Belinda Lassalle v. Honorable Chelsey R. Napoleon, in Her Official Capacity as Clerk of Court for the Civil District Court for the Parish of Orleans

BELINDA LASSALLE * NO. 2023-CA-0705

VERSUS *
COURT OF APPEAL
HONORABLE CHELSEY R. *
NAPOLEON, IN HER FOURTH CIRCUIT
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS *
CLERK OF COURT FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA
CIVIL DISTRICT COURT FOR *******
THE PARISH OF ORLEANS

APPEAL FROM
CIVIL DISTRICT COURT, ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 2021-08871, DIVISION “D”
Honorable Monique E. Barial, Judge
******
Judge Rosemary Ledet
******
(Court composed of Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge Sandra Cabrina Jenkins, Judge
Rachael D. Johnson)

Gary John Giepert
THE GIEPERT LAW FIRM, LLC
4603 South Carrollton Avenue
New Orleans, LA 70119

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE

Geraldine Broussard Baloney
Abril B. Sutherland
THE BROUSSARD BALONEY LAW FIRM, APC
201 St. Charles Avenue, Suite 2557B
New Orleans, LA 70170

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT

APPEAL DISMISSED;
REMANDED
April 11, 2024

RML

SCJ

RDJ

This is a detrimental reliance case. From the trial court’s September 21,

2023 judgment denying the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment (the

“September 2023 Judgment”), defendant—Honorable Chelsey R. Napoleon, in her

Official Capacity as Clerk of Court for the Civil District Court for the Parish of

Orleans (the “Current Clerk”)—appeals. Plaintiff—Belinda Lassalle (“Ms.

Lassalle”)—filed a motion to dismiss the appeal. In support, she cited La. C.C.P.

art. 968, which provides that “[a]n appeal does not lie from the court’s refusal to

render any judgment on the pleading or summary judgment.”1 Although we agree

that La. C.C.P. art. 968 precludes an appeal of the September 2023 Judgment, we

also notice, on our own, a second reason for dismissing the appeal. The September

2023 Judgment is fatally deficient. Neither the judge who presided over the hearing

on the cross motions for summary judgment, nor a successor judge acting in

compliance with La. R.S. 13:4209(A) signed the judgment.2 For these two reasons,

we dismiss the appeal and remand.

1 A motion panel of this Court deferred the motion to dismiss to the merits panel—this panel—to

decide.
2 La. R.S. 13:4209(A) provides:

1

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This Court summarized the factual and procedural background of this case in

Lassalle v. Napoleon, 22-0460 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/20/22), 356 So.3d 74

(“Lassalle I”), as follows:

[Ms. Lassalle] alleges in her Petition that she retired from the
Clerk’s Office as chief deputy clerk on December 31, 2005. At the time
of her retirement, [Ms. Lassalle] was fully vested in the Clerk’s Office
retirement program. [Ms. Lassalle] returned to work as a deputy clerk
in August 2006. In order to maintain her retirement benefits, [Ms.
Lassalle] could not work more than a certain number of hours each year.
See La. R.S. 11:1513.1 [Ms. Lassalle] meticulously kept track of her
hours to be certain she did not go over the maximum allowed.

[Ms. Lassalle] stopped working for the Clerk’s Office some time
in 2015 when the number of hours she worked that year approached the
maximum number of hours allowed under La. R.S. 11:1513. [Ms.
Lassalle] told the then Clerk of Court (“the Former Clerk”) that she
would be willing to return to work if there was any way for her to work
without her losing retirement benefits. In November of 2015, the
Former Clerk informed [Ms. Lassalle] that she could work as an
independent contractor and as such, would not be considered
“reemployed” by the Clerk’s Office and would not be subject to the
reduction of benefits provided for in La. R.S. 11:1513.

On November 2, 2015, [Ms. Lassalle] entered into a written
agreement (“Agreement”) with the Former Clerk to return to work as
an independent contractor. After entering into the Agreement, the
Clerk’s Office did not report [Ms. Lassalle]’s hours to the Louisiana
Clerks of Court Retirement and Relief Fund (“LCCR”), and [Ms.
Lassalle] continued to receive retirement benefits.

By letter dated November 9, 2020, the LCCR informed [Ms.
Lassalle] that she had worked in excess of the allowable hours in 2015,
2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 and thus had been overpaid in
retirement benefits during these years. The letter further informed [Ms.
Lassalle] that LCCR would proceed to collect the overpayments by
reducing [Ms. Lassalle]’s future benefit payments until fully recovered.
[Ms. Lassalle] contested the overpayment assessment.

In cases which are heard and in which judgment is rendered, but not signed,
whether the case was taken under advisement or not, if the judge who rendered the
judgment dies, resigns, or is removed from office, or if his [or her] term expires
before signing judgment in the case, his [or her] successor in office shall have the
authority to sign a judgment which conforms with the judgment rendered.

2

A formal administrative hearing was held before the Board of
Trustees for the Louisiana Clerks of Court Retirement and Relief Fund
(the “Board”)[, and] . . . . [t]he Board found that [Ms. Lassalle] was an
“employee” of the Clerk’s Office for purposes of La. R.S. 11:1513
during the time she worked after her retirement and that she was
overpaid $89,661.43 by the retirement system.

[Ms. Lassalle] appealed the Board’s decision to the Nineteenth
Judicial District Court for the Parish of East Baton Rouge in accordance
with La. R.S. 49:964. . . . [T]he district court denied the appeal. . . .

[Ms. Lassalle] filed the present action against the Clerk’s Office
on October 29, 2021. The Petition alleges that “[t]he statements of [the
Former Clerk] . . . induced [Ms. Lassalle] to modify her work schedule
to assist the clerk’s office with its staffing issues. Unfortunately, this
modification worked to [Ms. Lassalle’s] extreme detriment[.]” The
Petition further alleges that “[Ms. Lassalle] reasonably relied on [the
Former Clerk] and changed her behavior to her detriment. She has now
suffered injuries because of that reasonable reliance[.]”

Lassalle I, 22-0460, pp. 1-3, 356 So.3d 75-76.

In Lassalle I, this Court reversed the trial court’s decision sustaining the

Current Clerk’s exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction and remanded.

Lassalle I, 22-0460, p. 8, 356 So.3d at 79. On remand, the parties filed cross

motions for summary judgment, which the trial court denied. This appeal followed.

JURISDICTIONAL ISSUE

An appellate court has a duty to determine if it has subject matter

jurisdiction to entertain an appeal. See Moulton v. Stewart Enters., Inc., 17-0243,

17-0244, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 8/3/17), 226 So.3d 569, 571 (citation omitted). “An

appellate court cannot determine the merits of an appeal unless its subject matter

jurisdiction is properly invoked by a valid final judgment.” Id. (citations omitted).

We determine that we lack subject matter jurisdiction to entertain this appeal for

the following two reasons: (i) deficient, final judgment; and (ii) non-appealable,

interlocutory judgment. We separately address each reason.

3

Deficient, Final Judgment

The fundamental requirements of a valid, final judgment include not only

proper decretal language, but also the correct judge’s signature.3 Even a perfectly

worded judgment will be invalid if signed by the wrong judge; “[f]ailure to have

the judgment signed by the [correct] judge is a fatal defect.” Gail S. Stephenson,

Drafting Lucid, Unmistakable (and Valid) Judgments, 56 LA. B.J. 181, 182 (2008).

Louisiana courts have held that the judge required, under La. C.C.P. art. 1911(A),

to sign a judgment is the judge who presided over the hearing or the trial. See

Jones v. Whips Elec., LLC, 22-0095, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/16/22), 348 So.3d 849,

852 (citation omitted). A judgment signed by the wrong judge—a judge who did

not preside over the hearing or trial—does not constitute a valid final judgment. Id.

(citations omitted). But, La. C.C.P. art. 1911(A) provides that the Legislature can

create statutory exceptions. Id.

One such statutory exception—referred to as the successor-judge

exception—is codified in La. R.S. 13:4209.4 This exception authorizes a successor

judge, in certain circumstances, to sign a judgment. The jurisprudential

requirements for the successor-judge exception to apply are as follows:5

• A successor judge must state in the judgment that he or she is complying
with La. R.S. 13:4209. Jones, 22-0095, p. 4, 348 So.3d at 852 (citations
omitted);

3 See La. C.C.P. art. 1911(A) (providing that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law, every final

judgment shall contain the typewritten or printed name of the judge and be signed by the judge”);
and La. C.C.P. art. 1918(A) (providing that a final judgment “shall be identified as such by
appropriate language” and “shall be signed”).
4 For purposes of this exception, a successor judge is defined, by statute, as one who replaces a

judge (predecessor) who rendered the judgment but died, resigned, was removed from office, or
whose term expired before that predecessor judge signed the judgment. La. R.S. 13:4209(A).
5 Some of these requirements overlap.

4

• A successor judge must state in the judgment that he or she has reviewed
any evidence the predecessor judge heard. If the successor judge fails to
make such statement, the judgment signed by the successor judge will be not
be a valid, final judgment. Jones, 22-0095, p. 5, 348 So.3d at 853;

• A successor judge must indicate in the judgment that he or she has
considered the merits of the case. Louisiana Paving Co., Inc. v. St. Charles
Par. Pub. Sch., 593 So.2d 892, 895 (La. App. 5th Cir. 1992);

• A successor judge must have before him or her the evidence that was
introduced before the predecessor judge; “the statutory mandate is met only
when the trial judge has before him or her the evidence, i.e., testimony and
exhibits, that the previous judge received in evidence.” Thomas v. Proctor &
Gamble, 03-0061, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/21/03), 848 So.2d 667, 669; and

• When there is compliance with these jurisprudential requirements in the
record, the judgment is valid, final, and appealable. Jones, 22-0095, p. 4,
348 So.3d at 852 (citations omitted).

Applying those principles, we determine the requirements for invoking the

successor-judge exception are not satisfied. The September 2023 Judgement states

that the cross motions for summary judgment were heard in July 2023 “before the

Court.” The hearing transcript reflects that Inemesit O’Boyle, Pro Tempore

(“Judge O’Boyle”) was the presiding judge who heard counsels’ arguments on the

cross motions in July 2023. At the end of the hearing, Judge O’Boyle orally

rendered judgment denying both motions. Two months later, Judge Monique E.

Barial (“Judge Barial”)—the successor judge6—signed the September 2023

Judgment. The September 2023 Judgment states as follows:

After reviewing the motions and memorandum of law and listening to
argument of counsel, the Court finds that there are contested issues of
material fact.

Therefore, both [Ms.] Lassalle’s and the [Current] Clerk’s Motions for
Summary Judgment are DENIED.

6 Nowhere in the record on appeal is there an explanation of the change in judges. But, it is

public knowledge that Judge Barial was elected to serve as a judge of the Civil District Court of
the Parish of Orleans, Division “D”, before the rendition of the September 2023 Judgment. For
purposes of our analysis, we presume Judge Barial is a successor judge.

5

What is dispositive here is what the September 2023 Judgment fails to state.

First, it fails to state that Judge O’Boyle presided over the July 2023 hearing of the

cross motions and that Judge Barial did not. Second, it fails to state whether Judge

Barial reviewed any of the evidence on which the September 2023 Judgment was

based. Third, it fails to state that Judge Barial signed the judgment in a successor-

judge capacity under La. R.S. 13:4209. To the contrary, the printed signature line

on the judgment simply states “JUDGE MONIQUE E. BARIAL.” For these

reasons, the September 2023 Judgment itself fails to reflect compliance with La.

R.S. 13:4209; and it is not a valid, final judgment. As a result, this Court lacks

subject matter jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.

Still, we find it appropriate to address the second reason we find subject

matter jurisdiction is lacking—the non-appealable, interlocutory nature of the

September 2023 Judgment.

Non-appealable, Interlocutory Judgment

A party may appeal from an interlocutory judgment only when expressly

provided by law. La C.C.P. art. 2083(C). By statute, a judgment denying a

summary judgment motion is defined as a non-appealable, interlocutory judgment.

Roger A. Stetter, Appealability of particular judgments—Interlocutory judgments

in general, LA. PRAC. CIV. APP. § 3:35 (2023); La. C.C. P. art. 968. As noted at

the outset of this opinion, Ms. Lassalle moves to dismiss the appeal based on La.

C.C.P. art. 968 and the non-appealable, interlocutory nature of the September 2023

Judgment.

Opposing the motion, the Current Clerk acknowledges that she is seeking

review of a non-appealable interlocutory judgment. But, she requests this Court,

instead of dismissing the appeal, convert it to a supervisory writ. In support, she

6

emphasizes that she filed her notice of appeal within the thirty-day limit to file a

writ under Rule 4-3 of the Uniform Rules, Courts of Appeal. She also contends

that Ms. Lassalle’s petition is so frivolous that judicial economy dictates

converting the appeal to a writ. 7

The decision of whether to convert an appeal to a writ is within an appellate

court’s discretion. Stelluto v. Stelluto, 05-0074, p. 7 (La. 6/29/05), 914 So.2d 34,

39. “Because the proper procedural vehicle for seeking review of an interlocutory

judgment is ordinarily by application for supervisory review, we can—when

appropriate—convert the improper appeal to such an application.” In re Succession

of Scheuermann, 15-0041, p. 13 (La. App. Cir. 5/22/15), 171 So. 3d 975, 983. The

jurisprudence is replete with cases in which this Court has converted an attempted

appeal of a non-appealable, interlocutory judgment to an application for

supervisory writs. In re Succession of Jefferson, 21-0620, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir.

3/9/22), 336 So.3d 509, 512. But, this Court has done so only when both of the

following two conditions were present:

(i) The motion for appeal has been filed within the thirty-day time
period allowed for the filing of an application for supervisory writs
under Rule 4-3 of the Uniform Rules, Courts of Appeal; and

(ii) When the circumstances indicate that an immediate decision of the
issue sought to be appealed is necessary to ensure fundamental
fairness and judicial efficiency, such as where reversal of the trial
court’s decision would terminate the litigation.8

7 The Current Clerk does not contend this Court’s reversal of the trial court’s decision would

terminate the litigation. The record reflects that the Current Clerk has an outstanding amended,
reconventional demand for reimbursement.
8 The second condition is, in essence, a restatement of the Herlitz criteria; namely, “[j]udicial

efficiency and fundamental fairness to the litigants can dictate that the merits of an application
for supervisory writs be decided especially when . . . a decision by us will terminate the
litigation.” Bd. of Sup'rs of Louisiana State Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll. v. Mid City Holdings,
L.L.C., 14-0506, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/15/14), 151 So.3d 908, 911(citing Herlitz Constr. Co.,
Inc. v. Hotel Investors of New Iberia, Inc., 396 So.2d 878 (La. 1981) (per curiam)).

7

Waiters v. deVille, 19-1048, p. 3, n.3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/22/20), 299 So.3d 728, 732

(citations omitted).

Although the first condition is met here, the second is not. The present

procedural posture of this case does not warrant this Court exercising its discretion

to convert this appeal to a writ. If this Court were to convert this appeal to a writ,

we would lack jurisdiction to consider the merits of an invalid written judgment

not signed by the correct judge. 9 Stated otherwise, this Court has declined to

exercise its supervisory jurisdiction when, as here, the written judgment sought to

be reviewed was not signed by the correct judge. Mullins v. Mississippi Valley

Silica Co., 08-0330 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/20/08), 982 So.2d 209 (observing that the

judgment from which relators were seeking review was not a valid judgment

because it was not signed by the correct judge as required by La. C.C.P. art. 1911

and declining to consider relators’ writ). Given the lack of a valid, final judgment

coupled with the non-appealable interlocutory nature of the judgment, we dismiss

the appeal and remand for further proceedings.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the appeal is dismissed; this matter is remanded to

the trial court.

APPEAL DISMISSED; REMANDED

9 A writ, unlike an appeal, can be taken from an oral ruling. But, the time for taking a writ from

Judge O’Boyle’s oral ruling in this case has lapsed.

8