Paulette McKnight v. Alondra Villareal, and Redpoint County Mutual Insurance Company

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NO. 2023 CA 0157

PAULETTE MCKNIGHT

VERSUS

ALONDRA VILLAREAL AND
REDPOINT COUNTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

Judgment Rendered: OCT 18 2023

Appealed from the
19th Judicial District Court
e1XI j
In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge
State of Louisiana
Docket No. 679744

The Honorable Kelly Balfour, Judge Presiding

Dele A. Adebamiji Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant,
Felicia E. Adebamiji Paulette McKnight
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Rachel M. Roe Counsel for Defendant/Appellee,
D. Scott Rainwater Redpoint County Mutual Insurance
Baton Rouge, Louisiana Company

BEFORE: McCLENDON, HESTER, AND MILLER, JJ.

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MILLER, J.

In this automobile accident case, Paulette McKnight appeals the trial court' s

October 20, 2022 judgment, which granted the motion for summary judgment filed

by Redpoint County Mutual Insurance Company and dismissed with prejudice

Paulette McKnight' s claims against it. For the following reasons, we reverse and

remand.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Paulette McKnight (" Paulette"), a resident of Louisiana, filed suit to recover

damages for injuries allegedly sustained in an April 19, 2018 automobile accident

that occurred in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, when the vehicle driven by

Alondra Villareal (" Alondra") struck Paulette' s vehicle. At the time of the

accident, Alondra had an automobile liability insurance policy with Redpoint

County Mutual Insurance Company (" Redpoint"). Paulette filed a petition for

damages naming Alondra and Redpoint as defendants.

Thereafter, Redpoint filed a motion for summary judgment, seeking a

judgment that Texas law governs and requires dismissal of Paulette' s claims

against Redpoint. Redpoint contended that Roger Villareal' s (" Roger")

misrepresentation about where the vehicle was garaged voided the automobile

liability insurance policy.' In support of its motion, Redpoint attached the affidavit

of Michael McClure, a certified copy of the Redpoint policy, an endorsement to the

policy, a rescission letter, a copy of the cashed rescission check, the affidavit of

Brian Rodriguez, and a crash report.

On September 20, 2022, Paulette filed an opposition to Redpoint' s motion

for summary judgment. However, Paulette' s opposition was not timely filed

pursuant to La. C. C.P. art. 966( B)( 2), so it was not considered by the trial court.

Roger is Alondra' s father and the insured. Alondra is listed as an additional driver on
the policy.

2

After a hearing on September 26, 2022, the trial court signed a judgment

dated October 20, 2022, granting Redpoint' s motion for summary judgment and
The trial court
dismissing Paulette' s claims against Redpoint with prejudice.

determined that, under both Texas and Louisiana law, there was no genuine issue

of material fact and the insurance policy was void. Paulette now appeals,

contending that the trial court erred in granting Redpoint' s motion for summary

judgment.

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

After an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion for summary

judgment shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents

show there is no genuine issue of material fact and the mover is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(3). The summary judgment

procedure is favored and shall be construed to secure the just, speedy, and

inexpensive determination of every action. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 2). The court

may consider only those documents filed in support of or in opposition to the

motion for summary judgment and shall consider any documents to which no

objection is made. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 2). In determining whether summary

judgment is appropriate, appellate courts review evidence de novo under the same

criteria that governs the trial court' s determination of whether summary judgment
1St
is appropriate. In re Succession of Beard, 2013- 1717 ( La. App. Cir. 616114), 147

So. 3d 753, 759- 60.

The initial burden of proof is on the party filing the motion for summary

judgment. La. C.C. P. art. 966( D)( 1). The mover may meet this burden by filing

supporting documentary evidence consisting of pleadings, memoranda, affidavits,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, certified medical records, stipulations, and

admissions with the motion for summary judgment. La. C. C.P. art. 966( A)(4). The

mover' s supporting documentary evidence must prove the essential facts necessary

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to carry its burden. See Crockerham v. Louisiana Medical Mutual Insurance

Company, 2017- 1590 ( La. App. I" Cir. 6/ 21/ 18), 255 So. 3d 604, 608.

Once the motion for summary judgment has been properly supported by the

moving party, and the mover has made a prima facie showing that the motion for

summary judgment should be granted, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to

produce factual support, through the use of proper documentary evidence attached

to her opposition, sufficient to establish that she will be able to satisfy her

evidentiary burden of proof at trial, that is, the existence of a genuine issue of

material fact or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Trichell v. McClure, 2021- 1240 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 8/ 22), 341 So. 3d 856, 860. In

a situation where the motion is not opposed and the mover has made a proper

showing that resolves the issues material to its motion, the motion should be

granted. If, however, the mover' s showing is insufficient and does not entitle

mover to summary judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should be

denied. See La. C. C. P. art. 966.

A fact is " material" when its existence or nonexistence may be essential to a

plaintiff' s cause of action under the applicable theory of recovery. Kasem v. State

Farm Fire & Casualty Company, 2016- 0217 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 10/ 17), 212 So. 3d

6, 13. Because the applicable substantive law determines materiality, whether a

particular fact in dispute is material must be viewed in light of the substantive law

applicable to the case. Bryant v. Premium Food Concepts, Inc., 2016- 0770 ( La.

App. 1st Cir. 4/ 26/ 17), 220 So. 3d 79, 82, writ denied, 2017- 0873 ( La. 9/ 29117),

227 So. 3d 288.

CONFLICT OF LAWS

On appeal, Paulette asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment because there are genuine issues of material fact. Paulette further

contends that Louisiana law should apply, not Texas law. Pursuant to the Louisiana

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Supreme Court case of Champagne v. Ward, 2003- 3211 ( La. 1119105), 893 So. 2d

773, we must first determine whether there is a difference between Louisiana' s law

and the law of the foreign state. Once that determination is made, a choice -of l-aw

analysis must be conducted, as codified by La. C.C. arts. 3515 and 3537, to

determine which state' s law applies to the interpretation of the policy. Champagne,

893 So. 2d at 786. Accordingly, we must compare Texas and Louisiana law, to

determine if a difference exists.

Redpoint contends that Roger misrepresented facts when he filled out the

endorsement request form. Under Texas law, a misrepresentation in an application

for an accident insurance policy does not defeat recovery under the policy unless

the misrepresentation is of a material fact and affects the risks assumed. Tex. Ins.

Code Ann. § 705. 051 ( West). Additionally, insurers must plead and prove intent to

deceive to avoid contractual liability based on a misrepresentation. Proof of a

material inaccuracy is not enough. American National Insurance Company v. Arce,

672 S. W.3d 347, 359 ( Tex. 2023). In contrast, under Louisiana law, a

misrepresentation in an application for accident insurance bars recovery if the false

statement was made with actual intent to deceive or the false statement materially

affected the acceptance of the risk or the hazard assumed by the insurer under the

policy. La. R.S. 22: 860. Thus, there is a difference between Texas law and

Louisiana law.

Texas law requires the misrepresentation ( 1) to be of a material fact, ( 2) to

affect the risks assumed, and ( 3) to be made with an intent to deceive, and

Louisiana law requires the misrepresentation ( 1) to be made with actual intent to

deceive, ( 2) to have materially affected the acceptance of the risk, or ( 3) to have

materially affected the hazard assumed by the insurer. Therefore, in accordance

with Champagne, a choice -of l-aw analysis is necessary to determine which state' s

law applies to the interpretation of the contract.

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Louisiana Civil Code article 3515 provides as follows:

Except as otherwise provided in this Book, an issue in a case having
contacts with other states is governed by the law of the state whose
policies would be most seriously impaired if its law were not applied
to that issue.

That state is determined by evaluating the strength and pertinence of
the relevant policies of all involved states in the light of: ( 1) the

relationship of each state to the parties and the dispute; and ( 2) the
policies and needs of the interstate and international systems,

including the policies of upholding the justified expectations of parties
and of minimizing the adverse consequences that might follow from
subjecting a party to the law of more than one state.

Additionally, La. C.C. art. 3537 provides:

Except as otherwise provided in this Title, an issue of conventional
obligations is governed by the law of the state whose policies would
be most seriously impaired if its law were not applied to that issue.

That state is determined by evaluating the strength and pertinence of
the relevant policies of the involved states in the light of: ( 1) the

pertinent contacts of each state to the parties and the transaction,

including the place of negotiation, formation, and performance of the
contract, the location of the object of the contract, and the place of
domicile, habitual residence, or business of the parties; ( 2) the nature,
type, and purpose of the contract; and ( 3) the policies referred to in
Article 3515, as well as the policies of facilitating the orderly planning
of transactions, of promoting multistate commercial intercourse, and
of protecting one party from undue imposition by the other.

Louisiana' s Conflict of Laws provisions provide for the balancing of

competing interests between the involved states. Champagne, 893 So. 2d at 786.

The objective of those provisions is to identify the state whose policies would be

most seriously impaired if its laws were not applied to the issue at hand. See La.

C. C. arts. 3515 and 3537. With respect to the instant case, the law of the state

applicable to the insurance contract is determined by evaluating the strength and

pertinence of the relevant policies of the involved states in light of the factors set

forth in those Civil Code articles. Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government v.

Brown, 2022- 0223 ( La. App. 1" Cir. 9/ 16122), 2022 WL 4285934, * 4

unpublished).

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Our review of the record establishes the following contacts with the State of

Louisiana: the vehicle was ultimately registered and garaged in Louisiana; Alondra

resided in Louisiana; Paulette resided or was domiciled in Louisiana; and the

accident occurred in Louisiana. In contrast, our review of the record establishes the

following contacts with the State of Texas: the contract was negotiated and formed

in Texas; and Roger resided or was domiciled in Texas.

These contacts must be considered in light of the competing public policies

and interests between the states of Louisiana and Texas. Louisiana has a strong

interest in promoting full recovery for innocent automobile accident victims.

Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government, 2022 WL 4255934, at * 4. On the

other hand, Texas has an interest in the regulation of its insurance industry and in

the contractual obligations that are inherent parts thereof. The integrity of the

contract is a substantial and real interest. The fact that Congress has allowed fifty

states to have their own uniform system of regulations governing insurance

strongly suggests this is a legitimate public purpose. Champagne, 893 So. 2d at

788. As such, courts of this state have often found that the state where the

insurance policy was issued had a more substantial interest in applying its laws

than the state where the accident occurred. Latorre v. Hunter, 2020- 0802 ( La. App.

I" Cir. 2122121), 2021 WL 672966, * 5 ( unpublished).

After our de novo review of the facts of this case, we conclude that Texas

has a more substantial interest in the uniform application of its laws governing

insurance contracts. Therefore, under a conflict -of l-aws analysis, Texas is the state

whose interests are the most seriously impaired if its law is not applied to the

insurance policy. This determination comports with the conclusion reached in

Champagne, 893 So. 2d at 789.

2 Alondra indicated that her residence was Louisiana on all of the paperwork pertaining to
buying and registering her vehicle. However, we note that she has a Texas driver' s license.
Thus, it is not clear where Alondra was domiciled.

7

TEXAS LAW

An insurance policy is a contract that establishes the respective rights and

obligations to which an insurer and its insured have mutually agreed. Insurance

policies are construed as contracts and enforced as contracts. Under Texas

Insurance Code § 705. 051, as explained above in comparison to Louisiana law, a

misrepresentation in an application for a life, accident, or health insurance policy

does not defeat recovery under the policy unless the misrepresentation: ( 1) is of

material fact; and ( 2) affects the risks assumed. The undisputed elements of a claim

for rescission under this statutory provision are: ( 1) the making of the

representation; ( 2) the falsity of the representation; ( 3) reliance thereon by the

insurer; and ( 4) the materiality of the representation. Guzman v. Allstate Assurance

Company, 2023 WL 2064719, at * 5 ( N.D. Tex. Feb. 16, 2023). Additionally, the

Supreme Court of Texas recently held that insurers must plead and prove intent to

deceive to avoid contractual liability based on a misrepresentation, whether the

policy is contestable or not.' Proof of a material inaccuracy is not enough.

American National Insurance Company, 672 S. W.3d at 359. 4
Representation

A representation is made if the applicant signs a statement indicating the

answers in the application are true and correct when the policy is delivered.

Guzman, 2023 WL 2064719, at * 5. On March 23, 2018, Roger attached a digital

signature to an automobile insurance application, which indicated that his vehicle,

3 The Supreme Court of Texas stated that adherence to precedent remains the touchstone
of a neutral legal system that provides stability and reliability, so departures from precedent must
be carefully considered and should be rare. In over a hundred years, there has been no indication
that the Legislature disagrees with the common-law approach to enforcement of insurance
contracts. American National Insurance Company, 672 S. W.3d at 359.

in Robles v. Cox Insurance Grou LLC, 2022 WL 188377, at * 2 ( Tex. App. -Fort
Worth, 2022), which was an automobile insurance rescission case, the court stated that an insurer
must prove five elements to be entitled to avoidance of an insurance policy on misrepresentation
grounds: ( 1) the making of the representation; ( 2) the falsity of the representation; ( 3) reliance
thereon by the insurer; ( 4) the intent to deceive on the part of the insured making the same; and
5) the materiality of the representation.

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a 2010 Toyota Tundra, would be located in Texas. No garage location was

indicated on the forms. At the bottom of the application, Roger signed a statement

that provided, " I agree if such information is false, or misleading[,] or would

materially affect acceptance of the risk by Company ... that such policy will be

null and void and no coverage shall be afforded." Subsequently, on March 29,

2018, Roger attached a digital signature to an endorsement request form, wherein

Roger extended coverage by adding Alondra as an additional driver and her 2010

Toyota Corolla as a covered vehicle. The endorsement request form indicated that

the 2010 Toyota Corolla would be garaged in San Antonio, Texas. The statement

that the vehicle would be garaged in Texas is a representation.

Falsity of Representation

A representation is false if it was untrue at the time it was made. Legion Ins.

Co. v. Texas Timber Group, 2000 WL 1456447, at * 4 ( N.D. Tex. Sept. 29, 2000)

It is now settled law that if the answers to the questions in the [ insurance]

application were untrue at the time they were given, the untrue answers constituted

misrepresentations."). Roger made the statement that the vehicle would be garaged

in Texas on March 29, 2018. Thus, for Roger' s representation to be false, the

statement that the vehicle would be garaged in Texas would have to have been

untrue on March 29, 2018. In paperwork dealing with the purchase and registration

of the vehicle, Alondra provided a Baton Rouge, Louisiana address for herself and

the vehicle. Further, in the vehicle application that Alondra completed on March

29, 2018, she indicated that the vehicle would be " domiciled" in Louisiana. No

objection to this evidence was made by Paulette. Therefore, Roger' s representation

that the vehicle would be garaged in Texas conflicts with Alondra' s representation

to the contrary. However, we are unable to weigh the competing evidence within

summary judgment. See White v. Herbert, 2022- 1333 ( La. App. V Cir. 612123),

So. 3d ----, ----, 2023 WL 3862160, * 3.

6

Materiality of Representation

The representation is material if it actually induces the insurance company to

assume the risk. Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company v. Parker, 362 F. Supp. 3d

380, 401 ( S. D. Tex. 2019). The principal inquiry in determining materiality is

whether the insurer would have accepted the risk if the true facts had been

disclosed. Materiality is determined at the time the policy issued, rather than the

time of the loss. Guzman, 2023 WL 2064719, at * 7.

In support of its motion for summary judgment, Redpoint filed the affidavit

of Michael McClure, the President and Chief Executive Officer of SeaHarbor

Insurance Agency, LLC, which is a managing general agent for Redpoint. McClure

stated that the endorsement provided that the vehicle would be garaged in Texas;

Redpoint is not authorized to do business in Louisiana; Redpoint has never written

insurance in Louisiana; Redpoint was not informed that Alondra was living in

Louisiana and would not be garaging the vehicle in Texas; the policy was

rescinded due to this material representation; and the money paid for the insurance

coverage was reimbursed. Thus, Redpoint has submitted undisputed evidence that,

had it known that the vehicle would be garaged in Louisiana, it would have either

not issued the policy or issued the policy at an increased premium.' Accordingly,

Redpoint has shown that the representation was material.

Reliance by Redpoint on Representation

Only actual knowledge of misrepresentations destroys a defense of fraud.

Koral Industries v. Security -Connecticut Life Ins. Co., 802 S. W.2d 650, 651 ( Tex.

1990) ( per curiam). In the purchase documents, Alondra made it clear that she had

a Baton Rouge, Louisiana address and intended to reside in Baton Rouge, and this

is reflected in the purchase documents submitted by Redpoint. However, Redpoint

5 The policy rescission letter indicates that if the garaging address or primary area of
operation of any listed vehicle moved outside of Texas, the Unacceptable Risk Surcharge would
apply. The Unacceptance Risk Surcharge would increase the premium for such a vehicle by a
factor of five.

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denies actual knowledge prior to issuing the endorsement to the policy that Roger

misrepresented facts or that the vehicle would not be garaged in Texas. Paulette

did not refute that Redpoint relied on the representations in the March 29, 2018

endorsement application and approved the endorsement to the policy at the

standard rate.

Intent to Deceive

As mentioned above, insurers must plead and prove intent to deceive to

avoid contractual liability based on a misrepresentation, whether the policy is

contestable or not. Proof of a material inaccuracy is not enough. American

National Insurance Company, 672 S. W.3d at 359. Redpoint contends that Roger

had the intent to deceive Redpoint when he signed the endorsement request form

because he indicated the vehicle would be garaged in San Antonio, Texas when he

knew it would be garaged in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. However, we are unable to

conclude that Roger intended to make a material, false representation in his

endorsement request form.

The endorsement request form was completed electronically, and it is

unclear from the record whether Roger gave the information to his insurance agent

or whether his insurance agent supplied the garage location based on Roger' s home

address. Neither Alondra nor Roger have been deposed or provided answers to

discovery. Either way, the endorsement showed San Antonio, Texas for the garage

location, and his electronic signature was attached. Redpoint attempts to show that

Roger had an intent to deceive through statements made by Alondra. Assuming

Roger and Alondra gave the information that is attributed to them, it is still not

sufficient to establish an intent to deceive. It is quite possible that Roger' s intent

and Alondra' s intent did not match. When it comes to matters of intent, summary

judgment is rarely appropriate. See John M. Floyd & Associates, Inc. v. Ascension

Credit Union, 2021- 0560 ( La. App. 15t Cir. 12122121), 340 So. 3d 259, 267.

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In support of its motion for summary judgment, Redpoint attached a

rescission letter wherein Michael McClure indicated that Roger told a claims

adjuster that a vehicle was registered in Louisiana. We note that the rescission

letter attached to the affidavit of Michael McClure contains hearsay wherein it

states, " You stated to our claims adjuster that the vehicle was to be registered in

Louisiana by your daughter." See La. C. C. P. art. 967. Roger allegedly made the

statement to an adjuster, and the claims adjuster allegedly told Michael McClure.

However, the letter does not indicate when Roger talked to the adjuster. The fact

that Roger, at some point, allegedly told a claims adjuster that the vehicle was

registered in Louisiana does not establish Roger' s intent to deceive Redpoint at the

time he signed the endorsement or whether he supplied the garage address. Roger

could have had every intention to garage the vehicle at his home in Texas. Perhaps

Alondra did not. Since Redpoint has not established that Roger had the intent to

deceive, we find that Redpoint is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

CONCLUSION

For the above and foregoing reasons, the trial court' s October 20, 2022

judgment granting Redpoint County Mutual Insurance Company' s motion for

summary judgment and dismissing Paulette McKnight' s claims against it is

reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are assessed to

Redpoint County Mutual Insurance Company.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NO. 2023 CA 0157

PAULETTE MCKNIGNT

VERSUS

ALONDRA VILLAREAL AND
REDPOINT COUNTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY

McClendon, J., concurs.

I find that the motion for summary judgment filed by Redpoint County Mutual

Insurance Company is premature at this time.