State of Louisiana v. Louis Polkey

STATE OF LOUISIANA * NO. 2020-K-0482

VERSUS *
COURT OF APPEAL
LOUIS POLKEY *
FOURTH CIRCUIT
*
STATE OF LOUISIANA
*******

APPLICATION FOR WRITS DIRECTED TO
CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 548-236, SECTION “SECTION K”
Honorable Hunter P. Harris, Judge, Pro Tempore
******
Judge Regina Bartholomew-Woods
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(Court composed of Judge Terri F. Love, Judge Joy Cossich Lobrano,
Judge Regina Bartholomew-Woods)

Francesca Buzzi
2601 Tulane Avenue, Suite 700
New Orleans, LA 70119

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/RELATOR

Leon Cannizzaro
Orleans Parish District Attorney
Donna Andrieu
Chief of Appeals
Irena Zajickova
Assistant District Attorney
Parish of Orleans
619 S. White Street
New Orleans, LA 70119

COUNSEL FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA/RESPONDENT

WRIT GRANTED; RELIEF DENIED
NOVEMBER 25, 2020

RBW

TFL

JCL

Defendant-Relator, Louis Polkey (“Defendant”), seeks supervisory review of

the district court’s July 16, 2020 ruling that denied his motion to suppress the

evidence. For the reasons that follow, we grant Defendant’s writ, but deny relief.

STATEMNT OF THE CASE

On December 6, 2019, Defendant was arrested by his parole officer, Agent

Brandon Breaux, and later charged with possession of heroin. Subsequently,

Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence. On March 10, 2020, the district

court held a hearing on the motion and Agent Breaux testified. Rather than rule on

the motion at that time, the district court recessed to allow Defendant time to file a

supplemental brief on the motion to suppress. On July 16, 2020, the district court

denied Defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence. Defendant timely noticed his

intent to seek supervisory review and timely filed the instant writ application.

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STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

At the hearing on the motion to suppress evidence, Agent Breaux testified

that he began supervising Defendant in October 2018, and that he met with

Defendant every three (3) months. Agent Breaux stated that Defendant was

employed, had performed well on probation, and was set to have his parole

terminated early in March 2020. At the November 2019 visit, Defendant admitted

to Agent Breaux that he been abusing pain pills, marijuana, and methadone, a level

one or first time violation that can be addressed with a verbal reprimand. 1 Agent

Breaux testified that he referred Defendant to Jefferson Parish Human Services

Authority, which provides substance abuse and mental health treatment programs.

In addition to Defendant’s admission of drug use, Defendant’s family

contacted Agent Breaux regarding their suspicion of Defendant’s drug use in the

wake of his pregnant fiancée’s death. Defendant’s family requested that Agent

Breaux intervene and secure placement for Defendant in a drug rehabilitation

program. On December 6, 2019, Defendant’s brother-in-law contacted Agent

Breaux and reported that while he was driving Defendant to Salvation Army

Defendant fled from his vehicle and he suspected that Defendant went into the

surrounding neighborhood to purchase drugs. Defendant’s brother-in-law

requested that Agent Breaux retrieve Defendant and bring him to a rehabilitation

facility.

1
Agent Breaux testified that during his August 2019 visit with Defendant, he noticed that
Defendant had lost weight, which suggested drug use. At that time, Agent Breaux took no further
action.

2

When Agent Breaux arrived at the Salvation Army, he located Defendant

who was already there, handcuffed, and searched him. During the search Agent

Breaux discovered a spoon and an empty, unused syringe, but no drugs. Agent

Breaux testified that Defendant neither exhibited physical signs of drug use or

overdose, nor posed a danger to any person. Agent Breaux testified that because he

was concerned about Defendant’s drug use, he arrested him and transported him to

the Orleans Parish Prison. Upon Defendant’s arrival at the prison, he was again

searched and at this time a small bag of heroin was discovered in Defendant’s coat

pocket. Defendant was booked and charged with one count of simple possession

and remained incarcerated for fifty-three (53) days.

DISCUSSION

In his writ application, Defendant argues that Agent Breaux lacked

reasonable suspicion to arrest him. Further, Defendant argues that evidence was

obtained as a result of an unconstitutional arrest and search and thus, should be

suppressed.

Standard of Review

This Court, in State v. Jones, explained the standard of review applicable to

motions to suppress as follows:

The trial court is vested with great discretion when
ruling on a motion to suppress and, consequently, the
ruling of a trial judge on such a motion will not
be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. State v.
Oliver, [19]991585, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/22/99), 752
So.2d 911, 914. The district court’s findings of fact on a
motion to suppress are reviewed under a clearly
erroneous standard, and its ultimate determination of
Fourth Amendment reasonableness is reviewed de

3

novo. State v. Pham, [20]01-2199, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir.
1/22/03), 839 So.2d 214, 218; U.S. v. Seals, 987 F.2d
1102 (5 Cir.1993). Accordingly, “on mixed questions of
law and fact, the appellate court reviews the underlying
facts on an abuse of discretion standard, but reviews
conclusions to be drawn from those facts de
novo.” Pham, [20]01-2199, p. 4, 839 So.2d at 218.
Where the facts are not in dispute, the reviewing court
must consider whether the trial court came to the proper
legal determination under the undisputed facts. Id.

2012-0438, pp. 6-7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/13/13), 119 So.3d 9.

Analysis

Pursuant to Article 1, Section 5 of the Louisiana Constitution and the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution, individuals are protected from

unreasonable searches and seizures. “A search conducted without a warrant is per

se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution,

subject only to a ‘few specifically established and well-delineated

exceptions.’” Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 514 (1967);

State v. Ellis, 2020-0174, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/22/20), writ denied, stay

denied, 2020-00589 (La. 6/22/20); 297 So.3d 727. “[W]hen evidence is seized

without a warrant, the burden is on the state to demonstrate that a search is justified

by some exception to the warrant requirement.” State v. Dimes, 2016-0129, pp. 6-7

(La. App. 4 Cir. 6/22/16), 195 So.3d 1263, 1267; La. C.Cr.P. art. 703 D.

Consequently, “[t]he remedy for a Fourth Amendment violation is generally the

exclusion of the unlawfully obtained evidence.” State v. Rousset, 2020-0202, p. 11

(La. App. 4 Cir. 6/3/20), 302 So.3d 55, 63-64, writ not considered, 2020-00859

(La. 10/14/20). Further, the exclusionary rule “‘bars physical and verbal evidence

obtained either during or as a direct result of an unlawful search or seizure.’” Id.

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With regard to the expectation of privacy for parolees, this Court, in State v.

Jason, explained that

… a parolee especially, see Samson v.
California, 547 U.S. 843, 849, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165
L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), or even a probationer, see U.S. v.
Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 119–120, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151
L.Ed.2d 497 (2001), has a reduced expectation of privacy
under the Fourth Amendment and under La. Const. art. I,
§ 5. See State v. Malone, 403 So.2d 1234, 1240
(La.1981). A probationer or parolee’s reduced
expectation of privacy is a result of his prior conviction
and the circumstance of his agreement to allow
continuing scrutiny of his activities while on parole or
probation to assure that his conduct conforms to the
conditions of his release.

2010-0658, pp. 9-10 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/1/10), 53 So.3d 508, 513. However,

“[t]his [C]ourt has recognized that a probationer is not subject to the unrestrained

power of the authorities, and ‘a search of the probationer may not be a subterfuge

for a police investigation.’” State v. Dimes, 2016-0129, p. 8 (La. App. 4 Cir.

6/22/16), 195 So.3d 1263, 1268 (internal citations omitted).

Here, Defendant concedes that although Agent Breaux’s initial search was

permitted pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 895(A)(13)(a), the search conducted at the

jail was unlawful because his arrest was unlawful. Further, although a warrantless

search may be justified if incident to lawful arrest, Defendant argues that his arrest

was not lawful and ultimately that he was arrested without warrant, probable cause,

or reasonable suspicion. We disagree.

Probation and parole agents may arrest supervisees without a warrant, but

only under the limited circumstances as provided by La. R.S. 15:574.7(B):

If a parole officer has reasonable cause to believe
that a parolee has violated or is attempting to violate a

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condition of his parole and that an emergency exists, so
that awaiting action by the committee under R.S.
15:574.7 would create an undue risk to the public or to
the parolee, such parole officer may arrest the parolee
without a warrant or may authorize any peace officer to
do so. The authorization may be in writing or oral, but if
not written, shall be subsequently confirmed by a written
statement. The written authorization or subsequent
confirmation shall set forth that, in the judgment of the
parole officer, the person to be arrested has violated or
was attempting to violate a condition of his parole. The
parolee arrested hereunder, if detained, shall be held in a
local jail, state prison, or other detention facility, pending
action by the committee. Immediately after such arrest
and detention, the parole officer concerned shall notify
the chief probation and parole officer and submit a
written report of the reason for the arrest. After
consideration of the written report, the chief probation
and parole officer shall, with all practicable speed, make
a preliminary determination, and shall either order the
parolee’s release from detention or proceed promptly in
accordance with R.S. 15:574.7.

La. R.S. 15:561.5(5), provides, in pertinent part, “A person placed on

supervised release shall comply with the following conditions: refrain from using

or possessing any controlled dangerous substance…”.

In accordance with the aforementioned, we find that in August 2019, when

Agent Breaux suspected that Defendant may have been abusing drugs, he took no

steps to revoke Defendant’s parole 2 nor obtain a warrant for his arrest.3 Instead,

Agent Breaux testified that he referred Defendant to Jefferson Parish Human

Services Authority for substance abuse treatment. When asked about Defendant’s

2
“Furthermore, in Louisiana, a probation revocation proceeding begins with either the issuance
of a warrant for the defendant’s arrest or a summons for his appearance to answer the charge.
[La. C. Cr. P.] art. 899. To be valid, the warrant or summons must be accompanied by a sworn
affidavit from a complainant. [La. C. Cr. P.] arts. 202 & 209; State v. Krummel, 593 So.2d 1368
(La.App. 5th Cir.1992), writ denied, 597 So.2d 1028 (La.1992); State v. Forest, 571 So.2d 893
(La.App. 5th Cir.1990), writ denied, 577 So.2d 13 (La.1991); see also State v. Duhon, 674 So.2d
944 (La.1996).” Lucas v. Par. of Jefferson, 999 F.Supp. 839, 847 (E.D. La.1998).
3
Defendant had performed well on his parole and was approximately three (3) months away
from an early release.

6

December 6, 2019 arrest, Agent Breaux testified that Defendant’s brother-in-law

conveyed that he feared Defendant was abusing drugs and had left his vehicle to

obtain drugs from the neighborhood surrounding the Salvation Army facility that

Defendant was being transported to. Once Agent Breaux arrived at the Salvation

Army facility, Defendant was there and based upon the information he had

previously received from Defendant’s brother-in-law, he had probable cause to

search Defendant. Upon conducting a search of Defendant’s person, Agent Breaux

retrieved drug paraphernalia. This gave Agent Breaux a reasonable belief that

Defendant was abusing drugs, in violation of La. R.S. 15:561.5(5). Based on

Agent Breaux’s interaction with Defendant in November when Defendant admitted

to drug abuse, as well as information received from Defendant’s family members

who contacted Agent Breaux to advise that Defendant was abusing drugs, Agent

Breaux had probable cause to search Defendant’s person. Moreover, based on the

drug paraphernalia found on Defendant’s person, emergency/exigent

circumstances existed for Agent Breaux to arrest Defendant without the necessity

of obtaining a warrant first, i.e., Defendant’s drug abuse could result in harm to

Defendant. Thus, based on the aforementioned jurisprudence and factual

circumstances, we find that the district court correctly denied Defendant’s motion

to suppress evidence.

Accordingly, we grant Defendant’s writ, but deny relief.

WRIT GRANTED; RELIEF DENIED

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