Megan Majoue v. Cody Fish, Lamarque Ford, Inc., Eric Paul Mallet, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Troy Lawson, Jobbers Oil Transport Company, Inc., Guideone Mutual Insurance Company, Kendra Shawn, Allstate Insurance Company

MEGAN MAJOUE * NO. 2023-CA-0549

VERSUS *
COURT OF APPEAL
CODY FISH, LAMARQUE *
FORD, INC., ERIC PAUL FOURTH CIRCUIT
MALLET, STATE FARM *
MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE STATE OF LOUISIANA
INSURANCE COMPANY, *******
TROY LAWSON, JOBBERS
OIL TRANSPORT COMPANY,
INC., GUIDEONE MUTUAL
INSURANCE COMPANY,
KENDRA SHAWN, ALLSTATE
INSURANCE COMPANY, ET
AL.

APPEAL FROM
CIVIL DISTRICT COURT, ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 2020-04440, DIVISION “E”
Honorable Omar Mason, Judge
******
Judge Tiffany Gautier Chase
******
(Court composed of Judge Joy Cossich Lobrano, Judge Tiffany Gautier Chase,
Judge Karen K. Herman)

Jake J. Weinstock
Irvy Ernest Cosse, III
COSSE LAW FIRM, LLC
1515 Poydras Street, Suite 1825
New Orleans, LA 70112

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT

Ira Jay Rosenzweig
COMEAUX & GRACE
3900 N. Causeway Blvd., Suite 1060
New Orleans, LA 70002

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE

REVERSED IN PART;
AFFIRMED IN PART;
REMANDED FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
MARCH 8, 2024

TGC
JCL
KKH

Appellant/Plaintiff, Megan Majoue (hereinafter “Mrs. Majoue”) seeks

review of the trial court’s March 1, 2023 judgment granting a motion for summary

judgment filed by Appellee/Defendant, Lamarque Ford, Inc. (hereinafter

“Lamarque Ford”). After consideration of the record before this Court and

applicable law, we reverse in part and affirm in part the trial court’s judgment and

remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This appeal arises from a car accident that occurred on June 13, 2019

(hereinafter “the June 2019 accident”). One year later, Mrs. Majoue filed a petition

for damages alleging that she was a passenger in an Uber traveling on I-10 west

when a vehicle driven by Defendant, Cody Fish (hereinafter “Mr. Fish”),

negligently initiated a multi-vehicle collision. Mrs. Majoue’s petition named

twelve defendants, including Lamarque Ford. In her original petition, Mrs.

Majoue’s assertion of liability against Lamarque Ford was based on Lamarque

Ford’s ownership of a 2019 Ford Escape, the vehicle Mr. Fish was driving at the

time of the June 2019 accident.

1

Lamarque Ford filed a motion for summary judgment maintaining that Mrs.

Majoue’s petition fails to assert a viable claim of negligence. Lamarque Ford

contends that it cannot be held liable for Mr. Fish’s negligent driving solely based

on its ownership of the 2019 Ford Escape.

Prior to the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, Mrs. Majoue

amended her petition. The amendments allege Mr. Fish was acting in the course

and scope of his employment with Lamarque Ford at the time of the accident and

Lamarque Ford negligently entrusted the 2019 Ford Escape to him. Specifically,

Mrs. Majoue alleged: (1) Lamarque Ford was, at all times, vicariously liable for

Mr. Fish’s actions; and (2) Lamarque Ford was negligent in supervising, hiring,

training, instructing, and entrusting Mr. Fish with the 2019 Ford Escape.

Lamarque Ford amended its motion for summary judgment, admitting that

Mr. Fish was an employee at the time of the accident but denied the allegations

that Mr. Fish was acting in the course and scope of his employment.1 Lamarque

Ford acknowledged that it loaned the 2019 Ford Escape to Mr. Fish, pursuant to a

“Rental Agreement,” but re-urged that it is not liable for Mr. Fish’s actions.2

Lamarque Ford’s motion for summary judgment listed the following pertinent

uncontested material facts: Mr. Fish was not in the course and scope of his

employment when the accident occurred; Lamarque Ford loaned Mr. Fish a vehicle

1 Mr. Fish is employed by Lamarque Ford as a service technician.

2 The Rental Agreement provides in pertinent part:

This is a contract for rental of the Vehicle offered to you. Your signature on the
Face Page is acceptance of this offer and acknowledgement that binding
consideration exists, as follows: our opportunity to service or repair a vehicle you
left with us; financial benefits we receive from others for the service/repair work;
financial benefits we receive from others to obtain and use this Vehicle as a
Service Replacement Vehicle; a fee you pay us; and/or the rights and obligations
of this Agreement. . . . .

2

because his personal vehicle was rendered a complete loss as a result of a previous

accident in which he was not at fault; Lamarque Ford loaned Mr. Fish a vehicle in

accordance with its general policy of loaning vehicles; and Lamarque Ford had no

reason to suspect Mr. Fish was an incompetent driver at the time it loaned him the

2019 Ford Escape. In support of these assertions, Lamarque Ford attached the

depositions of Mr. Fish and Mrs. Majoue; the affidavit of John Doré (hereinafter

“Mr. Doré”), Mr. Fish’s supervisor at Lamarque Ford; and the “Rental

Agreement.”

Mrs. Majoue opposed the amended motion for summary judgment arguing

that genuine issues of material fact remain.3 According to Mrs. Majoue, Lamarque

Ford is vicariously liable for Mr. Fish’s negligence as he was acting in the course

and scope of his employment. She maintained that Lamarque Ford supplied Mr.

Fish with a vehicle to travel “to and from” work therefore creating a jurisprudential

exception to the “going-and-coming rule.”4 She also asserted that Lamarque Ford

was negligent in entrusting Mr. Fish with one of its vehicles when it should have

been aware that he was previously issued traffic citations and had a conviction for

driving under the influence.5 In support of these assertions, Mrs. Majoue attached

the following to her opposition: two separate depositions of Mr. Dore; amended

petitions; and Mr. Fish’s deposition.

3Another named defendant, United Financial Casualty Company (hereinafter “United
Financial”), the insurer of the Uber in which Mrs. Majoue was a passenger, filed an opposition to
Lamarque Ford’s amended motion for summary judgment. Mrs. Majoue filed a two page
opposition adopting United Financials’ opposition in its entirety. For purposes of this appeal, we
will refer to United Financials’ arguments as those advanced by Mrs. Majoue.
4 This jurisprudential rule will be discussed fully throughout this opinion.

5 These traffic citations were issued to Mr. Fish between the years 1999 to 2001.

3

After a hearing on Lamarque Ford’s motion for summary judgment, the trial

court found that Mr. Fish was not acting in the course and scope of his

employment at the time of the accident and Lamarque Ford was not negligent in

entrusting the vehicle to Mr. Fish. The trial court granted Lamarque Ford’s motion

for summary judgment, dismissing all claims against Lamarque Ford. This

devolutive appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews the trial court’s denial or grant of a motion for summary

judgment de novo. Reddick v. State, 2021-0197, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/29/21), 328

So.3d 504, 507. The applicable standard of review is as follows:

Appellate courts review the grant or denial of a motion for summary
judgment de novo, using the same criteria applied by trial courts to
determine whether summary judgment is appropriate. This standard of
review requires the appellate court to look at the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, to determine if they show that no
genuine issue as to a material fact exists, and that the mover is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. A fact is material when its existence or
nonexistence may be essential to the plaintiff[’]s cause of action under
the applicable theory of recovery; a fact is material if it potentially
insures or precludes recovery, affects a litigant's ultimate success, or
determines the outcome of the legal dispute. A genuine issue is one as
to which reasonable persons could disagree; if reasonable persons
could reach only one conclusion, no need for trial on that issue exists
and summary judgment is appropriate. To affirm a summary
judgment, we must find reasonable minds would inevitably conclude
that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of the applicable law
on the facts before the court.

Chatelin v. Fluor Daniel Const. Co, 2014-1313, p. 3 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/10/15),

179 So.3d 791, 793 (citation omitted); See also Couvillon v. Univ. Med. Ctr. Mgmt.

Corp., 2023-0076, p. 5 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/2/23), --So.3d--, 2023 WL 7212779, *2,

writ denied, 2023-01671 (La. 2/14/24) (citing La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3)).

4

Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is “designed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive

determination of every action.” La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(2). “The granting of

summary judgment is contingent upon the pleadings, depositions, answers to

discovery, admissions on file and affidavits demonstrating that there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Reddick, 2021-0197, p. 6, 328 So.3d at 508 (citation omitted). Genuine issues are

ones in which reasonable persons could disagree. Id. “[I]f reasonable persons could

only reach one conclusion, there is no need for trial on that issue, and summary

judgment is appropriate. Id. “A fact is material when its existence or nonexistence

may be essential to the plaintiff's cause of action under the applicable theory of

recovery; a fact is material if it potentially insures or precludes recovery, affects a

litigant's ultimate success, or determines the outcome of the legal dispute.” Id.

(citations omitted).

The mover, on a motion for summary judgment, bears the burden of proof;

however, if the mover will not bear the burden of proof at trial then the mover is

not required to negate all elements of the adverse party’s claims. La. C.C.P. art.

966(D)(1). Therefore, La. C.C.P. art. 966,

first places the burden of producing evidence at the hearing on the
motion for summary judgment on the mover (normally the defendant),
who can ordinarily meet that burden by submitting affidavits or by
pointing out the lack of factual support for an essential element in the
opponent's case. At that point, the party who bears the burden of
persuasion at trial (usually the plaintiff) must come forth with
evidence (affidavits or discovery responses) which demonstrates he or
she will be able to meet the burden at trial.

Babin v. Winn-Dixie Louisiana, Inc., 2000-0078, p. 4 (La. 6/30/00), 764 So.2d 37,

39 (citation omitted). Summary judgment shall be rendered against the adverse

5

party if the adverse party fails to set forth facts demonstrating a genuine issue of

material fact. La. C.C.P. art. 967(B). With these principles in mind we turn to Mrs.

Majoue’s assignment of error.

DISCUSSION

In Mrs. Majoue’s sole assignment of error, she maintains the trial court erred

in granting summary judgment in favor of Lamarque Ford when genuine issues of

material fact remain as to (1) whether Mr. Fish was acting in the course and scope

of his employment when the accident occurred and (2) whether Lamarque Ford

negligently entrusted a vehicle to Mr. Fish. We address each issue separately.

Vicarious Liability

On appeal, Mrs. Majoue contends that Mr. Fish was acting in the course and

scope of his employment with Lamarque Ford when the June 2019 accident

occurred. She asserts that Lamarque Ford loaned a vehicle to Mr. Fish for the sole

purpose of traveling to and from work, therefore creating genuine issues of

material fact as to whether Lamarque Ford is vicariously liable for Mr. Fish’s

actions.

Vicarious liability is codified in La. C.C. art. 2320 which provides, in

pertinent part, that “[m]asters and employers are answerable for the damages

occasioned by their servants and overseers, in the exercise of the functions in

which they are employed.” “An employer is answerable for its employee’s

negligent acts ‘when the conduct is so closely connected in time, place, and

causation to the employment duties of the employee that it constitutes a risk of

harm attributable to the employer’s business.’” Johnson v. Transit Mgmt. of Se.

Louisiana, Inc., 2017-0793, p. 8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/28/18), 239 So.3d 973, 979

(quoting Orgeron on Behalf of Orgeron v. McDonald, 1993-1353, p. 4 (La.

6

7/5/94), 639 So.2d 224, 227 (citation omitted)). The determination of the course

and scope of one’s employment is fact specific and must be considered on a case-

by-case basis. Johnson, 2017-0793, p. 8, 239 So.3d at 979 (citation omitted). When

determining if an employee’s conduct is “employment-rooted,” our Supreme Court

has set forth the following relevant factors to be considered:

the payment of wages by the employer; the employer’s power of
control; the employee's duty to perform the particular act; the time,
place, and purpose of the act in relation to service of the employer; the
relationship between the employee’s act and the employer's business;
the benefits received by the employer from the act; and the motivation
of the employee for performing the act, and the reasonable
expectation of the employer that the employee would perform the act.

Oregon, 1993-1353, pp. 4-5, 639 So.2d at 227 (citation omitted).

“Generally speaking, an employee’s conduct is within the course and scope

of his employment if the conduct is of the kind that he is employed to perform,

occurs substantially within the authorized limits of time and space, and is activated

at least in part by a purpose to serve the employer.” Id., 1993-1353, p. 4, 639 So.2d

at 226 (citation omitted). The facts of the case sub judice seek to apply the

principle that an employee traveling from home to work or returning from work to

home is generally not in the course and scope of his employment. See Id., 1993-

1353, p. 5, 639 So.2d at 227. The trial court determined that Mr. Fish was not in

the course and scope of his employment when the June 2019 accident occurred as

he was traveling to his workplace. The facts presented suggest genuine issues of

material fact exist as to whether Mr. Fish’s conduct was “employment-rooted.”

Without conclusively answering the latter question, we cannot determine the issue

of whether Mr. Fish was in the course and scope of his employment when the

accident occurred.

7

Mr. Fish is an employee of Lamarque Ford and was driving the 2019 Ford

Escape, owned by Lamarque Ford, at the time of the June 2019 Accident. Mr. Fish

was loaned a vehicle by Lamarque Ford because of a recent accident which

resulted in the total loss of his personal vehicle. Following the accident, Lamarque

Ford instructed him to tow his personal vehicle to its service facility. The “Rental

Agreement,” signed by Mr. Fish, indicates that the 2019 Ford Escape was given to

him while Lamarque Ford serviced his vehicle. However, Mr. Fish’s deposition

testimony is clear that he was aware his personal vehicle was rendered a total loss

soon after the accident. Mr. Dore’s depositions also confirms Lamarque Ford’s

knowledge that Mr. Fish’s vehicle was a total loss shortly after the vehicle’s arrival

at its service facility. Mr. Fish also admitted that Lamarque Ford provided him

with the 2019 Ford Escape for the sole purpose of traveling to and from work and

he was allowed to drive the vehicle for one and a half months after it was

determined his vehicle was totaled. Considering the conflicting facts presented, the

relevant factors in determining Lamarque Ford’s interest, duty, and control in

loaning a vehicle to Mr. Fish cannot be assessed by this Court. See Oregon, 1993-

1353, pp. 4-5, 639 So.2d at 227 (citation omitted). Thus, whether or not Mr. Fish’s

conduct was “employment-rooted” at the time of the accident is an issue of fact.

We find genuine issues of material fact exist as to Lamarque Ford’s

vicarious liability. Under the unique facts presented, whether Mr. Fish’s conduct

was “employment-rooted” prevents this Court from concluding that Mr. Fish was

in the course and scope his employment when the June 2019 accident occurred.

Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the

issue of vicarious liability.

8

Negligent Entrustment

Mrs. Majoue also contends that Lamarque Ford negligently entrusted a

vehicle to Mr. Fish. She asserts that genuine issues of material fact remain as to

Mr. Fish’s competence as a driver. Under the theory of negligent entrustment, the

lender of a vehicle is not responsible for the negligence of a borrower unless he or

she had knowledge the borrower was physically or mentally incompetent to drive.

Cosey on Behalf of Hilliard v. Flight Acad. of New Orleans, LLC, 2019-0785, pp.

19-20 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/12/20), 365 So.3d 76, 89 (citation omitted). “[O]ne who

entrusts an automobile to an intoxicated, or otherwise incompetent, driver is

responsible for the harm resulting from the incompetent operation of the vehicle.”

Id., 2019-0785, p. 20, 365 So.3d at 89 (quoting Thistlethwaite v. Gonzalez, 2012-

0130, p. 27 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/18/12), 106 So.3d 238, 257.). When a lender knows

or should have known that the “borrower is likely to use the car in a manner

involving an unreasonable risk of physical harm, because of the borrower’s youth,

inexperience, intoxication, incompetence, or otherwise” --- the lender “can be held

liable to a third party for damage caused by the borrower.” Cosey, 2019-0785, p.

20, 365 So.3d at 89 (citation omitted). “[T]he prevailing concept of negligent

entrustment is that, in order ‘to prove a claim of negligent entrustment, a plaintiff

must show that a lessor had actual or constructive knowledge that the lessee was

incompetent or had an apparent disability at the time of the lease.’ ” Id. (quoting

Cenance v. Tassin, 2003-1379, p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/3/04), 869 So.2d 913, 917.).

Lamarque Ford’s motion for summary judgment asserts that it followed

proper policy and procedure when loaning Mr. Fish a vehicle. Mr. Dore’s

deposition explains Lamarque Ford’s process for loaning vehicles. Lamarque Ford

checks a driver’s license to determine if it contains restrictions and ensures the

9

driver has insurance. Mr. Dore stated that Mr. Fish had proper insurance and his

license had no restrictions. Although Mrs. Majoue attempts to submit Mr. Fish’s

prior traffic infractions as evidence that Lamarque Ford was negligent in entrusting

him with a vehicle, we find that evidence too remote. The burden of checking

traffic citations from more than twenty years ago is too onerous of a burden to

place on a lessor. Mr. Fish works as a service technician. His driving history has

no bearing on his job duties. Thus, there are no genuine issues of material fact

relative to Mrs. Majoue’s claim of negligent entrustment. Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in granting summary judgment on the issue of negligent

entrustment.

CONCLUSION

We find genuine issues of material fact exist relative to the issue of whether

Mr. Fish was in the course and scope of his employment with Lamarque Ford at

the time of the June 2019 accident. The depositions of Mr. Fish and Lamarque

Ford’s corporate representative, Mr. Dore, coupled with the “Rental Agreement”

provide contradicting facts as to whether Lamarque Ford provided Mr. Fish with a

vehicle for the sole purpose of traveling “to and from work.” Such facts indicate

that material issues preclude the granting of summary judgment on the issue of

vicarious liability. We therefore reverse the portion of the trial court’s March 1,

2023 judgment granting Lamarque Ford’s summary judgment on the issue of

vicarious liability.

However, our de novo review of the record indicates no genuine issues of

material fact exist as to whether Lamarque Ford negligently entrusted Mr. Fish

with the 2019 Ford Escape. We therefore find the trial court properly granted

summary judgment in favor of Lamarque Ford relative to Mrs. Majoue’s claims of

10

negligent entrustment. Accordingly, we affirm the portion of the trial court’s

judgment granting Lamarque Ford’s motion for summary judgment on the claims

of negligent entrustment.

DECREE

Based on the foregoing, we reverse in part and affirm in part the trial court’s

March 1, 2023 judgment and remand the matter to the trial court for further

proceedings.

REVERSED IN PART;
AFFIRMED IN PART;
REMANDED FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS

11