Shontell Himes & Reggie Himes v. The State of Louisiana through the Dept of Transportation & Development Office of Engineering and XYZ Insurance Company

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NUMBER 2021 CA 0138

SHONTELL HIMES AND REGGIE HIMES

VERSUS

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION AND OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND XYZ
INSURANCE COMPANY

Judgment Rendered: JUN 0 4 2021

On appeal from the
Nineteenth Judicial District Court
In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge
State of Louisiana
Docket Number C657108

Honorable William A. Morvant, Judge Presiding

Tiffany Myles Crosby Counsel for Plaintiffs/ Appellants
Plaquemine, LA Shontell Himes and Reggie Himes

Barbara Pilat Counsel for Defendant/ Appellee
Baton Rouge, LA The State of Louisiana
Jeannie C. Prudhomme Transportation and Development
Lafayette, LA Engineering Office

BEFORE: GUIDRY, HOLDRIDGE, AND LANIER, JJ.

GUIDRY, J.

The plaintiffs appeal the grant of a summary judgment that dismissed their

suit for damages. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case arises out of an incident that occurred on Interstate I- 110 in Baton

Rouge. On January 3, 2017, plaintiff Shontell Himes claims that she was traveling

northbound towards Zachary when without warning a cement block fell from an

overpass located near I- 110 and Capital Access. The cement block fell through Ms.

Himes' windshield, causing damage.

On or about April 13, 2017, Ms. Himes and her husband, Reggie Himes, filed

suit against the State of Louisiana through the Department of Transportation and

Development, Office of Engineering (DOTD). The Himeses ( the plaintiffs) claimed

negligence on the part of DOTD for failure to maintain its premises in a safe

manner.'

DOTD filed an answer denying liability and subsequently, on December 3,

2019, filed a motion for summary judgment. A hearing on the motion was held on

November 2, 2020. Following the hearing, the trial court granted the motion and

rendered judgment dismissing the plaintiffs' claim with prejudice. Judgment was

signed on November 16, 2020. The plaintiffs then filed the present appeal, raising

the following as error:

The District Court committed error sufficient to reverse its ruling when
it granted Defendant' s Motion for Summary Judgment. Additionally,
the District Court erred in excluding the plaintiffs' photograph of the
situs of the accident that [ was] previously submitted as responses to
interrogatories, considering the affidavit of the State' s expert and the
opinions therein, and concluding that no genuine issues of material fact
existed.

The plaintiffs' petition was amended on or about August 10, 2017.

Pa

DISCUSSION

After an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion for summary judgment

shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show that

there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 3). An issue is genuine if reasonable

persons could disagree. If on the state of the evidence, reasonable persons could

reach only one conclusion, there is no need for a trial on that issue. Smith v. Our

Lady of the Lake Hospital, Inc., 93- 2512, pp. 26- 27 ( La. 7/ 5/ 94), 639 So. 2d 730,

750- 751.

The Code of Civil Procedure places the burden of proof on the party filing a

motion for summary judgment. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1). The mover can meet its

burden by filing supporting documentary evidence consisting of pleadings,

memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, certified medical

records, written stipulations, and admissions with its motion for summary judgment.

La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 4). The mover' s supporting documents must prove the

essential facts necessary to carry the mover' s burden.

Once the mover properly establishes the material facts by its supporting

documents, the mover does not have to negate all of the essential elements of the

adverse party' s claims, actions, or defenses if he will not bear the burden of proof at

trial. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1); Jenkins v. Hernandez, 19- 0874, p. 4 ( La. App. 1 st

Cir. 6/ 3/ 20), 305 So. 3d 365, 371; Babin v. Winn-Dixie Louisiana, Inc., 00- 0078, p.

4 ( La. 6/ 30/ 00), 764 So. 2d 37, 39. The moving party must only point out to the

court the absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse

party' s claim, action, or defense. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 3171 332, 106 S. Ct. 25485 2557, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 ( 1986); Mercadel v.

State Through Department of Public Safety and Corrections, 18- 0415 ( La. App. 1 st

Cir. 5/ 15/ 19), 2019 WL 2234404 * 5- 6. The burden then shifts to the non-moving

K

party to produce factual support, through the use of proper documentary evidence

attached to its opposition, which establishes the existence of a genuine issue of

material fact or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La.

C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1); see also La. C. C. P. art. 966, comments -2015, comment 0). If

the non-moving party fails to produce sufficient factual support in its opposition

which proves the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, Article 966( D)( 1)

mandates the granting of the motion for summary judgment. Jenkins, 19- 0874 at p.

5, 305 So. 3d at 371; Babin, 00- 0078 at p. 4, 764 So. 2d at 40. In determining

whether summary judgment is appropriate, appellate courts review evidence de novo

under the same criteria that govern the trial court' s determination of whether

summary judgment is appropriate. Succession of Hickman v. State through Board

of Supervisors of Louisiana State University Agricultural and Mechanical College,

16- 1069, p. 5 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 12/ 17), 217 So. 3d 1240, 1244.

As it concerns a public entity' s liability, a defective thing within its custody

or care is ordinarily analyzed under La. R.S. 9: 2800. Broussard v. State ex rel. Office

of State Buildings, 12- 1238, p. 6 ( La. 4/ 5/ 13), 113 So. 3d 175, 181. Under La. R.S.

9: 2800, in order to prove a public entity is liable for damages caused by a thing, the

plaintiff must establish: ( 1) the public entity had custody or ownership of the

defective thing; ( 2) the defect created an unreasonable risk of harm; ( 3) the public

entity had actual or constructive notice of the defect; ( 4) the public entity failed to

take corrective action within a reasonable time; and ( 5) causation. Chambers v.

Village of Moreauville, 11- 0898, p. 4 ( La. 1/ 24/ 12), 85 So. 3d 593, 597. Failure to

meet any one of these statutory requirements will defeat a claim against the public

entity. Lynch v. City of Mandeville, 14- 1834 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 6/ 5/ 15), 2015 WL

3546068 * 3.

In this matter, we first address the plaintiffs' arguments that the trial court

erred in excluding their photographs and considering the affidavit of Greg Coco, the

0

Bridge Maintenance Engineer for DOTD. We note that the only documents that may

be filed in support of or in opposition to the motion for summary judgment are

pleadings, memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, certified

medical records, written stipulations, and admissions. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 4).

Article 966( A)(4) contains " the exclusive list of documents that may be filed in

support of or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment" and it "intentionally

does not allow the filing of documents that are not included in the exclusive list,

such as photographs ... unless they are properly authenticated by an affidavit or

deposition to which they are attached." La. C. C. P. art. 966, comments -2015,

comment ( c). Further, in ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court may

consider only those documents filed in support of or in opposition to the motion for

summary judgment and shall consider any documents to which no objection is made.

Any objection to a document shall be raised in a timely filed opposition or reply

memorandum. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 2).

The plaintiffs herein assert that the trial court erred in excluding their

photographs because they were previously submitted as responses to

interrogatories. 2 However, in opposing the motion for summary judgment, the

plaintiffs simply attached photographs to their memorandum— with nothing to

authenticate them. The plaintiffs' photographs, as submitted, clearly do not fall into

any of the categories as specified by Article 966. Accordingly, the photographs have

no evidentiary value on the motion for summary judgment, and we find no abuse of

discretion by the trial court in not considering them.

As for the affidavit of Mr. Coco, which was filed by DOTD, a review of the

record in this case reveals that the plaintiffs, within their memorandum in opposition

2 In its reply memorandum, DOTD objected to the plaintiffs' photographs.

5

to the motion,' made two general " objections" to the affidavit. First, the plaintiffs

stated that the affidavit of Mr. Coco " should be disregarded as support to

Defendant' s motion because he has absolutely no personal knowledge regarding the

situs of the incident at the time of the accident." Second, the plaintiffs asserted that

the statement of Mr. Coco— concrete does not have a tendency to break off in large

chunks— should not be considered.

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 967( A) provides that supporting

and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge of the affiant, shall set

forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively

that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. The supporting

and opposing affidavits of experts may set forth such experts' opinions on the facts

as would be admissible in evidence under Louisiana Code of Evidence Article 702,

and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters

stated therein. In addition, Article 966( D)( 2) expressly provides that the court must

consider all objections prior to rendering judgment" and " specifically state on the

record or in writing which documents, if any, it held to be inadmissible or declined

to consider."

Here, despite the plaintiffs' written objections to the affidavit, the record

before us does not reflect that the trial court expressly ruled on their objections

during the hearing on the summary judgment motion! Nevertheless, for the reasons

below, we find that any error is of no moment under the facts of this case.' The

The plaintiffs filed a memorandum in support of their own motion for summary judgment on the
issue of liability and in opposition to DOTD' s motion.

4 Neither does the issued judgment address the matter.

5 The abuse of discretion standard applies to the trial court' s ruling on an objection to a document
filed in support of or in opposition to a motion for summary judgment that is raised by a party in
a timely fled opposition or reply memorandum in accordance with La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 2).
Pottinger v. Price, 19- 0183, p. 5 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 10/ 23/ 19), 289 So. 3d 1047, 1053.

record herein contains the affidavit of Mr. Coco, and it is clear from the record that

the affidavit was considered by the trial court in rendering its decision. Mr. Coco is

an engineer, however, he was not qualified as an expert. A review of Mr. Coco' s

affidavit reveals that the assertions therein were based upon his occupation and
4
position of employment with DOTD, his inspection of DOTD records, and his

inspection of the subject overpass. We find that the affidavit, as a whole, meets the

personal knowledge requirements of La. C. C. P. art. 967( A). We further find that,

even if the portion of the affidavit that states that " concrete does not have a tendency

to break off in large chunks" is not admissible and is not considered, the remaining

portions of the affidavit, in conjunction with DOTD' s remaining evidence, were

sufficient to prove the essential facts of the defendant' s motion and to shift the

burden to the non-moving party, the plaintiffs, under La. C. C.P. art. 966.

Having addressed the documentary evidence, we now turn to the merits of

DOTD' s motion for summary judgment. In the matter before us, DOTD argues that

the plaintiffs will be unable to carry their burden of proof at a trial because they have

no evidence that a defect created an unreasonable risk of harm or that DOTD had

notice of an alleged defect. DOTD supported its motion by introducing excerpts

from the deposition testimony of Ms. Himes, excerpts from the deposition testimony

of Mr. Himes, and the affidavit of Mr. Coco.

Ms. Himes' deposition testimony reads, in part:

A: I was by like the curves, in the curves coming around where the
overpass are right before the Dr. Plantz sign. I do remember that
because that' s where my car was in front of that sign, right in front of
that sign.

Q: Okay. So it' s your testimony that —and do you —the rock fell from
where? Do you remember where?

A: Above.

Q: Okay. So did it fall from a bridge, an overpass?

A: Yes.

7

Q: Okay. And so it' s your testimony that it fell from the bridge right
before the Dr. Plantz sign?

A: Yes.

Mr. Himes stated in his deposition that Ms. Himes told him that the accident

occurred at the last overpass right before the last curve, " which has this big billboard

of this doctor or something."

Mr. Coco testified by affidavit that he inspected the subject overpass and

identified no area on the structure from which a sizeable piece of material could have

detached. Mr. Coco stated that DOTD regularly patrolled and maintained the subject

location and that there were no complaints of any defect or issue regarding the

subject overpass. Mr. Coco also stated that there is no defect in the subject overpass

that would have required DOTD' s attention. Photographs of the subject overpass

were attached to Mr. Coco' s affidavit. A photograph, provided by the plaintiffs, of

the cement block which fell through Ms. Himes' windshield was also attached to the

affidavit.

In opposition to DOTD' s summary judgment, the plaintiffs argued that DOTD

was liable for allowing a dangerous condition to exist. The plaintiffs supported their

opposition with photographs and DOTD' s responses to interrogatories and request

for production of documents.'

DOTD' s responses to the plaintiffs' interrogatories show that DOTD was

unaware of any inspection done on the bridge between the dates of January 3, 2016

and January 3, 2017; that DOTD did not have any photos in its possession of the

bridge or overpass taken between January 3, 2016 and January 3, 2017; and that

DOTD was not in possession of any bridge inspection logs from January 3, 2016

and January 3, 2017.

6 The plaintiffs' photographs will not be considered by this court on de novo review.
n.

After a de novo review of the evidence submitted for the purpose of the motion

for summary judgment, we first find that DOTD, as the moving party, met its initial

burden of pointing out an absence of factual support for one or more of the essential

elements of the plaintiffs' claim— that DOTD was the custodian of a defective thing

that created an unreasonable risk of harm or that DOTD had notice of any defective

condition. The plaintiffs then failed to come forward with evidence establishing that

there is a genuine issue of material fact that DOTD was the custodian of a defective

thing. See La. C. C.P. art. 966( D).

To impose liability for an unreasonably dangerous defect, a plaintiff first has

the burden to show that the thing was in the custodian' s custody or control. In this

respect, we find that the plaintiffs have put forth no evidence to show that the cement

block came apart from the structure of the subject DOTD overpass. Even assuming,

for the sake of argument, that DOTD initially inspected the wrong overpass, the

plaintiffs have not since identified any other bridge or overpass from which the

cement block fell. In addition, we find that the plaintiffs have presented nothing to

show that DOTD had notice of any defective condition. Simply put, in this case, the

evidence presented by the plaintiffs cannot defeat summary judgment. The evidence

presented by the plaintiffs fails to establish any issue of fact on the factors in La.

R.S. 9: 2800. We therefore find no merit in the contention that the trial court erred

in granting DOTD' s motion.

CONCLUSION

For the above and foregoing reasons, we affirm the November 16, 2020

judgment of the trial court, granting the State of Louisiana through the Department

of Transportation and Development' s motion for summary judgment and dismissing

the claims of Shontell Himes and Reggie Himes. All costs of this appeal are assessed

to the plaintiffs, Shontell Himes and Reggie Himes.

AFFIRMED.

E