of the Appellant.

First, in the area of scientific evidence, the uncontroverted bite mark

evidence, as explained by Dr. Barsely, excludes the Appellant because his teeth

were relatively straight and the assailant had crooked teeth.3 Moreover, when

Appellant stated that he had no involvement with this assault in a polygraph test,

the results determined he was being truthful.

Next, pertaining to non-scientific evidence, the Appellant submitted

automobile insurance policies, revealing he had three insured automobiles at the

time; however, there was no green Jeep. He also admitted his grandchild’s birth

certificate to establish that his only grandchild was born almost a week after the

incident. He further submitted tax returns, bank and loan statements, which

3
While the trial court took notice of the issues raised with bite mark identification, Dr. Barsely
explained that this case was one of exclusion so the risks associated with misidentification were
not present. He further testified that he had no trouble in excluding Appellant from the
photographic evidence, although blurry. He also established that Appellant’s bite mark remained
relatively the same before and after the assault, which eliminated the potential for a changing
bite.
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established that he owned two properties, filed his taxes, and had over $100,000.00

line of credit to buy tools, if needed.

In this case, the bite-mark evidence and polygraph test, in conjunction with

the fact that there is an absence of evidence that Appellant ever worked at Santos

Automotive, owned a green Jeep, cared for a young child, and/or was in possession

of or had a motive to steal tools, establishes Appellant’s high probability of

innocence. Aside from the eyewitness testimony, there was no evidence to link

Appellant to this crime, nor was there proof of a motive. Alarmingly, the trial

court did not acknowledge any of this exculpatory evidence when ruling.

When considering this evidence as a whole, particularly the objective

evidence, a reasonable fact-finder could not give credence to the witnesses’

identification of Appellant. Thus, the trial court was manifestly erroneous in its

credibility determination. Given that Appellant established his factual innocence

by clear and convincing evidence, I would grant his application for compensation

and render an award in accordance with the record.

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