Morgan City Land and Fur Company, L.L.C. v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., L.L.C.

MORGAN CITY LAND AND * NO. 2020-CA-0676
FUR COMPANY, L.L.C.
*
VERSUS COURT OF APPEAL
*
TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE FOURTH CIRCUIT
CO., L.L.C., ET AL. *
STATE OF LOUISIANA
*******

CONSOLIDATED WITH: CONSOLIDATED WITH:

MORGAN CITY LAND AND FUR NO. 2020-C-0575
COMPANY, L.L.C.

VERSUS

TENNESSEE GAS PIPELINE CO.,
L.L.C., ET AL.

APPEAL FROM
25TH JDC, PARISH OF PLAQUEMINES
NO. 64-754, DIVISION “B”
Honorable Michael D. Clement,
******
Judge Rosemary Ledet
******
(Court composed of Judge Terri F. Love, Judge Edwin A. Lombard, Judge
Rosemary Ledet)

Gladstone N. Jones, III
Bernard E. Boudreaux, Jr.
Kevin E. Huddell
Emma E. Daschbach
John T. Arnold
Peter N. Freiberg
Lindsay Reeves
Christopher W. Swanson
JONES SWANSON HUDDELL & GARRISON, LLC
601 Poydras Street, Suite 2655
New Orleans, LA 70130

S. Jacob Braud
BALLAY, BRAUD & COLON, PLC
8114 Highway 23, Suite 101
Belle Chasse, LA 70037

James R. Swanson
Lance C. McCardle
E. Blair Schilling
FISHMAN HAYGOOD L.L.P.
201 St. Charles Avenue, Suite 4600
New Orleans, LA 70170-4600

John Michael Veron
J. Rock Palermo, III
Turner D. Brumby
VERON BICE PALERMO & WILSON
721 Kirby Street
P.O. Box 2125
Lake Charles, LA 70601

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT

Cheryl M. Kornick
Kelly B. Becker
Kathryn Z. Gonski
Laura S. Brown
Jaclyn E. Hickman
LISKOW & LEWIS, APLC
701 Poydras Street, Suite 5000
New Orleans, LA 70139-5099

Jamie D. Rhymes
LISKOW & LEWIS, APLC
822 Harding St.
P. O. Box 52008
Lafayette, LA 70505-2008

Richard D. McConnell, Jr.
KEAN MILLER, LLP
400 Convention Street, Suite 700
P.O. Box 3513
Baton Rouge, LA 70802

Michael R. Phillips
Claire E. Juneau
Chynna M. Anderson
Rachel Scarafia
KEAN MILLER, LLP
909 Poydras Street, Suite 3600
New Orleans, LA 70112

Thomas M. Flanagan
Sean P. Brady
Meghan F. Grant

FLANAGAN PARTNERS LLP
201 St. Charles Avenue, Suite 3300
New Orleans, LA 70170

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND
REMANDED; SUPERVISORY WRIT DISMISSED AS MOOT

April 21, 2021

This is a dispute regarding the interpretation of four right-of-way
RML
agreements for the dredging of canals and the construction and operation of
EAL

TFL pipelines (collectively the “ROWs”). The parties to the dispute are the plaintiff—

the present property owner,1 Morgan City Land and Fur Company, LLC

(“Landowner”)—and the five pipeline defendants—Tennessee Gas Pipeline

Company, LLC (“TGP”); Southern Natural Gas Company, LLC (“SNG”); High

Point Gas Transmission, LLC (“High Point One”); Cayenne Pipeline, LLC

(“Cayenne”); and High Point Gas Gathering, LLC (“High Point Two”)

(collectively “Pipelines”).

In this appeal, Landowner seeks review of the trial court’s October 2, 2020

judgment granting in part and denying in part the parties’ cross-motions for partial

summary judgment.2 The parties, in their cross-motions, sought a determination of

1
The property at issue is primarily marshland located throughout the east bank of Plaquemines
Parish.
2
From the trial court’s October 2, 2020 judgment on the cross-motions, Landowner
contemporaneously filed both an appeal and a writ application. This court, on its own motion,
consolidated the appeal with the earlier-filed writ. The trial court designated the October 2, 2020
judgment as final for purposes of appeal pursuant to La. C.C.P. art. 1915(B)(1), but provided no
reasons for doing so. Based on our review of the record, we find no error in the designation. See

1

Pipelines’ obligation to maintain the canals dredged pursuant to the ROWs.

Following a hearing, the trial court made the following rulings on the parties’

cross-motions. As to Landowner’s motion, the trial court granted the motion in

part, ruling that the ROWs impose the obligation on Pipelines to maintain the

bulkheads and plugs as set forth in the ROWs; but, denied the motion in part,

ruling that “there is no express obligation on [Pipelines] to maintain the canals and

canal banks.” Conversely, as to Pipelines’ motion, the trial court granted the

motion in part, ruling that the ROWs “do not impose an obligation on [Pipelines]

to maintain the canals and canal banks”; but, denied the motion in part as to the

obligation on Pipelines to maintain the bulkheads and plugs as set forth in the

ROWs.3

For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Pipelines

have an obligation as set forth in the ROWs to maintain the bulkheads and plugs,

reverse the trial court’s finding that Pipelines have no obligation to maintain the

canals and canal banks, and remand for further proceedings.4

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

R.J. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 04-1664, pp. 13-14 (La. 3/2/05), 894 So.2d 1113, 1122 (to
assist the appellate court in its review of designated final judgments, the trial court should give
explicit reasons, either oral or written, for its determination that there is no just reason for delay;
if no reasons are given but some justification is apparent from the record, the appellate court
should make a de novo determination of whether the certification was proper and, if after
examination of the record the propriety of the certification is not apparent, the court of appeal
may request a per curiam from the trial judge).
3
Although the trial court granted Pipelines’ request to strike Landowner’s supplemental
memorandum in support of its partial summary judgment motion, Landowner does not raise any
issue regarding the correctness of the trial court’s ruling striking its memorandum in support.
We, thus, do not address this issue.
4
Given our ruling on the appeal, we deny the earlier-filed writ, which we consolidated with this
appeal, as moot.

2

Between 1957 and 1968, Landowner’s predecessors-in-interest entered into

the ROWs with Pipelines’ predecessors-in-interest. The ROWs, which crossed

various portions of Landowners’ property, authorized the dredging of canals and

the construction and operation of pipelines. The ROWs, however, were silent as to

Pipelines’ obligation to maintain the canals and canal banks.5 To provide a

background for analyzing the issue presented on appeal, we outline the relevant

terms of each of the ROWs.

1957 TGP ROW

In 1957, Landowner granted TGP a “right of way and easement to construct,

maintain, operate, alter, repair, change the size of, and remove a pipeline . . . for

the transportation of oil, gas, petroleum products, or any other liquids, gases or

substances which can be transported through pipe lines” (the “1957 TGP ROW”).

The 1957 TGP ROW further provided that “[t]he said right of way and easement

granted herein shall not exceed one hundred (100’) feet in width.” The 1957 TGP

ROW further provided:

It is expressly understood between [Landowner] and [TGP] that
. . . [TGP], in the exercise of its rights hereunder shall cut and
construct only such navigable canals and waterways as are actually
needed for its operation hereunder, and for the purpose of preventing
dereliction of [Landowner’s] lands, [TGP] shall construct and
maintain at [TGP’s] expense protection bulkheads or plugs, at all
points where canals and waterways to be cut shall intersect with
navigable bodies of water already existing.

1964 TGP ROW

5
For ease of discussion, we refer simply to Landowner, TGP, and SNG as opposed to their
predecessors and successors in interests. Two of the ROWs are between Landowner and TGP;
the other two are between Landowner and SNG.

3

In 1964, Landowner granted TGP a “right of way and easement to construct,

maintain, operate, alter, repair, change the size of, and remove a pipeline . . . for

the transportation of oil, gas, petroleum products, or any other liquids, gases or

substances which can be transported, through pipe lines” (the “1964 TGP ROW”).

The 1964 TGP ROW provided that “[t]he said right of way and easement granted

herein shall not exceed forty feet in width.” The 1964 TGP ROW further provided:

It is expressly understood between [Landowner] and [TGP] that
. . . [TGP], in the exercise of its rights hereunder, shall cut and
construct only one canal which shall not exceed forty feet in width,
and for the purpose of preventing dereliction of [Landonwer’s] lands,
[TGP] shall construct and maintain at [TGP’s] expense protection
bulkheads or plugs, at all points where canals and waterways to be cut
shall intersect with navigable bodies of water already existing.

1958 SNG ROW

In 1958, Landowner granted SNG a “right of way and easement to construct,

maintain, operate, alter, repair, change the size of, and remove one pipe line and

one additional pipe line [up to two pipelines] . . . for the transportation of oil, gas,

petroleum products or any other liquids, gases or substances which can be

transported through pipe lines,” and the right “to lay such pipe lines or lines in

open ditches or canals not to exceed 40 feet in width" (the “1958 SNG ROW”).

The 1958 SNG ROW provided that “[d]uring construction of the initial line

contemplated herein, [SNG] shall have a right of way and easement of 100 feet in

width; however, upon completion of said construction, the right of way and

easement shall be only 40 feet in width.” The 1958 SNG ROW further provided:

[SNG], in the exercise of its rights hereunder, shall cut and
construct only such navigable canals and waterways as are actually
needed for its operations hereunder, none of which shall exceed 40

4

feet in width, and for the purpose of preventing dereliction of
[Landowner’s] land [SNG] shall construct and maintain at [SNG’s]
expense protection bulkheads or plugs, at all points where canals and
waterways to be cut shall intersect with navigable bodies of water
already existing, when called upon by [Landowner] to do so.6

1968 SNG ROW

In 1968, Landowner granted to SNG “a servitude or right-of-way forty (40)

feet in width . . . for the purpose of constructing, maintaining, operating, repairing

and removing not more than two separate pipelines . . . for the transportation of oil,

gas, petroleum products or any other liquids, gas or substances” (the “1968 SNG

ROW”). The 1968 SNG ROW provided that the “described forty (40) foot wide

right-of-way is located Southeast of, parallel with and contiguous to that certain

forty (40) foot wide right-of-way which was granted to [SNG] by [Landowner] by

[the 1958 SNG ROW].” The 1968 SNG ROW further provided:

[SNG] shall take all reasonable steps to prevent use of the ditch
or canal dredged on the servitude granted herein by persons other than
[SNG’s] employees and/or agents. [SNG] shall post signs indicating
that the canal or ditch is private, and further shall take all necessary
steps to plug the entrance of the canal or ditch from the bays, lakes,
and open bodies of water through which the servitude granted herein
runs. [SNG] takes cognizance of the fact that in order to effectively
prevent unauthorized use of the canal to be dredged by [SNG], plugs
must be placed and maintained in the canal dredged within the
servitude [granted in the 1958 SNG ROW] as well as in the canal to
be dredged within the servitude granted hereby, and [SNG] agrees that
[these provisions] shall apply to both of said canals. If [Landowner] is
not satisfied with the manner in which such plugs are constructed or
maintained, [SNG] shall be given written notice of such
dissatisfaction and [SNG] shall take all reasonable steps to rectify any
deficiencies.7

6
SNG transferred its interest in the 1958 SNG ROW to High Point One in 2012. High Point One,
in turn, assigned a partial interest in the 1958 SNG ROW to High Point Two and Cayenne in
2017. Thus, High Point One, High Point Two, and Cayenne are the current grantees under the
1958 SNG ROW.
7
SNG transferred its interest in the 1968 SNG ROW to High Point One; hence, High Point One
is the current grantee of the 1968 SNG ROW.

5

Landowner filed this suit in August 2018, alleging that Pipelines breached

the ROWs by failing to maintain the canals, causing erosion, resulting in the canals

widening, and altering the hydrology and ecology of Landowner’s property.8 In its

petition, which it amended twice, Landowner averred that Pipelines breached the

express terms of the ROWs and “the implied obligations therein pursuant to the

suppletive rules regarding servitudes as set forth in the Louisiana Civil Code

arts. 697, et seq., by negligently doing or by failing to do, among other things,” the

following:

 Maintain the canals and their banks to prevent erosion of the surrounding
property;

 Install protective bulkheads or plugs;

 Maintain the protective bulkheads or plugs;

 Prevent unauthorized persons from using the canals;

 Protect the servient estate against damage resulting from use of the
servitude;

 Not aggravate the condition of the servient estate;

 Prevent the canals from widening;

 Prevent the canal banks from being breached;

 Use only so much of Plaintiff’s Property as necessary to conduct
operations;

 Act as a reasonably prudent operator to cause the least possible damage;
and

 Restore the property.

In June 2019, Landowner filed a motion for partial summary judgment,

seeking a determination “that, as a matter of law, Defendants have an ongoing
8
As of the time of the filing of this suit, the ROWs were still in effect, burdening Landowner’s
property; and Pipelines were still operating the pipelines in the dredged canals.

6

duty, pursuant to the written [ROWs] and the Civil Code, to act as prudent

administrators and maintain the canals and canal banks in a manner that will cause

the least possible damage or aggravation to [Landowner’s property].” Pipelines

filed a cross-motion, seeking a determination that Pipelines have no duty under the

ROWs to maintain the width of the canals on Landowner’s property or to prevent

natural forces from causing erosion on the property. As noted elsewhere in this

opinion, the trial court granted in part and denied in part the cross-motions, finding

that although Pipelines had an express duty to install and maintain the bulkheads

and plugs, Pipelines had no implied duty to maintain the canals and canal banks.

This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

The sole issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in finding that

Pipelines have no implied obligation to maintain the canals and canal banks.

Before addressing that issue, we first outline the governing principles.

Summary Judgment Principles

The governing statutory provision, La. C.C.P. art. 966, provides that a

motion for summary judgment shall be granted if, “[a]fter an opportunity for

adequate discovery,” the “motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show

that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3). The granting of a partial

summary judgment is authorized by La. C.C.P. art. 966(E), which provides that

“[a] summary judgment may be rendered dispositive of a particular issue, theory of

recovery, cause of action, or defense, in favor of one or more parties, even though

7

the granting of the summary judgment does not dispose of the entire case as to that

party or parties.”

An appellate court applies a de novo standard of review in reviewing a trial

court’s ruling on a summary judgment motion and utilizes the same criteria that the

trial court initially employs under La. C.C.P. art. 966. See Harmonia, LLC v.

Felicity Prop. Co., LLC, 20-0253, 20-0254, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/25/20), ___

So.3d ___, ___, 2020 WL 6937836, *3. Summary judgment is appropriate when

the facts are not in dispute; in that context, an appellate court “look[s] solely to the

legal question presented by the motion for summary judgment.” Power Mktg.

Direct, Inc. v. Foster, 05-2023, p. 9 (La. 9/6/06), 938 So.2d 662, 669; see also

Arceneaux v. Amstar Corp., 15-0588, p. 5 (La. 9/7/16), 200 So.3d 277, 281.

The issue presented here, as Pipelines correctly contend, involves the

interpretation of the ROWs, which are contractual agreements. The interpretation

of contractual agreements generally is a question of law that may be resolved by

summary judgment. Total Minatome Corp. v. Union Texas Products Corp., 33,433,

p. 5 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/23/00), 766 So.2d 685, 689 (observing that “[c]ontract

interpretation is a question of law”); Semco, LLC v. Grand Ltd., 16-342, p. 43 (La.

App. 5 Cir. 5/31/17), 221 So.3d 1004, 1035, (observing that “[i]nterpretation of a

contract and, specifically the issue of whether a contract is ambiguous, is a

question of law properly determined at the summary judgment stage”). As the

Louisiana Supreme Court has observed, “[t]he determination of whether a contract

is clear or ambiguous is a question of law.” Sims v. Mulhearn Funeral Home, Inc.,

07-0054, p. 9 (La. 5/22/07), 956 So.2d 583, 590. “[W]hen a contract can be

construed from the four corners of the instrument without looking to extrinsic

8

evidence, the question of contractual interpretation is answered as a matter of law.”

Id., 07-0054, p. 10, 956 So.2d at 590.

“When the analysis calls for interpreting a contract, the Louisiana Civil

Code is the starting point.” Prytania Park Hotel, Ltd. v. Gen. Star Indem. Co., 179

F.3d 169, 175 (5th Cir. 1999); W&T Offshore, L.L.C. v. Texas Brine Corp., 18-

0950, 18-0956, p. 2 (La. 6/26/19), ___So.3d ___, ___, 2019 WL 2896773, *2

(Weimer, J., dissenting) (observing that the proper starting point in interpreting a

right of use agreement is with the words of the Civil Code). Here, two parts of the

Civil Code are pertinent—the general rules regarding contract interpretation,

codified in La. C.C. arts. 2045 to 2057; and the special rules regarding predial

servitudes, codified in La. C.C. arts. 646 to 774.9

General Rules of Contract Interpretation

The Civil Code sets forth a blue print for contractual interpretation in

“Chapter 13 of Title IV, Book III, consisting of articles 2045 through 2057.”

Prytania Park Hotel, supra.; see also Amend v. McCabe, 95-0316, p. 7 (La.

12/1/95), 664 So.2d 1183, 1187. “The cardinal rule is set forth in La. Civ. Code

art. 2045, which states that the interpretation of a contract is the determination of

the common intent of the parties.” Id. “When the words of a contract are clear and

explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made

in search of the parties’ intent.” La. C.C. art. 2046.

9
When the parties entered into the ROWs between 1957 and 1968, the provisions of the Civil
Code of 1870 were in effect. As the Louisiana Supreme Court has observed, “[i]n 1977 Title IV
of Book II of the Civil Code, consisting of articles 646 to 822, was amended and reenacted. Acts
1977, No. 514, § 1. The amended title, effective January 1, 1978, consists of articles 646 to 774.”
Ogden v. Bankston, 398 So.2d 1037, 1040, n. 2 (La. 1981). Because the pertinent predial
servitude articles cited in this opinion are substantively the same as those in the Civil Code of
1870, we refer to the revised Civil Code articles.

9

“Each provision in a contract must be interpreted in light of the other

provisions so that each is given the meaning suggested by the contract as a whole.”

La. C.C. art. 2050. “Doubtful provisions must be interpreted in light of the nature

of the contract, equity, usages, the conduct of the parties before and after the

formation of the contract, and of other contracts of a like nature between the same

parties.” La. C.C. art. 2053.

“When the parties intend a contract of general scope but, to eliminate doubt,

include a provision that describes a specific situation, interpretation must not

restrict the scope of the contract to that situation alone.” La. C.C. art. 2052, “When

the parties made no provision for a particular situation, it must be assumed that

they intended to bind themselves not only to the express provisions of the contract,

but also to whatever the law . . . regards as implied in a contract of that kind or

necessary for the contract to achieve its purpose.” La. C.C. art. 2054. “Not all

obligations arising out of contract need be explicitly stated. . . . [E]verything that

by equity is considered incidental to the particular contract, or necessary to carry it

into effect, is also a part of all agreements.” Nat’l Safe Corp. v. Benedict & Myrick,

Inc., 371 So.2d 792, 795 (La. 1979).

Servitude Law

The Louisiana concept of a servitude is equivalent to the common law

concept of an easement. Rose v. Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co., 508 F.3d 773, 776-77 (5th

Cir. 2007) (quoting Quibodeaux v. Andrus, 04-766, pp. 4-5 (La. App. 3d Cir.

10/10/04), 886 So.2d 1258, 1261).10 The party that benefits from the predial

10
Louisiana law distinguishes between a personal servitude, which benefits a person, and a
predial servitude, which benefits an interest in property. La. C.C. art. 639 (providing that “[t]he
personal servitude of right of use confers in favor of a person a specified use of an estate less

10

servitude—here Pipelines—is the dominant estate; and the party burdened by the

servitude—here Landowner—is the servient estate. See La. C.C. art. 646

(providing that “[a] predial servitude is a charge on a servient estate for the benefit

of a dominant estate” and that “[t]he two estates must belong to different owners”).

When a servitude is established by contract, the extent and mode of using

the servitude is regulated by the contract. See Ogden, 398 So.2d at 1040-41; Ryan

v. S. Natural Gas Co., 879 F.2d 162, 164 (5th Cir. 1989) (observing that “[a]ny

duty imposed on the servitude owner by article 745 is subject to the provisions of

the written servitude agreement between the parties”). Stated otherwise, “property

owners have the right to establish whatever servitudes they deem proper . . .

limited only by considerations of public order.” Ogden, 398 So.2d at 1040-41.

The Civil Code “provides a whole host of suppletive rules that govern the

relationship of parties to a servitude to the extent that [the parties] . . . do not

provide otherwise” by contract. Rose v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 508 F.3d at

than full enjoyment”). In Rose v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 508 F.3d at 777, n. 13, the federal
court observed the following regarding the nature of canal right-of-way servitudes:

Arguably, there is some question as to whether the instant servitude should
be classified as a predial servitude or a personal servitude of right of use.
Louisiana Civil Code article 639 states that “[t]he personal servitude of right of
use confers in favor of a person a specified use of an estate less than full
enjoyment.” LA. CIV.CODE ANN . art. 639. Even though rights of way similar
to that granted to TGP are frequently characterized as predial servitudes, see, e.g.,
Terrebonne Parish Sch. Bd. v. Columbia Gulf Transmission Co., 290 F.3d 303
(5th Cir. 2002), perhaps the interest in question might be better classified as a
personal servitude because it confers a benefit in favor of a juridical person, TGP,
rather than an immovable. Either way, though, the interest granted to TGP meets
the definition of a servitude under Louisiana law. And, under the circumstances,
any distinction is immaterial. The fact that a servitude was created by the 1964
expropriation judgment implicates Louisiana's suppletive law on servitudes, and
under Louisiana Civil Code article 645, “[a] right of use is regulated by
application of the rules governing usufruct and predial servitudes to the extent that
their application is compatible with the rules governing a right of use servitude.”
LA. CIV.CODE ANN. art. 645.

11

778.11 In Terrebonne Par. Sch. Bd. v. Columbia Gulf Transmission Co., 290 F.3d

303, 315 (5th Cir. 2002), the federal appellate court summarized the following the

pertinent suppletive rules as follows:

 “[A]mbiguity in a servitude agreement must be construed in favor of the
servient estate.” Id., 290 F.3d at 315 (citing La. C.C. art. 730 (providing that
“[d]oubt as to the existence, extent, or manner of exercise of a predial
servitude shall be resolved in favor of the servient estate”));

 “[T]he dominant estate owner—here, each defendant [pipeline]—must not
‘aggravate’ the condition of the servient estate.” Id. (citing La. C.C. arts. 743
and 745);12

 Paraphrasing former Professor A.N. Yiannopoulos, “the duty not to
aggravate the condition of the servient estate, ‘correlative of the real right of
servitude, is not grounded on negligence’; and, absent an express contractual
exoneration for marsh erosion damages, ‘to the extent that the damage to the
servient estate was caused by abuse of right, the damage should be
compensable.’” Id., 290 F.3d at 316 (internal citations omitted); and

11
A suppletive rule is a gap filler; “[s]uppletive provisions only ‘clutch in’ if the contract fails
adequately to cover a given issue.” Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v. Se. Health Care, Inc., 950 F.2d
944, 951 (5th Cir. 1991). Explaining the difference between an “imperative” law and a
“suppletive” law, the Louisiana Supreme Court, in E. L. Burns Co. v. Cashio, 302 So.2d 297,
300 (La. 1974) (internal footnotes omitted), observed:

Statutory rules may be either imperative or suppletive. Rooted in public
policy considerations, an imperative rule is applied without regard to the
intention of the individuals concerned. A prohibitory law . . . is one that is
cast in the imperative form, but exhibits a negative, rather than positive,
command. A suppletive rule, on the other hand, applies only if those
affected by it have not excluded its application. Thus, distinction between
imperative and suppletive rules determines whether private individuals can
set aside rules established by the legislature and regulate their legal relations
by private agreement. If an agreement contravenes an imperative rule, it is
absolutely null.
12
La. C.C. article 743 provides that “[r]ights that are necessary for the use of a servitude
acquired at the time of the servitude is established. They are to be exercised in a way least
convenient for the servient estate.” La. C.C. article 745 provides that the owner of a dominant
estate has the obligation of “causing the least possible damage” to the servient estate. “Whether
a particular use constitutes an aggravation of the servient estate is a question of fact, determined
in light of the circumstances of each case. Courts take into account the situation of the estates,
the needs of the dominant estate, and the prejudice, if any, sustained by the owner of the servient
estate.” Ronald J. Scalise Jr., 4 LA. CIV. L. TREATISE, PREDIAL SERVITUDES § 7:9 (4th ed.
2020); Terrebonne Par. Sch. Bd. v. Columbia Gulf Transmission Co., 290 F.3d 303, 317, n. 40
(observing that “[t]his is a fact-intensive inquiry best left to the district court or jury”).

12

 “[T]he duty not to aggravate the servient estate is a continuing duty.” Id.,
290 F.3d at 316.

It is well settled that one holding a servitude on another's land is bound to

use that servitude in such a manner as to not unreasonably injure the rights of the

owner of the servient estate. Thus, if the owner of the servitude uses it in a

negligent, unauthorized, or unreasonable manner, the owner of the servient estate

may sue for damages. Stephens v. Int'l Paper Co., 542 So.2d 35, 39 (La. App. 2d

Cir. 1989). “[T]he owner of the dominant estate . . . must exercise his ‘specified

use’ without exceeding the boundaries of that use in a manner damaging the

concomitant use of the servient estate”; and [t]he owner of the dominant estate may

not make use of the servitude that aggravates the condition of the servient estate.”

Petchak v. Bossier Par. Police Jury, 45,705, p. 23 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/24/10), 55

So.3d 840, 852 (internal quotations and citations omitted). With the above

principles in mind, we turn to the issue presented here.

Issue Presented

It is undisputed that the ROWs do not impose an express obligation on

Pipelines to maintain the canals and canal banks. The narrow issue presented here

is whether there is an implied obligation to do so under Louisiana’s suppletive law

on servitudes. According to Landowner, this court decided this issue in a recent,

unpublished writ decision, Vintage Assets, Inc. v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co.,

L.L.C., 20-0065 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/19/20) (unpub.) (“Vintage Assets Writ 1”).13

In order to understand the Vintage Assets writ decisions, it is necessary to

outline the complex procedural history of that case, which began in federal court.

13
As discussed elsewhere in this opinion, there were two writ applications filed and two writ
decisions; the other writ decision was Vintage Assets, Inc. v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., L.L.C.,
20-0066 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/19/20) (unpub.) (“Vintage Assets Writ 2”).

13

As in this case, the Vintage Assets case was a suit by plaintiff-landowners against

defendant-pipelines regarding canal right-of-way agreements. Plaintiff-landowners

alleged essentially the same theories of recovery as in this case, including breach

of a contractual duty to maintain the canals and canal banks. As in this case, the

parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment seeking a determination of

whether the pipelines had a duty to maintain the canals and canal banks.

In addressing the cross-motions, the federal district court divided the eight

right-of-way contracts at issue in Vintage Assets into two categories—six that

contained a dimension-limiting provision, stating that the canals may not exceed a

certain width (the “Not-to-Exceed Contracts”), and two that did not contain any

dimension-limiting provision (the “No-Measurement Contracts”). Addressing the

Not-to-Exceed Contracts, the federal district court found them ambiguous as to

defendants-pipelines’ duty to maintain the canals, observing that “[e]ach allows the

canals to be left ‘open’ but contemplate a maximum width of the canals and rights-

of-way.” Vintage Assets, Inc. v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., L.L.C., CV 16-713,

2017 WL 3601215, at *6 (E.D. La. Aug. 22, 2017) (“Vintage Assets Federal

District Court Case”). Rejecting defendants-pipelines’ argument that the ambiguity

should be resolved by using parol evidence, the federal district court instead

followed Columbia Gulf, an earlier-decided federal case, and looked to Louisiana

suppletive law on servitudes, observing:

[T]his Court will follow the instruction of Columbia Gulf and
look to suppletive law. While the court in Columbia Gulf held that
suppletive law applied to fill in the gaps of the servitude agreement, it
stopped just short of holding that the suppletive rules espouse a duty
to maintain the canals from widening. It merely held that if such a
duty exists, it is [a] continuous one and therefore the district court was
improper in holding that the plaintiff’s claims had prescribed. Indeed,

14

the question of “whether the suppletive law of Louisiana might
impose such a duty remains to be resolved.”

It is well settled, though, that Louisiana’s suppletive law on
servitudes imposes “a continuing duty to refrain from injuring or
aggravating a servient estate.” The question of first impression before
this Court then becomes whether the duty to refrain from aggravating
the servient estate encompasses a duty to maintain canals and canal
banks from eroding the servient estate. This Court finds that it is self-
evident that allowing a canal to widen such that it encroaches on the
servient estate or erodes the servient estate into open water constitutes
aggravation. Accordingly, pursuant to suppletive law Defendants have
a duty to maintain the canals and canal banks to prevent erosion, and
therefore aggravation, of the servient estate.

Vintage Assets Federal District Court Case, 2017 WL 3601215, at *7 (internal

footnotes omitted).14 On appeal, however, the federal district court’s decision was

vacated based on a finding of lack of diversity jurisdiction; and the case was

remanded by the district court to state court. Vintage Assets, Inc. v. Tennessee Gas

Pipeline Co., L.L.C., 18-30688, 2018 WL 6264375 (5th Cir. Oct. 2, 2018) (unpub.)

(stating that “the district court is ORDERED to remand the case to the 25th

14
Because all four of the ROWs in this case contain measurement provisions, the discussion of
the No-Measurement Contracts in Vintage Assets is not relevant here. Nonetheless, regarding the
No-Measurement Contracts, the federal district court in Vintage Assets observed:

The remaining servitude agreements contain no “not to exceed”
measurement and merely grant Defendants the right to lay pipelines in an open
canal “which may be filled in or left open at the option of Grantee.” That said,
they do not contain the type of internal confusion present in the other contracts.
Here, the agreements unambiguously give Defendants the right to leave the canals
open, and therefore they are absolved of any obligation to backfill or . . . dam
those canals. This Court interprets this, as other Courts have, to evince an
understanding between the parties that the Defendants were not obligated to take
any action to maintain the canals. “[T]he damage to Plaintiffs' marshland results
from the continuous flow of water through the canal due to its having ‘remained
open’ .... However, [Defendant] was specifically granted the right to keep the
canal open through the language of the servitude agreement cited above.”
Accordingly, Defendants do not have a duty to maintain the canals under the No
Measurement Contracts. . . .

Vintage Assets Federal District Court Case, 2017 WL 3601215, at *7 (internal footnotes
omitted).

15

Judicial District Court of Plaquemines, Louisiana for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction”).
On remand to state court, the parties again filed the same cross-motions for

summary judgment on the issue of the duty to maintain the canals and canal banks.

Like the federal district court, the state trial court denied defendants-pipelines’

motions for summary judgment as to the Not-to-Exceed Contracts.15 Defendants-

pipelines then filed a writ application to this court. This court denied defendants-

pipelines’ writ, observing:

Each of the six right of way agreements provided that the canals
were not to exceed a certain width. Such language sufficiently
provides that the canals are not to exceed the widths stated. Given the
obligations established by the Louisiana Civil Code on the dominant
estate owners, the servitudes are properly interpreted to impose a duty
to maintain the canals within the widths provided in the servitudes. As
15
The state trial court also granted the defendants-pipelines’ summary judgment motion as to the
No-Measurement Contracts. This court granted the plaintiff-landowners’ writ and reversed the
trial court’s ruling as to the No-Measurement Contracts, observing:

In this instant matter, it is undisputed that the two right-of-way servitude
agreements did not establish “not to exceed” width limitations and granted
Respondents a right to leave the canals open. As such, the servitude agreements
did not expressly establish Respondents’ duty to maintain the canals and canal
banks. However, when predial servitudes are not regulated by a contract, these
servitudes are governed by Louisiana Civil Code articles on predial servitudes
which establish a duty on dominant estates to use their servitudes in a manner that
does not injure or aggravate servient estates. La. C.C. art. 697; See also Rose, 508
F.3d at 778. Thus, the issue of whether Respondents’ use of the servitudes
establish a duty to maintain the canals and canal banks is a genuine issue of
material fact.

Moreover, the record does not reflect that Respondents presented any
evidence showing that maintenance of the canals and canal banks would not assist
in causing the least injury or aggravation to Relators’ property. To the contrary,
Relators presented deposition testimony of Thomas Hutchins, a representative of
Respondents, who testified the creation of canals and canal banks have an
environmental impact on Louisiana’s marshland, and measures could have been
taken to limit such impact. Cyrus Harper, another one of
Respondents’representatives, testified that, once the gas pipelines were laid,
maintenance of the pipelines were not conducted. Thus, in light of the deposition
testimony and the lack of evidence presented by Respondents, we find the trial
court erred in granting, in part, Respondents’ joint motion for partial summary
judgment.

Vintage Assets Writ 2.

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such, the servitudes establish a duty on the Relators to take actions
necessary to prevent the excess widening of the canals. The Relators,
thus, are not entitled to summary judgment that they do not have such
duties under the six right of way agreements.

Vintage Assets Writ 1.

A commentator has likewise noted that a pipeline right-of-way containing a

dimension-limiting provision includes an implied duty to maintain the canal at

such contractually stated dimension, observing:

Private landowners are extremely well situated to recover under
a breach of contract theory in instances where a defendant has
dredged a canal that has widened beyond the width contemplated by
an original servitude agreement. The central question in such claims is
whether contracts allowing oil companies to dredge canals on private
property imply a duty to maintain such canals within the bounds of the
original contracts. Louisiana law is clear on the issue—the duty to
maintain canals is implied by such contracts for land use.

Jacob J. Pritt, Litigating Land Loss: An Analysis of Three Attempts to Hold Oil

Companies Accountable for Coastal Erosion, 93 Tul. L.Rev. 387, 408 (2018)

(citing Vintage Assets, 2017 WL 3601215, *7)(the Vintage Assets Federal District

Court Case).

On appeal, Landowner contends that Vintage Assets is dispositive of this

case.16 We agree. Here, as in Vintage Assets, each of the four ROWs include a

16
Pipelines counter that the Vintage Assets case is distinguishable, involving different right-of-
way agreements and different circumstances. Pipelines also cite Terrebonne Par. Sch. Bd. v.
Castex Energy, Inc., 04-0968 (La. 1/19/05), 893 So.2d 789, as establishing it is improper to
impose a duty to maintain here. But, Pipelines’ reliance is misplaced. In Castex, the Supreme
Court considered whether article 122 of the Mineral Code (La. R.S. 31:122), “which obligates a
mineral lessee to act as a reasonably prudent operator, compels the lessee to restore the surface
of the leased land to its pre-lease condition, where the lease terms do not so require and there is
no evidence that the lessee excessively or unreasonably exercised its rights under the lease.”
Castex, 04-0968, p. 1, 893 So.2d at 791. The Supreme Court held that “where the mineral lease
expressly grants the lessee the right to alter the surface in the manner it did, and is silent
regarding restoration, article 122 only imposes a duty to restore the surface to its original
condition where there is evidence of unreasonable or excessive use.” Castex, 04-0968, p. 2, 893
So.2d at 792. The Supreme Court discussed the obligations of the lessee under the Mineral Code
and the mineral and oil lease entered into between the parties. The lease provided for the
dredging of canals, the drilling for oil and minerals and the placement of pipelines. The Supreme

17

dimension-limiting provision (the “Measurement Provisions”).17 Thus, as in

Vintage Assets, the suppletive articles of the Civil Code impose an implied duty on

Pipelines not to aggravate the servient estate.

Arguing to the contrary, Pipelines point to the provisions in the ROWs

requiring Pipelines to install and maintain bulkheads and plugs under certain

circumstances to prevent dereliction, which means erosion (the “Plugs

Provisions”).18 Pipelines contend that the Plugs Provisions in the ROWS expressly

Court noted what constitutes the wear and tear on the land when canals are dredged, drilling
occurs and the pipelines are placed on coastal wetlands. But, the Supreme Court did not state that
coastal erosion is a necessary consequence of public purpose project or that canal widening and
erosion is a necessary consequence of the construction of the canals and placement of the
pipelines. These issues were not before the Supreme Court in Castex.
17
The measurement provisions in each of the ROWS are as follows:

 1957 TGP ROW: “[t]he said right of way and easement granted herein shall not
exceed one hundred (100’) feet in width”;

 1964 TGP ROW: “[t]he said right of way and easement granted herein shall not
exceed forty feet in width”;

 1958 SNG ROW: “[SNG] shall cut and construct only such navigable canals and
waterways as are actually needed for its operations hereunder, none of which shall
exceed 40 feet in width”; and

 1968 SNG ROW: “a servitude or right-of-way forty (40) feet in width.”
18
The Plug Provisions in each of the ROWs are as follows:

 1957 TGP ROW: “for the purpose of preventing dereliction of [Landowner’s] lands,
[TGP] shall construct and maintain at [TGP’s] expense protection bulkheads or
plugs”;

 1964 TGP ROW: “for the purpose of preventing dereliction of [Landowner’s] lands,
[TGP] shall construct and maintain at [TGP’s] expense protection bulkheads or
plugs”;

 1958 SNG ROW: “for the purpose of preventing dereliction of [Landowner’s] land
[SNG] shall construct and maintain at [SNG’s] expense protection bulkheads or plugs,
at all points where canals and waterways to be cut shall intersect with navigable
bodies of water already existing, when called upon by [Landowner] to do so”; and

18

address the issue of maintenance with respect to prevention of erosion of the canal

banks. Given the Plug Provisions in the ROWs, Pipelines contend that the trial

court correctly found it is improper to resort to the suppletive laws on servitude.

We disagree. We find, at best, the Plugs Provisions create an ambiguity in the

ROWs, requiring application of the suppletive articles.

Although we find that application of the suppletive articles imposes on

Pipelines a duty not to aggravate Landowner’s servient estate, the question of

whether any erosion beyond the limits set forth in the Measurement Provisions

constitutes an aggravation of Landowner’s servient estate is an inherently factual

question inappropriate for summary judgment at this juncture. Accordingly, we

reverse the trial court’s judgment to the extent it holds that Pipelines have no

implied obligation to maintain the canals and canal banks.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s finding on the parties’ cross-

motions for summary judgment that Pipelines have an obligation to maintain the

plugs and bulkheads as set forth in the ROWs is affirmed; the trial court’s finding

 1968 SNG ROW: “[SNG] further shall take all necessary steps to plug the entrance of
the canal or ditch from the bays, lakes, and open bodies of water through which the
servitude granted herein runs. [SNG] takes cognizance of the fact that in order to
effectively prevent unauthorized use of the canal to be dredged by [SNG], plugs must
be placed and maintained in the canal dredged within the servitude [granted in the
1958 ROW Agreement] as well as in the canal to be dredged within the servitude
granted hereby. If [Landowner] is not satisfied with the manner in which such plugs
are constructed or maintained, [SNG] shall be given written notice of such
dissatisfaction and [SNG] shall take all reasonable steps to rectify any deficiencies."

Landowner explains that two of the ROWs—the 1964 TGP ROW and the 1958 SNG ROW—
expressly limit the canal width to forty feet; the remaining two ROWs—the 1957 TGP ROW and
the 1968 SNG ROW—contain width specifications, not as to the canals but as to the entire
servitude afforded.

19

on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment that Pipelines have no

obligation to maintain the canals and canal banks is reversed; and this matter is

remanded for further proceedings. Given our ruling on the appeal, Landowner’s

earlier-filed writ, which we consolidated with this appeal, is denied as moot.

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED;
SUPERVISORY WRIT DISMISSED AS MOOT

20