Raeven Duncan v. Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier's Auto Sales, Collision Specialties, Inc., and Houston Speciailty Insurance Co.

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NUMBER 2021 CA 0220

RAEVEN DUNCAN

VERSUS

BRETT GAUTHIER, BREETT GAUTHIER' S AUTO SALES, COLLISION
SPECIALTIES, INC., & HOUSTON SPECIALTY INSURANCE CO.

Judgment Rendered: OCT 2 8 2021

Appealed from the
Nineteenth Judicial District Court
In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge
State of Louisiana
Docket Number C612259

The Honorable Trudy M. White, Judge Presiding

Willie G. Johnson, Jr. Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee,
Jennifer O. Robinson Raeven Duncan
Derek E. Elsey
Sophia J. Riley
Erika L. Green
Ashley N. Johnson Greenhouse
Keelus R. Miles
Baton Rouge, LA

Franklin D. Beahm Counsel for Defendants/Appellants,
Jacob K. Best Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto
A. Rebecca Wilmore Sales & State National Insurance Co., Inc.
John M. Zazulak, II
New 'Orleans, LA

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BEFORE: WHIPPLE, C.J., McDONALD, AND PENZATO, JJ.

WHIPPLE, C.J.

This matter is before us on appeal by defendants, Brett Gauthier, Brett

Gauthier' s Auto Sales, and State National Insurance Company, from a judgment of

the trial court in favor of plaintiff, Raeven Duncan. For the reasons that follow, we

vacate the December 30, 2019 judgment as an absolute nullity, reinstate the

December 26, 2019 judgment, dismiss the appeal of the December 30, 2019

judgment, and remand with instructions.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL MSTORY

On April 11, 2012, at approximately 5: 00 p.m., Raeven Duncan was

involved in an automobile accident with Brett Gauthier near the intersection of

Florida Boulevard and Rushmore Avenue in Baton Rouge. At the time of the

accident, Ms. Duncan was driving a 2002 Hyundai Elantra, owned by Betty

Duncan, and was turning from Rushmore Avenue onto Florida Boulevard. Mr.

Gauthier, who was the owner of Brett Gauthier Auto Sales as well as Collision

Specialties, Inc., was operating a 2007 Mercedes Benz E350, owned by Brett

Gauthier Auto Sales, and was traveling west in the left lane of Florida Boulevard at

the time of the accident.

On May 18, 2012, Ms. Duncan filed a petition for damages allegedly

sustained in the accident against Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales,

Collision Specialties, Inc., and Houston Specialty Insurance Company. Plaintiff

subsequently filed a first supplemental and amending petition naming as additional

defendants, State National Insurance Company, insurer of Brett Gauthier' s Auto

Sales, and Steven Colburn, an employee of Collision Specialties, Inc. Plaintiff

further asserted survival action and wrongful death claims contending that the

stress of the accident, combined with the trauma to her abdomen, caused her to

experience a miscarriage soon after the accident.

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Some of the defendants thereafter filed peremptory exceptions of no cause of

action contending that plaintiffhad no cause of action for any claim on behalf of an

unborn child and seeking dismissal of plaintiffs survival action claim. Following

a hearing, the trial court sustained defendants' peremptory exceptions and ordered

plaintiff to amend her petition to eliminate any survival action claim. Accordingly,

plaintiff filed a second supplemental and amending petition omitting that claim.

Plaintiff also filed a motion to dismiss her claims against defendants,

Collision Specialties, Inc. and Houston Specialty Insurance Company, without

prejudice, which was granted by the trial court by a judgment signed on January

15, 2013. On August 1, 2013, the trial court granted a motion for summary

judgment dismissing plaintiffs claims against Mr. Colburn with prejudice. On

May 1, 2018, the trial court also granted a motion for partial summary judgment,

dismissing plaintiffs claims for wrongful death on ' behalf of her unborn child

against Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales, Collision Specialties, Inc., and

State National Insurance Company, Inc., with prejudice.

Plaintiffs remaining claims against the remaining defendants proceeded to a

bench trial on September 26, 2019. Following the trial, the trial court issued

written reasons for judgment on December 3, 2019, finding in favor of plaintiff and

awarding her damages. I
On December 26, 2019, the trial court issued a " TRIAL JUDGMENT"

finding defendants, Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier d/b/a Brett Gauthier' s Auto

Sales, and State National Insurance Company, 100% liable for plaintiff s damages,

and awarding plaintiff $19,202.60 for past medical expenses, $ 10, 219.55 for expert

On December 17, 2019, the trial court issued " AMENDED WRITTEN REASONS FOR
JUDGMENT," which were similar to its previously issued written reasons, but contained the
following designation, " IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that this Judgment is
final and thus appealable pursuant to La. C. C.P. Art 1915," However, we note that the law is
clear that the trial court' s oral or written reasons for judgment form no part of the judgment, and
appellate courts review judgments, not reasons for judgment. Beem v. Beem 2020- 0897 ( La.
App. V Cir. 4/20/21), _ So, 3d 2021 WL 1540545, * 4.

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reconstruction expense, "$ 1, 1250. 00" for the trial deposition fee of Dr. David

Wyatt, and $ 125, 000.00 for general damages, plus court costs and legal interest

from the date ofjudicial demand.

On December 30, 2019, the trial court signed a second " JUDGMENT,"

submitted by plaintiff, which referenced the trial court' s December 3, 2019

written reasons finding in favor of plaintiff Raeven Duncan, and against

Defendants, Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales Collision Specialties, Inc.

and State National Insurance Company ... [ finding] defendants t00% at fault for

the accident," and awarded plaintiff $ 19, 202.60 for past medical expenses,

10, 219. 55 for expert accident reconstruction expense, $ 1, 250.00 for the trial

deposition fee of Dr. Wyatt, and $ 125, 000.00 for general damages. The judgment

was rendered " in favor of Plaintiff, Raeven Duncan, and against Defendants, Brett

Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales Collision Specialties, Inc. and State National

Insurance Company, jointly and in solido in the amount of $155, 672. 15, together

with legal interest thereon from date of judicial demand until paid and plaintiffs

court costs." 2

On January 7, 2020, the defendants filed a motion for new trial, which was

denied by the trial court on March 5, 2020.1 Thereafter, on April 9, 2020,

The record contains an " OBJECTIONS TO PLAINTIFF' S PROPOSED JUDGMENT,'
filed by the defendants, noting several problems with plaintiffs proposed judgment. Included
among them was plaintiffs reference to defendant " Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales Collision
Specialties, Inc." in the judgment. The defendants pointed out that: ( a) " Brett Gauthier' s Auto
Sales" is not an independent entity, but is a registered " d/b&'; ( b) " Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales
Collision Specialties, Inc." does not exist; and ( c) while " Collision Specialties, Inc," was a

named defendant, no evidence was introduced tying this entity to the accident in question, nor
did it own the subject vehicle or otherwise have any involvement, which would establish any
legal liability of it.

In support of their motion, defendants contended that a new trial should have been
granted where: ( 1) despite plaintiff s testimony that she failed to yield to the right-of-way, the
trial court failed to apply the presumption of fault to plaintiff pursuant to LSA-R.S. 32: 123( B);
is not an existing corporate entity
2) " Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales Collision Specialties, Inc."
and while " Collision Specialties, Inc." was a named defendant, no evidence was introduced to
support a finding against it; and ( 3) the award of special damages for medical expenses, expert
accident reconstruction expenses, and trial deposition fee were more appropriately the subject of
a motion to tax costs, and the award of deposition fees for Dr. Wyatt violated the trial court' s
prior ruling on a motion for protective order.
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defendants filed a motion and order for a devolutive appeal from the December 30,

2019 judgment of the trial court. The order of appeal, however, was not signed by

the trial court until November 13, 2020.'

On appeal, the defendants contend that the trial court erred in: ( 1) finding

plaintiff's testimony credible despite being contradicted by both physical evidence

and her own statements; ( 2) finding plaintiff s expert credible despite his " flawed"

testimony being based on an improper or no foundation and assumed facts not in

evidence; ( 3) permitting the introduction of evidence of the plaintiff s expert

animation despite inconsistencies with other evidence and an improper foundation;

and (4) failing to consider that plaintiff s vehicle was blocking a superior roadway

when the court found Brett Gauthier had a duty to drive at a reduced speed.

MOTION TO DISMISS

We note that plaintiff filed a motion to dismiss the instant appeal,

contending that pursuant to LSA-C.C.P. art. 2124, a money judgment must be

appealed by taking a suspensive appeal for which security must be fumished, and

that, by apparently paying the judgment, defendants have " acquiesced and settled

all claims with the exception of court costs" thereby rendering all issues moot on

appeal.

Defendants oppose the motion to dismiss, contending that they " have every

right to appeal a written judgment of the trial court," that LSA-C.C.P. art. 2124

does not require that a suspensive appeal be taken from a money judgment, and

that there has been no settlement in this matter. Defendants state that they only

4In the meantime, on May 15, 2020, plaintiff filed a " MOTION AND ORDER TO
EXAMINE JUDGMENT DEBTOR OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE[,} MEMORANDUM IN
OPPOSITION FOR DISMISSAL OF DEFENDANTS' MOTION AND ORDER FOR
DEVOLUTIVE APPEAL," seeking immediate execution of the judgment. Although the motion
was set for contradictory hearing on August 17, 2020, according to the minute entries in the
record, the parties did not appear on that date and the matter was passed until September 28,
2020. A September 28, 2020 minute entry indicates that plaintiffs counsel requested that the
matter be placed on the trial court' s October 28, 2020 docket. The record before us contains no
further disposition of the judgment debtor motion,

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paid the judgment because plaintiff attempted to collect on the judgment while

defendants' pending motion for appeal, filed on April 9, 2020, remained unsigned

by the trial court until November 13, 2020. Defendants maintain that " Plaintiffs

counsel misstates the law to this Court and fin-ther is trying to take away

Defendants/ Appellants' right to appeal a judgment with a frivolous motion that

waste[ s] the time of this Court and counsel."

Contrary to plaintiffs assertions, LSA-C. C.P. art. 2124 does not require

security for a devolutive appeal, nor does it require that a money judgment be

appealed suspensively. See LSA-C.C.P. art. 2124. Moreover, while an appeal

cannot be taken by a party who confessed judgment in the proceedings in the trial

court or who voluntarily and unconditionally acquiesced in a judgment rendered

against him, payment of a money judgment, even without express reservation of

the right to appeal, does not per se constitute voluntary and unconditional

acquiescence as contemplated by LSA-C.C.P. art. 2085. See LSA-C. C.P. art.

2085; Charles C. CIO, General Contractors, Inc. v. DiVincenti Bros., Inc., 308 So.

2d 493, 494-495 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 1974). Instead, payment of a judgment must be

accompanied by an intent to abandon the appeal, and proof of such intent rests

upon the party alleging abandonment. Charles C. Cloy, General Contractors, Inc.

v. DiVincenti Bros., Inc. 308 So. 2d at 495; see also Henry Waters Truck &

Tractor Co., Inc. v. Relan, 277 So. 2d 463, 465 ( La. App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 279

So. 2d 206 ( La. 1973).

Defendants contend that, although they paid the judgment because plaintiff

was taking steps to collect on the trial court' s judgment, there has been no

settlement in this matter, that they have timely and properly availed themselves of

their right to appeal, and that plaintiff has failed to establish or meet her burden of

proving that defendants intended to abandon their appeal. We agree.

Accordingly, we deny plaintiff's motion to dismiss this appeal.

N.

APPELLATE JURISDICTION

As a reviewing court, we are obligated to recognize our lack of jurisdiction

if such jurisdiction does not exist. Midtown Medical, L.L.C. v. Department of

Health & Hospitals 2012- 1597 ( La. App. 11 Cir. 2/ 15/ 13), 113 So. 3d 1094, 1095,

citing Starnes v. Asl2lundh Tree Expert Co., 94- 1647 ( La. App. 11t Cir. 10/ 6/ 95),

670 So. 2d 1242, 1245.

As a procedural matter, we note that the record before us contains

two judgments signed by the trial court arising from the September 26, 2019 bench

trial on the merits. The trial court signed the original judgment on the merits on

December 26, 2019, and signed a second judgment on the merits on December 30,

2019. The judgments differ in that the original judgment is rendered against

defendants, " Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier d/ b/ a Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales,

and State National Insurance Company," while the second judgment is rendered

against defendants, " Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales Collision

Specialties, Inc. and State National Insurance Company." ( Emphasis added.) The

judgments further differ in that the original judgment awards plaintiff a fee of

11$ 1, 1250.00" for the trial deposition of Dr. David Wyatt, while the second

judgment corrects the amount to show plaintiff is awarded "$ 1, 250.00" for the trial

deposition fee of Dr. David Wyatt. ( Emphasis added.)

It is well settled under our jurisprudence that a judgment that has been

signed cannot be altered, amended, or revised by the trial court, except in the

manner provided by law. Mack v. Wiley, 2007-2344 ( La. App. Vt Cir. 5/ 2/ 08),

991 So. 2d 479, 485- 486, writ denied, 2008- 1181 ( La. 9/ 19/ 08), 992 So. 2d 932.

Louisiana Code of Civil. Procedure article 1951 limits the amendment ofjudgments

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to the correction of errors in calculation and alteration of phraseology, but not the

substance.'

A judgment may be amended by the court where the resulting judgment

takes nothing from or adds nothing to the original judgment. Villaurne v.

Villaume, 363 So. 2d 4481450 ( La. 1978). However, an amendment to a judgment

which adds to, subtracts from, or in any way affects the substance of the judgment,

is considered a substantive amendment. Spprun v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Mutual

Insurance Co., 2009- 1555 ( La. App. 1" Cir. 4/30/ 10), 40 So. 3d 261, 268.

Substantive amendments to judgments can be made only by consent of the parties

or after a party has successfully litigated a timely application for new trial, an

action for nullity, or a timely appeal. Sanderford v. Mason, 2012- 1881 ( La. App.

11 Cr. II/ 1/ 13), 135 So. 3d 745, 749. Otherwise, a trial court lacks authority to

make substantive modifications to a final judgment. Bourgeois v. Kost, 2002- 2785

La. 5/ 20/ 03), 846 So. 2d 692, 696.

The trial court' s changing of the name of a party cast in judgment constitutes

an impermissible substantive change in the judgment. See Tunstall v. Stierwald,,

2001- 1765 ( La. 2/26/ 02), 809 So. 2d 916, 920. Moreover, adding a party to a

judgment is also considered a substantive change. See Frisard v. Autin, 98- 2637

La. App. I' Cir. 12/ 28/ 99), 747 So. 2d 80, 819, writ denied, 2000- 0126 ( La.

3/ 17/ 00), 756 So. 2d 1145. When a trial court substantively amends a judgment

without recourse to the proper procedure, the amended judgment is an absolute

nullity. LaBove v. Theriot, 597 So. 2d 1007, 1010 ( La. 1992); McGee v.

Although LSA-C.C.P. art. 1951 was recently amended by 2021 La. Acts 259, effective
August 1, 2021, at the time the judgments were signed herein LSA-C. C. P. art. 1951 provided as
fallows:

On motion of the court or any party, a final judgment may be amended at
any time to alter the phraseology of the judgment, but not its substance, or to
correct errors of calculation. The judgment may be amended only after a hearing
with notice to all parties, except that a hearing is not required if all parties consent
or if the court or the party submitting the amended judgment certifies that it was
provided to all parties at least five days before the amendment and that no
opposition has been received.

M

Wilkinson 2003- 1178 ( La. App. 1" Cir. 4/ 2/ 04), 878 So. 2d 552, 554- 555. There

is no valid basis for an appeal of.an absolutely null judgment, and an appellate

court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to review it. Glass v. Voiron 2008- 1347

Starnes v.
La. App. I' Cir. 3/ 27/ 09), 2009 VVL 838682, * 1 ( unpublished), citin

Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 670 So. 2d at 1246.

The trial court herein substantively amended the December 26, 2019 original

judgment by changing or adding the name of a defendant cast in judgment without
recourse to the proper procedure and where the defendants herein did not consent

to the substantive change in the judgment. Thus, the December 30, 2019 judgment

is an absolute nullity and of no effect. See Frisard v. Autin, 747 So. 2d at 819;

Glass v. Voiron, 2009 WL 838682 at * 1. Because there is no basis for an appeal of

an absolutely null judgment, this court lacks jurisdiction to review the merits of the

December 30, 2019 judgment. See LSA-C. C.P. art. 2002; Midtown Medical,

L.L.C. v. Department of Health & Hospitals, 113 So. 3d at 1096- 1097. As such,

the trial court' s December 30, 2019 judgment is annulled and set aside, and the

trial court' s original judgment of December 26, 2019, which was not appealed, is

reinstated. See. Sanderford v. Mason 135 So. 3d at 749.

On review of the record, however,, it does not appear that the defendants

received proper notice of the December 26, 2019 judgment. Notice of the signing

of a final judgment is required in all contested cases and shall be mailed by the

clerk of court to the counsel of record for each party and to each party not

represented by counsel. LSA-C. C.P. art. 1913( A). The clerk shall file a certificate

in the record showing the date on which, and the counsel and parties to whom,

notice of the signing of the judgment was mailed. LSA-C. C.P. art. 1913( D).

Although the December 26, 2019 judgment contains a stamp certification by a

deputy clerk of court that she mailed a notice of the judgment, the certification

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does not name the recipients to whom the notice was sent as required by LSA-

C. C. P. art. 1913( D).

If the defendants did not receive proper notice of the December 26, 2019

judgment, the appeal delays from that judgment seemingly never began to run. See

LSA-C. C.P. art. 2087; Sims v. Barrios, 2008- 0246 (La. App. l' Cir. 9/ 22/ 08), 2008

WL 4292717, * 1 ( unpublished). Moreover, in the absence of the clerk' s certificate

showing the date of mailing of the judgment and to whom it was mailed, any doubt

should be resolved in favor of the right to appeal. Sims v. Barrios, 2008 WL

4292717 at * 1, n.2; Penalber v. Blount, 405 So. 2d 1376, 1377 ( La. App. Pt Cir,

1981). Even if defense counsel had actual knowledge of the December 26, 2019

judgment, such knowledge is not sufficient to trigger the running of appeal delays

absent compliance with mailing or service requirements. In re National Resources

Recovery, Inc., 98- 2917 ( La. App. 11 Cir. 2/ 18/ 00), 752 So. 2d 369, 375, writs

denied 2000- 0806, 2000- 0836 ( La. 5/ 26/ 2000), 762 So. 2d 1104, 1105. Thus,

considering the absence of record evidence that the defendants received notice, and

the well-settled precept that appeal delays do not begin to run until proper notice is

mailed by the clerk, we remand this matter to the trial court with instructions to

order the clerk of court to issue proper notice of the December 26, 2019 judgment

in accordance with the provisions of LSA-C.C.P. art. 1913( D). Sims v. Barrios,

2008 WL 4292717 at * 1, titin Voelkel v. State, 95- 0147 ( La. App. Pt Cir.

10/ 06/ 95), 671 So. 2d 478, 480.

Further, we note that the reinstated December 26, 2019 judgment awards

plaintiff the trial deposition fee of Dr. David Wyatt, yet expresses the award as

1, 1250. 00," a non-existent and undecipherable number. Thus, the judgment

contains an obvious clerical error, which is clear on the record before us.

Considering our remand of this matter, the December 26, 2019 judgment may be

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amended by the trial court to correct this clerical error on remand pursuant to LSA-

C.C.P. art. 1951.

CONCLUSION

For the above and foregoing reasons, the December 30, 2019 judgment of

the trial court is hereby vacated as null and set aside, the December 26, 2019

judgment is reinstated, and plaintiff' s appeal of the December 30, 2019 judgment

is dismissed. This matter is further remanded to the trial court with instructions to

order the clerk of court to issue proper notice of the December 26, 2019 judgment.

in compliance with LSA-C.C.P. art. 1913( D).

Costs of this appeal are assessed 50% to the plaintiff, Raeven Duncan, and

50% to the defendants, Brett Gauthier, Brett Gauthier' s Auto Sales, and State

National Insurance Company.

DECEMBER 30, 2019 JUDGMENT VACATED AS NULL AND SET
ASIDE; DECEMBER 26, 2019 JUDGMENT REINSTATED; APPEAL OF
DECEMBER 30, 2019 JUDGMENT DISMISSED; REMANDED WITH
INSTRUCTIONS.

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