State of Louisiana v. Caiden J Fruge

STATE OF LOUISIANA * NO. 2023-KA-0552

VERSUS *
COURT OF APPEAL
CAIDEN J FRUGE *
FOURTH CIRCUIT
*
STATE OF LOUISIANA
*******

APPEAL FROM
CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 549-711, SECTION “L”
Judge Angel Harris,
******
Judge Joy Cossich Lobrano
******
(Court composed of Judge Joy Cossich Lobrano, Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge
Rachael D. Johnson)

Jason R. Williams
District Attorney
Brad Scott
Chief of Appeals
Zachary Phillips
Assistant District Attorney
Orleans Parish District Attorney’s Office
619 South White Street
New Orleans, LA 70119

COUNSEL FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA/APPELLEE

Rachel I. Conner
Grace N. Bronson
LAW OFFICE OF RACHEL I. CONNER
3015 Magazine Street
New Orleans, LA 70115

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT

AFFIRMED

APRIL 11, 2025

JCL This is a criminal case. Caiden Fruge (“Defendant”) appeals his convictions

RML of manslaughter and conspiracy to commit armed robbery and his sentences on

RDJ each conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm the convictions and

sentences.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On August 20, 2020, an Orleans Parish Grand Jury returned an indictment

against Defendant, charging him with one count of second degree murder, a

violation of La. R.S. 14:30.1; five counts of attempted second degree murder, a

violation of La. R.S. 14:(27)30.1; and one count of conspiracy to commit armed

robbery, a violation of La. R.S. 14:(26)64.1 The case proceeded to trial against

Defendant on October 18, 2022 on the counts of second degree murder and

conspiracy to commit armed robbery.2 At the conclusion of the trial, the jury

1 The indictment also charged Alec Billiot, Arec Billiot, and Tyrin Barraza each with second

degree murder, five counts of attempted second degree murder, and conspiracy to commit armed
robbery. Tyrin Barraza and Alec Billiot were each additionally charged with illegal possession of
a firearm by a felon, and Alec Billiot was also charged with obstruction of justice. On December
19, 2022, the State nol prossed the attempted second degree murder counts against all
defendants. Tyrin Barraza was severed from the case on January 5, 2022.
2 Defendant was tried jointly with codefendants, Alec Billiot and Arec Billiot.

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returned a verdict finding Defendant guilty of the responsive verdict of

manslaughter and guilty as charged of conspiracy to commit armed robbery.3

A sentencing hearing was conducted on December 9, 2022. The district

court sentenced Defendant on the manslaughter count to twenty-five years in the

custody of the Department of Corrections at hard labor and on the conspiracy to

commit armed robbery count to twenty-five years in the custody of the Department

of Corrections at hard labor, without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of

sentence, and ordered the sentences to run concurrently with each other. Defendant

timely instituted this appeal.4

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Based on evidence, including surveillance footage, forensic evidence,

witness testimony, and Defendant’s own statements, the jury concluded that

Defendant was an active participant in the crime. The evidence elicited at trial is

summarized as follows:

On the night of January 9, 2020, a group of friends gathered at Bruno’s

Tavern on Maple Street in New Orleans. Among them were Lee Long (“Victim”)

and his friends Aislinn, Samantha, Emily, Vivian, and Madeline. At the end of the

evening, Victim, Aislinn, and Emily walked to Victim’s truck, which was parked

near the corner of Hillary and Burthe Streets. Victim returned to the bar briefly to

purchase marijuana from Tyrin “Tank” Barraza, who was sitting at a table on the

patio with Alec Billiot, Arec Billiot, and Defendant.

3 Alec Billiot was found guilty of manslaughter, conspiracy to commit armed robbery,

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and obstruction of justice. Arec Billiot was found
guilty of negligent homicide and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery.
4 Alec Billiot and Arec Billiot have also filed separate appeals. See State v. Billiot, 23-0780;

State v. Billiot, 23-0529.

2

After returning to his vehicle, Victim weighed the marijuana and realized he

had received less than the agreed amount. Frustrated, he went back to Bruno’s

Tavern to confront Tank and obtain the rest of the marijuana. Afterward, he

returned to his truck with the remainder of his friends and prepared to leave.

As Victim and his friends settled into the vehicle, four males suddenly

approached and surrounded the truck. One stood in front of the windshield,

pointing a firearm at the occupants, while two others opened the driver’s side door

and began physically attacking Victim, attempting to pull him out of the vehicle. A

fourth individual positioned himself on the passenger side, blocking any escape.

The confrontation escalated when one of the assailants shouted at Victim to

“open your pockets or I’ll blow this b----.” Victim attempted to resist, yelling for

Aislinn to grab his firearm, which was kept near the steering wheel. Before she

could retrieve it, multiple gunshots were fired. Victim suffered six gunshot

wounds, two of which penetrated his lungs and heart, proving fatal. The assailants

immediately fled the scene on foot.

Real-time crime camera footage, along with surveillance from a nearby

restaurant, Kindred, and a residence on Hillary Street, played a critical role in

identifying the suspects. The footage showed Alec, Arec, Tank, and Defendant

leaving Bruno’s Tavern together and following Victim and his friends to the truck.

Shortly after the attack, the same four individuals were seen running from the

scene.

Aislinn testified that she initially believed the men approaching the truck

were joking, until she saw a gun aimed at the windshield. She heard demands for

Victim to open his pockets and saw the attackers physically struggling with him

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before gunshots rang out.5 She described the individual pointing the firearm as

wearing a black hoodie with white print.

Vivian testified that just before the attack, she saw Victim speak with a

group of males on the patio of Bruno’s Tavern, one of whom engaged in what

appeared to be a marijuana exchange, and that shortly after, the truck was

surrounded, Victim’s door was ripped open, and a gun was pointed at the vehicle

before shots were fired.6

Samantha described two attackers at the driver’s side, one wearing a black

hoodie and another wearing a black and white Champion-patterned shirt. This

matched the clothing worn by Alec, as seen earlier in the night at the bar. She

testified that two individuals, one in a black hoodie with a white logo and the other

in a black and white Champion shirt, tried to pull Victim from the vehicle, and

both were armed. She recalled seeing one of the attackers, whom she recognized

from the bar, pointing a gun at the windshield. Samantha later identified Alec

Billiot in a photographic lineup and wrote on the photograph that he was wearing

5 Aislinn further testified that on the night of the incident, she and several friends met with

Victim at Bruno’s Tavern. After Victim briefly returned to the bar to confront an individual
named Alec about a short marijuana transaction, he came back to the truck accompanied by
Aislinn’s other friends. Moments later, several men dressed in black clothing surrounded the
truck. Aislinn attempted to retrieve Victim’s firearm from near the steering wheel but was unable
to remove it from the holster before the shooting began. She later participated in an informal
investigation with friends and Victim’s mother, identified Alec Billiot as a person of interest, and
provided his photo and associations to police. She also recognized her own voice and the sound
of the confrontation in residential surveillance audio that was played for the jury. On cross-
examination, she acknowledged consuming two cocktails that night and told officers that the
perpetrators appeared to be tall, white, and brunette.
6 Vivian further testified that she arrived at Bruno’s Tavern on January 9, 2020, with friends

Peyton and Madeline, where they joined others on the patio. Later that night, Victim informed
her the group was preparing to leave. As they walked out, Victim stopped to talk with a group of
males, during which Vivian observed what looked like a marijuana transaction. She recognized
only one person in the group, a guy named Ross, and did not know the others. Vivian then
walked with Victim, Samantha, and Madeline to Victim’s truck. Once inside, she saw someone
raise a gun in the windshield and ducked down before hearing three gunshots. Although she
described the gunman as a white male with brunette hair, she could not recall his clothing and
was unable to identify any of the assailants. She later shared with police additional information
she learned through her own investigation.

4

the black and white shirt and had the gun. Samantha described the attackers’

clothing in detail, stating that the Champion logos were “like all over” the shirt and

that she had seen it earlier at the bar.7

Emily similarly recalled seeing at least two armed men, one of whom moved

from the windshield to Victim’s door just before shots were fired.8 Madeline

testified that she recognized one of the attackers’ hoodie from earlier at Bruno’s

Tavern and later identified Alec as the shooter in a photographic lineup.9

7 Samantha further testified that she traveled to Bruno’s Tavern with friends on the evening of

January 9, 2020, and later returned to Victim’s truck after feeling unwell. As she and others
waited inside the vehicle, several individuals approached and began pulling Victim from the
truck. Samantha initially thought it was a prank until she heard screaming and Victim yelling,
“Get the gun, get the gun!” On cross-examination, she stated she saw Alec fighting with Victim
and confirmed he had a gun, although she believed someone else fired the fatal shots. She also
testified that Victim appeared to sense a threat and hurried to escort her and others to the truck.
8 Emily further testified that she had been at Bruno’s Tavern and later T.J. Quills on January 9,

2020, drinking with her friends and Victim. After walking to Victim’s truck with Aislinn, Victim
left to retrieve their remaining friends. Once everyone was inside the vehicle, several individuals
suddenly approached. Emily testified that as Victim was closing his door, someone began yelling
and wrestling with it, shouting, “Get out, get out!” Victim fought back, and Emily observed at
least two people outside his door, with a third person at the rear passenger door. One assailant,
wearing a patterned black and white shirt, stood in front of the vehicle pointing a gun at the
windshield before moving to the driver’s side, where another person dressed in all black then
took his place. Emily heard Victim scream to Aislinn to retrieve the gun, but he was shot several
times before she could reach it. She could not recognize any of the assailants but tried to track
the movement of the person with the gun. She explained that her recollection of the incident was
sharper at trial than in her initial police statement, where she had said she could not see what the
perpetrators were wearing. She also estimated the height of the gunman in front of the truck to be
around six foot two, with the replacement being shorter. On redirect, she stated that the firearm
she saw was black.
9 Madeline further testified that she arrived at Bruno’s Tavern around 11:00 p.m. on January 9,

2020, and sat on the patio drinking with friends. Later that evening, after Samantha began feeling
sick, and the group decided to leave. Madeline walked to Victim’s truck with Vivian and
Samantha, while Emily and Aislinn were already in the truck. Once all were seated, the truck
was suddenly surrounded, and Victim’s door swung open as someone began attacking him.
Madeline testified that she saw multiple individuals outside the truck: two in front of the
windshield, one of whom was pointing a gun; one fighting with Victim at his door; another at the
back driver’s side door; and another behind him. She specifically remembered the shooter
wearing a distinctive black and white patterned hoodie that she had seen earlier on the patio at
Bruno’s Tavern, worn by someone seated among a group of unfamiliar men with whom her
friends Ross and Jack interacted. Following the incident, Madeline conducted her own informal
investigation, matched the hoodie to Alec Billiot, and identified him as the shooter in a
photographic lineup. On cross-examination, she confirmed Alec was the only person she could
identify.

5

At trial, the prosecution introduced surveillance footage that captured

Defendant walking alongside Alec, Arec, and Tank as they exited Bruno’s Tavern

and followed Victim and his friends toward his parked truck. The footage further

showed these same individuals fleeing the scene immediately after the gunshots

were fired.

During police questioning, Defendant admitted that he had been at Bruno’s

Tavern that night and was with the other co-defendants. However, he denied being

anywhere near the crime scene at the time of the shooting. Defendant identified

himself, Alec and Arec in still photos taken from surveillance footage that depicted

a group of males following Victim to his vehicle shortly before the shooting. The

footage further showed these same individuals fleeing the scene immediately after

the gunshots were fired. The surveillance footage of Defendant fleeing the scene

with Alec, Arec, and Tank, was presented at trial. The prosecution argued that this

coordinated flight supported an inference that Defendant was not a bystander, but

an active participant in the planned robbery and subsequent homicide.

At trial, the prosecution introduced physical and forensic evidence that

linked the defendants to the crime. Investigators recovered four spent shell casings

from the scene, all determined to have been fired from the same firearm. Despite

searches, the murder weapon was never recovered. Additionally, a Kool brand

cigarette butt was found near the victim’s body. Forensic analysis confirmed that

the DNA on the cigarette butt belonged to Alec, placing him at the crime scene just

before the attack.10

10 Justin Manuel, a forensic DNA analyst with the Louisiana State Police Crime Lab, was

qualified at trial as an expert in forensic DNA analysis. He testified that he analyzed a Kool
cigarette butt, a Luger nine-millimeter cartridge casing, and several swabs from the victim’s
vehicle, comparing the results to reference DNA samples from the victim and Alec. Justin

6

The forensic pathologist testified that Victim suffered multiple gunshot

wounds, with two bullets penetrating his lungs and heart. The nature and location

of the wounds were consistent with an intentional use of deadly force.11

Defendant initially claimed he left the bar alone, but video evidence

contradicted his statement, showing him walking with the other assailants toward

Victim’s truck. A witness, Jack, who was a regular at Bruno’s Tavern, testified that

he saw Defendant sitting with Alec, Arec, and Tank on the bar patio before the

attack. He further testified on cross-examination that he told police he observed

Alec, Defendant, and Tank walking down the street shortly after the shooting.12

Another witness, Andrew, testified that he saw Victim purchase marijuana

from Tank on the patio at Bruno’s Tavern and noticed Tank sitting with three other

Manuel stated that the DNA profile from the cigarette butt matched Alec with a statistical
likelihood of one in 3.64 nonillion for the Caucasian population. He further explained that no
usable DNA was recovered from the cartridge casing or the swabs from the vehicle’s door
handles, noting that it is rare to retrieve DNA from shell casings. On cross-examination, he
acknowledged he could not determine how long the cigarette butt or other items had been in the
locations where they were found. His analysis was based on samples collected and prepared by
John Mai, a DNA technician with the same lab, who testified that he examined the evidence for
biological substances and submitted the Kool cigarette butt for analysis. Mai also identified the
two scientific reports generated in the case.
11 Dr. Aireal Sullivan, a forensic pathologist for the Orleans Parish Coroner’s Office, qualified

by the court as an expert in forensic pathology, testified that she performed the autopsy on the
victim in the instant case and authored the associated toxicology report. Dr. Sullivan stated that
the victim suffered a total of six gunshot wounds: two to his chest, which perforated his lungs
and heart, and likely caused his death, and the rest to his left arm and left leg. She also testified
that the victim’s blood alcohol content was .052, and that the toxicology report reflected the
presence of caffeine, hydrocodone, and THC.
12 Jack further testified that he had known Victim since eighth grade and was familiar with

Aislinn and her friends. As a regular at Bruno’s Tavern, Jack stated he knew Alec and Arec and
had seen Defendant and Tank at the bar, though he had never spoken with them. He recalled
seeing all four men, Alec, Arec, Tank, and Defendant, sitting together at a patio table on the
night of January 9, 2020, and noted that Alec was wearing a black hoodie with a Champion logo.
Later that night, after assisting a friend with a jumpstart near TJ Quills, Jack witnessed an
altercation and heard multiple gunshots. Shortly afterward, he saw Alec, Arec, and Tank walking
down the street looking visibly shaken. When asked if they were okay, Tank responded, “Why
wouldn’t we be?” and denied hearing any gunshots. On cross-examination, Jack clarified that
while he originally told police he had seen Defendant walking with Alec and Tank after the
shooting, he later realized it may have been Arec instead of Defendant, explaining that it was
dark, and he had not previously met Defendant.

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men, including one wearing a Champion hoodie. Later that night, Andrew heard

yelling and gunshots nearby and then observed Tank walking alone down the

street.13

At trial, the State presented testimony from both law enforcement officers

who responded to the scene and the lead homicide investigator assigned to the

case. Sgt. Djuana Adams of the Tulane University Police Department testified that

she was patrolling near Maple and Adams Streets when she heard rapid gunfire and

drove toward the sound. Upon arriving at Burthe Street, she was flagged down by

several young women near a tan pickup truck who screamed that their friend had

been shot. Sgt. Adams was informed by the group that the shooters were three to

four young white males with brown hair who had followed them from Bruno’s

Tavern, and that one had been wearing a black and white hoodie and carrying a

firearm. She confirmed that the victim had a faint pulse but was unresponsive, and

that she observed other officers attempting to resuscitate him. Although she did not

initially observe any weapons in the vehicle, she later acknowledged that crime

scene photographs depicted a firearm on the front passenger seat.

NOPD Detective Jamaane Roy testified that he responded to the murder

scene as the lead investigator. He recovered four nine-millimeter shell casings and

two bullet fragments, all consistent with the same firearm, although no murder

weapon was located. Roy also found a Kool brand cigarette butt and a cigar wrap

near the victim’s body, marijuana in the truck, and a loaded firearm. Surveillance

13 Andrew, a longtime friend of both Victim and Jack, testified that he had never met Alec, Arec,

or Defendant, though he was familiar with Tank. He recalled seeing Victim obtain marijuana
from Tank, who was wearing a red sweatshirt and sitting at a table with three unidentified men,
one of whom wore a Champion hoodie. Andrew noted that Victim complained about the
perceived shortage dissatisfied with the amount of marijuana he received but chose not to
confront Tank about the perceived shortage. While assisting a friend jumpstart his vehicle later
that evening, Andrew heard shouting and gunfire nearby. Moments later, he observed Tank
walking alone in his direction.

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footage from nearby residences and businesses captured the victim and his friends

being followed back to the truck by several individuals. In a recorded interview

played for the jury, Defendant initially denied being near the scene but later

identified himself, Alec, and Arec in surveillance stills. Det. Roy further testified

that Alec was identified by witnesses in a photographic lineup, and that Defendant

became a person of interest based on this evidence. Despite executing a search

warrant at Defendant’s residence, no physical evidence was recovered. Det. Roy

confirmed that the group seen in the footage included individuals who were later

seen fleeing the scene.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

On appeal, Defendant raises the following assignments of error:

1. The evidence was insufficient to convict [Defendant]
of manslaughter or conspiracy to commit armed
robbery.

2. The trial court erred when it failed to consider the [La.
C.Cr.P. art.] 894.1 factors in [Defendant’s] sentence
and sentenced him to an excessive sentence.

ERRORS PATENT

A review of the record pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 920 indicates no errors

patent.

DISCUSSION

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to

support his convictions for manslaughter and conspiracy to commit armed robbery.

He argues that the State failed to present any evidence identifying him as one of

the perpetrators and that there was no proof he possessed the specific intent

necessary to convict him as a principal to either offense. The State, however,

9

maintains that it introduced sufficient evidence to establish Defendant’s

participation in the felony murder of Victim under Louisiana law. The prosecution

asserts that Defendant placed himself at Bruno’s Tavern and at the crime scene

with Alec, Arec, and Tank, as evidenced by his own admissions in police

interviews and his identification in still images from surveillance footage, which

depicted the perpetrators following Victim to his vehicle. Additionally, the State

argues that surveillance footage and an audio recording of the crime demonstrated

that the perpetrators, acting together, attacked Victim while brandishing at least

one firearm, demanding he empty his pockets, thereby proving their specific intent

to commit armed robbery as a group.

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we

apply the standard enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781,

61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Under Jackson, an appellate court must determine whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found all of the elements of the offense proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Williams, 18-0445, p. 11 (La. 2/27/19), 265

So.3d 902, 912. The reviewing court must consider the whole record, just as the

rational trier of fact considers all of the evidence, while presuming that the trier of

fact acted rationally. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1310 (La. 1988); State v.

Dukes, 19-0172, pp. 7-8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/2/19), 281 So.3d 745, 752.

“If rational triers of fact could disagree as to the interpretation of the

evidence, the rational trier’s view of all the evidence most favorable to the

prosecution must be adopted.” State v. Landrieu, 18-0964, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir.

6/12/19), 274 So.3d 661, 667 (quoting State v. Egana, 97-0318, p. 6 (La. App. 4

Cir. 12/3/97), 703 So.2d 223, 228). It is not the function of an appellate court to

10

reassess the credibility of witnesses or reweigh the evidence. State v. Scott, 12-

1603, p. 11 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/23/13), 131 So.3d 501, 508. Credibility

determinations, as well as the weight given to the evidence, are soundly within the

province of the factfinder. Id. “Moreover, conflicting testimony as to factual

matters is a question of weight of the evidence, not sufficiency. Such a

determination rests solely with the trier of fact, who may accept or reject, in whole

or in part, the testimony of any witness.” Id. (citation omitted). In the absence of

internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with the physical evidence, a single

witness’s testimony, if believed by the fact finder, is sufficient to support a factual

conclusion. State v. D.D., 18-0891, p. 31 n. 24 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/27/19), 288

So.3d 808, 834 (citing State v. Finch, 31,888, p. 16 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/5/99), 733

So.2d 716, 727-28).

When circumstantial evidence is used to prove the commission of the

offense, La. R.S. 15:438 provides that, “assuming every fact to be proved that the

evidence tends to prove, in order to convict, it must exclude every reasonable

hypothesis of innocence.” The requirement of La. R.S. 15:438 does not establish a

standard separate from the Jackson standard, but rather provides a helpful

methodology for determining the existence of reasonable doubt. State v. Captville,

448 So.2d 676, 678-79 (La. 1984).

To preserve the role of the fact-finder, i.e., to accord the deference

demanded by Jackson, the Louisiana Supreme Court has further subscribed to the

general principle in cases involving circumstantial evidence that when the fact-

finder at trial reasonably rejects the hypothesis of innocence advanced by the

defendant, “that hypothesis falls, and the defendant is guilty unless there is another

hypothesis which raises a reasonable doubt.” State v. Mack, 13-1311, p. 9 (La.

11

5/7/14), 144 So.3d 983, 989 (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Captville, 448

So.2d at 680). “A reasonable alternative hypothesis is not one ‘which could explain

the events in an exculpatory fashion,’ but one that ‘is sufficiently reasonable that a

rational juror could not have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.

We find that State presented a cohesive narrative through surveillance

footage, eyewitness testimony, forensic evidence, and Defendant’s own

admissions. Although no witness testified that Defendant fired the fatal shots, the

circumstantial evidence established that he was present during the planning and

execution of the attack, participated in surrounding the vehicle, and fled the scene

immediately afterward with the other perpetrators. Under La. R.S. 15:438, when

the State relies on circumstantial evidence, the evidence must exclude every

reasonable hypothesis of innocence. This standard was satisfied. The jury was

entitled to weigh the totality of the circumstances and draw reasonable inferences

from the coordinated conduct of the group. Based on this record, the jury’s

conclusion that Defendant was an active participant in a planned armed robbery

that resulted in Victim’s death is supported by sufficient evidence as more fully set

forth below.

Manslaughter

Defendant was charged with second degree murder; the jury, however,

returned a responsive verdict of manslaughter.14 A reviewing court need not

determine whether the evidence supports the responsive verdict returned by the

jury where the defendant does not object to the inclusion of the responsive verdict

and the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction of the greater offense

14 Manslaughter is an authorized responsive verdict to a charge of second degree murder. See La.

C.Cr.P. art. 814(A)(3).

12

charged. State v. Alverez, 13-1652, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/23/14), 158 So.3d 142,

148; see also State ex rel. Elaire v. Blackburn, 424 So.2d 246, 251(La. 1982).

Defendant did not object to the inclusion of manslaughter as a responsive verdict.

Therefore, in the absence of Defendant’s objection to the responsive verdict, the

jury’s verdict of manslaughter is authorized provided the evidence adduced at trial

was sufficient to support a conviction for the charged offense of second degree

murder. State v. Johnson, 13-0343, pp. 6-7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/1/14), 151 So.3d

683, 689 (citing State v. Harris, 97-2903, p. 8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/1/99), 742 So.2d

997, 1001).

Under the theory of felony murder, second degree murder is defined as “the

killing of a human being… [w]hen the offender is engaged in the perpetration or

attempted perpetration of … armed robbery… even though he has no intent to kill

or inflict great bodily harm.” La. R.S. 14:30.1(A)(2). “All persons concerned in the

commission of a crime, whether present or absent, and whether they directly

commit the act constituting the offense, aid and abet in its commission, or directly

or indirectly counsel or procure another to commit the crime, are principals.” La.

R.S. 14:24. “In reviewing a defendant’s conviction as a principal, a reviewing

court looks to evidence of actions preceding a given offense, during the offense,

and after the offense.” State v. Jackson, 14-0954, p. 2 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/11/15),

163 So.3d 98, 100 (citing State v. Quac Tran, 08-1103, p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir.

8/13/09), 18 So.3d 165, 170).

In the case sub judice, the State introduced multiple forms of evidence

demonstrating that Defendant knowingly participated in the crime. Surveillance

footage from a restaurant near Bruno’s Tavern, a real-time crime camera, and a

residence near the crime scene showed four males following Victim and his friends

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after they left Bruno’s Tavern. The footage captured a voice demanding that

Victim “open your pockets or I’ll blow this b----”, immediately followed by four

gunshots. The video also showed the same four males fleeing the scene, with one

separating from the others in a different direction.

Jack, a witness who knew the group, identified Alec and Arec in the

surveillance footage. Additionally, Defendant admitted during a police interview

that he was present at Bruno’s Tavern with Alec, Arec, and Tank on the night of

the crime. He further identified himself in still images from surveillance footage,

which depicted the group following Victim to his truck.

Although Samantha and Madeline identified Alec as the shooter in a

photographic lineup, Samantha clarified during trial that another individual

actually fired the fatal shots. She described the person pointing a gun at the

windshield as wearing a black and white Champion-patterned shirt, consistent with

Alec’s clothing. She further described the shooter as wearing a black hoodie with a

white logo, which the jury could reasonably have found to be Defendant. Aislinn,

who was also inside the vehicle, testified that the person aiming at the windshield

wore a black hoodie with white print across the front, while Emily described a

patterned black and white shirt, noting that this person later moved to the driver's

side, where the shooting occurred.

The State also introduced forensic evidence linking the suspects to the

crime. One of the individuals captured in the surveillance footage was smoking a

cigarette as the group approached Victim’s truck. A forensic analyst testified that

DNA from a Kool brand cigarette butt found at the crime scene matched Alec.

Given this forensic link, the jury could reasonably infer the identity of the

individuals in the footage, corroborating witness descriptions of the attackers.

14

The prosecution presented further evidence that Victim was shot while

armed assailants attempted to rob him. Under La. R.S. 14:64, armed robbery is

defined as taking something of value from another person by use of force or

intimidation while armed with a dangerous weapon. Testimony established that

Victim had recently argued with Tank over receiving less than the agreed-upon

amount of marijuana. Witnesses described Victim as leaving Bruno’s Tavern

quickly, appearing to sense an impending confrontation. The audio recording of the

attack captured a perpetrator demanding that Victim empty his pockets, while trial

testimony confirmed that at least one of the perpetrators was armed.

While no witness specifically identified Defendant, several eyewitnesses

placed him among the group that approached and surrounded Victim’s vehicle

during the ambush. One witness, Jack, testified that he saw Defendant seated at a

patio table earlier that night with Alec, Arec, and Tank. Although Jack later

expressed some uncertainty during cross-examination as to whether it was

Defendant or Arec whom he saw walking with Alec and Tank after the shooting,

Defendant himself later admitted during a police interview that he was present at

Bruno’s Tavern with Alec and Arec and identified himself in surveillance stills.

The jury could have reasonably resolved any ambiguity in witness testimony in

light of Defendant’s own admissions and the corroborating video evidence.

The jury could have reasonably concluded that Defendant and his co-

defendants intended to rob Victim by intimidation or force, and that when Victim

resisted, he was shot and killed. Given the overwhelming evidence of Defendant’s

coordinated actions, presence at the scene, flight after the shooting, and false

statements to law enforcement, a rational trier of fact could find that the State

proved all elements of felony murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Because the State

15

introduced sufficient evidence for a rational jury to convict Defendant of second

degree murder, and because Defendant failed to object to manslaughter as a

responsive verdict, the evidence was necessarily sufficient to sustain the conviction

of manslaughter.

Conspiracy to commit armed robbery

Defendant next asserts that the State presented insufficient evidence to

sustain his conviction for conspiracy to commit armed robbery, arguing that the

State failed to prove that he “entered into any kind of an agreement to commit a

crime” or that he committed an overt act in furtherance thereof.

“Criminal conspiracy is the agreement or combination of two or more

persons for the specific purpose of committing any crime; provided that an

agreement or combination to commit a crime shall not amount to a criminal

conspiracy unless, in addition to such agreement or combination, one or more of

such parties does an act in furtherance of the object of the agreement or

combination.” La. R.S. 14:26(A). Armed robbery is defined as “the taking

anything of value belonging to another from the person of another or that is in the

immediate control of another, by use of force or intimidation, while armed with a

dangerous weapon.” La. R.S. 14:64. “Proof of conspiracy may be by direct or

circumstantial evidence.” State v. Hickerson, 19-1077, p. 16 (La. App. 4 Cir.

12/30/20), 312 So.3d 1124, 1136 (citing State v. Johnson, 438 So.2d 1091, 1099

(La. 1983)).

An element of the crime of conspiracy is specific intent, State v. Toby, 23-

00722, p. 3 (La. 10/25/24), 395 So.3d 831, 834, which is defined as the “state of

mind which exists when the circumstances indicate that the offender actively

desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.”

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La. R.S. 14:10(1). Specific criminal intent may be inferred from the circumstances

and actions of the defendant. State v. Harrison, 08-1110, p. 15 (La. App. 4 Cir.

6/25/09), 16 So.3d 447, 457. “The clear purpose of [La. R.S.] 14:26 is to

criminalize the conduct of two or more persons who intend a criminal act and as a

result of that intention—manifested as an agreement or combination—one of these

does something in furtherance of the intended criminal act.” State v. Daniels, 607

So.2d 620, 623 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1992)(quotations, internal citation, and emphasis

omitted). While the statute requires proof of either an agreement or combination of

two or more persons, “[t]he word ‘combination’ does not obviate the necessity for

at least two parties to possess malefic intent for a conspiracy to exist. We thus

determine that the pertinent statute requires criminal intent in the mind of at least

two persons, and, of course, an overt act in furtherance of the enterprise, for a

conspiracy to exist.” State v. Joles, 485 So.2d 212, 214 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1986).

Additionally, the “failure to interfere with or question the actions of companions

who are committing a crime may be considered evidence of intent on the part of

the passive defendant.” State v. Spotville, 583 So.2d 602, 606-07 (La. App. 4th Cir.

1991) (Plotkin, J., concurring) (citing State v. Bates, 495 So.2d 1262, 1269 (La.

1986)).

Defendant in the case sub judice complains specifically that the State failed

to prove that he entered into an agreement to commit armed robbery. However,

Louisiana courts have held that circumstantial evidence that the perpetrators

intended to commit the underlying offense together is sufficient to show that they

were in agreement. See Toby, 23-00722, p. 5, 395 So.3d at 835 (“Simply because

there was no direct evidence, such as the precise content of a text message to show

an agreement (defendant replaced his phone, thus covered his tracks), jurors were

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not foreclosed from inferring from the circumstantial evidence presented that

defendant conspired with his brother in the plot to kill Broussard.”); State v.

Stewart, 452 So.2d 186, 193 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1984) (The jury could infer the

existence of a conspiracy “[n]otwithstanding [defendant’s] denial that he contacted

Anderson, or Anderson’s denial that he was contacted by [defendant], the jury was

entitled to believe, based on the phone call and appearance of Anderson shortly

thereafter, that contact between them took place and that as a result of this contact

Anderson appeared at [defendant’s] home to arrange the drug sale.”); State v.

Johnson, 01-1084, p. 7 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2/6/02), 817 So.2d 120, 125 (“Whether the

agreement to murder the victim was actually discussed or tacit, when the

Defendant left Ms. Johnson in the house alone with the victim to go and dig the

victim’s grave, and she did not untie the victim or call for help, there was sufficient

evidence for the jury to reasonably infer that the Defendant and Ms. Johnson

entered into an agreement to kill the victim.”); State v. Hampton, 38,017-KA to

38,022-KA, pp. 9-10 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/28/04), 865 So.2d 284, 291-92 (The jury

could have reasonably found sufficient evidence of a conspiracy “when the driver

of the SUV, acting either on a predetermined plan or at [the defendant’s] direction,

stopped the vehicle at Mr. Lowe’s driveway. This act shows that the driver of the

vehicle [] was acting in concert with [the defendant],” in committing the robbery).

In State v. Gutter, 393 So.2d 700, 702 (La. 1981), the defendant pulled his

vehicle into a gas station behind the victims’ vehicle, and his two passengers exited

and proceeded to rob the victims at gunpoint. During the robberies, the victims

noticed the defendant standing “approximately one foot from the rear of [the

victim’s] car” where he was “able to observe the robberies, yet he made no attempt

to interfere with or otherwise question the acts of his companions;” the defendant

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then drove away with the perpetrators after they divided the stolen property

between them following the offense. Id. The Supreme Court found that the

evidence presented supported the inference that the defendant acted as a “lookout”

while his companions robbed the victims at gunpoint and was sufficient to show

that the defendant “either combined or agreed to commit the criminal act.” Id.

Although the defendant was on trial for armed robbery, the Court held that the

evidence was sufficient to establish a prima facie case of conspiracy. Id.

Although there is no direct evidence of a verbal agreement between

Defendant and his co-perpetrators, the circumstantial evidence overwhelmingly

supports the existence of a conspiracy. Surveillance footage shows Defendant,

Alec, Arec, and Tank leaving Bruno’s Tavern together and following Victim and

his friends to the vehicle. The four assailants strategically surrounded the truck,

blocking all exits before demanding that Victim empty his pockets while

brandishing at least one firearm. Immediately after the gunshots, all four

individuals fled the scene together, further supporting an inference of shared intent.

Moreover, none of the four individuals attempted to stop the attack, remove

themselves from the scene, or report the crime. Their collective failure to intervene

strengthens the inference of coordinated intent, as Louisiana courts have found that

a passive defendant’s failure to object or intervene may be considered evidence of

intent. See State v. Fernandez, 09-1727, p. 10 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d

219, 226-27. Additionally, Defendant’s initial false statement to police claiming he

left Bruno’s Tavern alone, contradicted by surveillance footage showing him

walking with the other perpetrators toward the crime scene, is further indicative of

guilt. See State v. Aspara, 113 La. 940, 37 So. 883 (1904) (holding that false

exculpatory statements may be considered as evidence of guilt).

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Based on the totality of the evidence, a rational jury could conclude that

Defendant and his co-perpetrators conspired to commit armed robbery. Their

coordinated movements, synchronized attack, demand for Victim to empty his

pockets, and immediate flight from the scene provide sufficient circumstantial

evidence of an agreement. Because the State presented sufficient evidence to

establish both an agreement and an overt act in furtherance of that agreement,

Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit armed robbery was supported by

the evidence.

Excessive Sentences

Defendant asserts that the district court erred in imposing excessive

sentences on both of his convictions and in failing to consider the sentencing

criteria set forth in La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.1. The State argues that because Defendant

did not file a motion to reconsider sentence in the district court, he is precluded

from raising his objection to the sentences on appeal.

La. C.Cr.P. art. 881.1 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

A. (1) In felony cases, within thirty days following the
imposition of sentence or within such longer period as
the trial court may set at sentence, the state or the
defendant may make or file a motion to reconsider
sentence.
...
B. The motion shall be oral at the time of sentence or
shall be in writing thereafter and shall set forth the
specific grounds on which the motion is based.
...
E. Failure to make or file a motion to reconsider sentence
or to include a specific ground upon which a motion to
reconsider sentence may be based, including a claim of
excessiveness, shall preclude the state or the defendant
from raising an objection to the sentence or from urging
any ground not raised in the motion on appeal or review.

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“[A] simple objection to the sentence is sufficient to preserve appellate

review on the grounds of excessiveness.” State v. Mitchell, 21-0488, p. 4 (La. App.

4 Cir. 12/15/21), 334 So.3d 449, 452 (quoting State v. Kirkling, 04-1906, p. 6 (La.

App. 4 Cir. 5/18/05), 904 So.2d 786, 790). However, “[w]here a defendant merely

objects to the excessiveness of the sentence without stating the specific grounds for

his objection, he is limited to a bare review of the sentence for constitutional

excessiveness.” State v. Barnes, 01-489, p. 3 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01), 800 So.2d

973, 976 (citing State v. Hester, 99-426, p. 10 (La. App. 5 Cir. 9/28/99), 746 So.2d

95, 103).

In the case sub judice, defense counsel failed to file a motion to reconsider

sentence and merely stated, “Note our objection.” As a result, Defendant’s

appellate review is limited to constitutional excessiveness, meaning that the court

may only determine whether the sentence violates the constitutional prohibition

against excessive punishment. See Barnes, 01-489, p. 3, 800 So.2d at 976.

Defendant was sentenced to twenty-five years for manslaughter and twenty-

five years for conspiracy to commit armed robbery, without the benefit of parole,

probation, or suspension of sentence and with both sentences running concurrently.

Under Louisiana law, manslaughter carries a maximum penalty of forty years at

hard labor, see La. R.S. 14:31(B), and conspiracy to commit armed robbery carries

a sentencing range of ten to forty-nine and a half years, without benefits. See La.

R.S. 14:64 and La. R.S. 14:26. Even when a sentence falls within the statutory

range, it may still be considered excessive if it “shocks the sense of justice” or is

grossly disproportionate to the severity of the offense. See State v. Bertrand, 04-

1496, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/15/04), 891 So.2d 752, 757.

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A trial court has broad discretion in sentencing, and an appellate court may

only overturn a sentence if there is a manifest abuse of discretion. See State v.

Cann, 471 So.2d 701, 703 (La. 1985). The relevant inquiry is not whether a

different sentence might have been more appropriate, but whether the imposed

sentence is excessive under the circumstances. See State v. Walker, 00-3200, p. 2

(La. 10/12/01), 799 So.2d 461, 462.

The evidence presented at trial could have supported a conviction for second

degree murder, which carries a mandatory life sentence under La. R.S. 14:30.1.

Louisiana courts recognize that a trial court may consider the nature of the offense

and whether the lesser conviction adequately reflects the defendant’s culpability.

See State v. Lewis, 09-1404, p. 8 (La. 10/22/10), 48 So.3d 1073, 1078. In the case

sub judice, Defendant benefitted substantially from the jury’s decision to return a

lesser responsive verdict of manslaughter, thereby avoiding a mandatory life

sentence.

Additionally, the circumstances of the crime justify the imposed sentence.

The evidence showed that Defendant and his accomplices followed Victim from

Bruno’s Tavern to his parked car in an attempt to remain undetected, ambushed

him, and ultimately shot and killed him over a small quantity of marijuana. This

deliberate and violent attack, coupled with the fact that Defendant played an active

role in the offense, supports the district court’s decision to impose a significant, but

not maximum, sentence.

Considering the nature of the crime, the substantial benefit Defendant

received from the jury’s verdict, and the fact that his sentences fall well below the

statutory maximums, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing

22

Defendant. Therefore, Defendant’s claim that his sentences are excessive is

without merit.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions and sentences.

AFFIRMED

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