Mark P. Glago v. Stacy P. Glago

MARK P. GLAGO * NO. 2024-C-0295

VERSUS *
COURT OF APPEAL
STACY P. GLAGO *
FOURTH CIRCUIT
*
STATE OF LOUISIANA
*******

APPLICATION FOR WRITS DIRECTED TO
CIVIL DISTRICT COURT, ORLEANS PARISH
NO. 2023-08093, DIVISION “H”
HONORABLE Lakeisha N. Jefferson,
******
Judge Sandra Cabrina Jenkins
******
(Court composed of Chief Judge Terri F. Love, Judge Sandra Cabrina Jenkins,
Judge Nakisha Ervin-Knott)

Steven J. Lane
Jennifer J. Greene
BEY AND ASSOCIATES, LLC
650 Poydras Street, Suite 2610
New Orleans, Louisiana 70130

Theon Wilson
1100 Poydras Street, Suite 1160
New Orleans, Louisiana 70163

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/RESPONDENT

Frank P. Tranchina, Jr.
James E. Moorman, III
Leslie A. Bonin
TRANCHINA LAW FIRM
321 East Kirkland Street
Covington, Louisiana 70443

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/RELATOR

WRIT GRANTED;
JUDGMENT VACATED;
REMANDED
JUNE 12, 2024

SCJ
TFL
NEK
Relator/defendant Stacy Glago seeks review of the trial court’s April 25,

2024 judgment denying her Motion to Unseal the Record/Motion to Vacate August

14, 2023 Order Sealing the Entire Record. For the foregoing reasons, we grant the

writ application, vacate the trial court’s judgment sealing the record and remand

the matter to the trial court for a contradictory hearing consistent with Copeland v.

Copeland, 2006-1023 (La. 6/2/06), 930 So.2d 940 (Copeland I) and Copeland v.

Copeland, 2007-0177 (La. 10/16/07), 966 So.2d 1040 (Copeland II).

The parties were married on July 23, 2011, and thereafter established their

matrimonial domicile in Orleans Parish. Plaintiff Mark Glago filed a petition for

divorce on August 14, 2023. Included with the petition for divorce was a motion

to seal the record. The trial court granted the motion to seal on August 14, 2023.

Defendant Stacy Glago, in an August 25, 2023 Affidavit of Acceptance of Service,

accepted the petition of divorce, waiving notice and legal delays, amongst other

things. She also filed an answer and reconventional demand on the same date.

Stacy Glago subsequently filed a motion to unseal the record on February 23,

2024. The motion was heard on April 18, 2024, and the trial court rendered

judgment on April 25, 2024, denying the motion to unseal the record.

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Relator, Stacy Glago, argues that her rights to due process were violated

when the trial court granted Respondent, Mark Glago’s, motion to seal the record

ex parte. Ms. Glago asserts that sealing the record violates La. Const. Art. I, §22

(requiring open courts) and La. Const. Art. XII, §3 (right to observe public body

deliberations), and that, under Louisiana jurisprudence, public records generally

are not subject to being sealed. Ms. Glago relies upon the Louisiana Supreme

Court’s decision in Copeland II and subsequent jurisprudence.

Mr. Glago opposes the motion to unseal, suggesting that Copeland II is

inapposite to this case because his clients’ privacy interests outweigh the public’s

right to access the courts, citing Rule 1.6 of the Louisiana Rules of Professional

Conduct1. He also suggests that his contractual and fiduciary obligations to his

business partners to maintain confidentiality in their shared cases outweighs the

public’s right to access the courts.

A review of the transcript of the hearing conducted on the motion to unseal

reveals that the trial court did not consider these issues, but determined that Ms.

Glago could not seek review of the prior order sealing the record through a motion

to unseal. The trial court stated that Ms. Glago was using the wrong procedural

method to seek review of the ex parte grant of Mr. Glago’s motion to seal.

Notably, no testimony or evidence was presented at the hearing; only argument of

counsel was provided.

1 Rule 1.6 provides, in pertinent part:

(a) A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to the representation of a client
unless the client gives informed consent, the disclosure is impliedly authorized in
order to carry out the representation or the disclosure is permitted by paragraph
(b).

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Initially, it must be noted that the trial court committed legal error in

determining that Ms. Glago could not proceed with a motion to unseal the record.

The trial court’s ex parte judgment granting the motion to seal the judgment was

an interlocutory ruling, which can be revisited at any time by the trial court. La.

C.C.P. article 1915(B)(2); Koerner v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London,

2024-00134 (La. 3/19/24), 381 So.3d 702. Ms. Glago was not limited to filing an

application for supervisory writs from the original ruling, or filing a motion for

reconsideration within a certain period of time.

A trial court’s judgment on a motion to seal the record is subject to an abuse

of discretion review. Copeland II, supra; Patterson v. Charles, 2019-0333 (La.

App. 4 Cir. 9/11/19), 282 So.3d 1075. In the present case, the trial court

committed legal error in failing to conduct a contradictory evidentiary hearing as

required in Copeland I and Copeland II. Because the trial court committed legal

error, review by this Court is de novo. Succession of Robiho, 2019-0858, (La.

App. 4 Cir. 12/30/20), 312 So.3d 673.

The Louisiana Supreme Court discussed, in great detail, motions to seal the

record in light of this state’s constitutional provisions that provided for open

courts, in the Copeland v. Copeland cases. In Copeland I, the Supreme Court, in a

per curiam opinion, considered the trial court’s judgment that granted the parties’

joint motion to seal the record and sealed the entire record. The trial court denied

the Times-Picayune’s motion to intervene and unseal the record. The Supreme

Court vacated the trial court’s judgment sealing the record and remanded for a

hearing on the motion to unseal, stating:

La.Code Civ. P. art. 1426 grants the trial court authority to “make any
order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance,
embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense....” In its reasons

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for judgment in the instant case, the trial court indicated its order was
intended to protect the parties' minor children from embarrassment which
might result if information about these proceedings became public.
Nonetheless, the authority granted to the court under La.Code Civ. P.
art. 1426 is tempered by La. Const. Art. I, § 22, which requires all courts to
be open. Citing that article, we recognized there is “a strong societal interest
in public trials.” State v. Birdsong, 422 So.2d 1135 (La.1982). Likewise, we
have held the public has a constitutional right of access to court records. See
Title Research Corp. v. Rausch, 450 So.2d 933 (La.1984).
Considering the strong constitutional bias in favor of open access by
the public to court proceedings, we find the trial court's blanket order sealing
the entire record in this case to be overbroad. Although there may be some
justification for sealing certain sensitive evidence in a proceeding, the parties
have the burden of making a specific showing that their privacy interests
outweigh the public's constitutional right of access to the record. The trial
court, should it grant such relief, must ensure that its order is narrowly
tailored to cause the least interference possible with the right of public
access.

Copeland, 2006-1023, pp. 1-2, 930 So.2d at 941.

Upon remand, the trial court conducted a hearing and sealed substantive

pleadings concerning the parties’ children. The Times-Picayune sought supervisory

review again of the trial court’s judgment and this Court’s denial of supervisory

writs. The Supreme Court granted writs, found that the trial court’s sealing of the

substantive pleadings was not narrowly tailored and too broad, and rendered

judgment unsealing the entire record. The Supreme Court found that the children

could be protected by a redaction of certain information concerning their schools

and the location of the family home. Copeland, 2007-0177, p. 12, 966 So.2d at

1048.

In so holding, the Court discussed the constitutional provision mandating

open courts:

Although there is no express federal constitutional provision
providing for access to judicial records and proceedings, as early as 1947,
the United States Supreme Court held that “a trial is a public event
[and][w]hat transpires in the court room is public property.” Craig v.
Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 374, 67 S.Ct. 1249, 91 L.Ed. 1596 (1947). In 1978,
the Court also recognized that the public has a right to inspect and copy

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public court records. Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc., 435 U.S. 589,
597, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1978).
Unlike the federal constitution, the Louisiana Constitution has an
“open courts” provision, providing that “[a]ll courts shall be open ...” La.
Const. art. I, § 22. Citing this provision, we have held that “[o]penness in
court proceedings may improve the quality of testimony, induce unknown
witnesses to come forward with relevant testimony, cause all trial
participants to perform their duties more conscientiously, and generally give
the public an opportunity to observe the judicial system.” State v. Birdsong,
422 So.2d 1135, 1137 (La.1982) (citing Gannett, supra, 443 U.S. at 383, 99
S.Ct. 2898).
In addition, Article 12, § 3 of the Louisiana Constitution provides that
“[n]o person shall be denied the right to observe the deliberations of public
bodies and examine public documents, except in cases established by law.”
Louisiana's Public Records Law contains a broad definition of public records
and numerous specific exceptions to this law. La. R.S. 44:1(A)(2)(a)
(defining “public records” as “[a]ll books, records, writings ... having been
used, ... or retained for use in the conduct, transaction, or performance of any
business ... under the authority of the constitution or the law of this state
...”); La. R.S. 44:31 (mandating that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this
Chapter or as otherwise specifically provided by law, and in accordance with
the provisions of this Chapter, any person of the age of majority may
inspect, copy, or reproduce any public record”); see also La. C.C.P. art. 251
(providing that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law, [the clerk of court]
shall permit any person to examine, copy, photograph, or make a
memorandum of any of these records at any time during which the clerk's
office is required by law to be open”).
Recognizing the public's right of access to public records is of
constitutional dimension, we held in Title Research Corp. v. Rausch, 450
So.2d 933, 936 (La. 1984), that the right of the public to have access to
mortgage and conveyance records on file with the clerk of court “is a
fundamental right, and is guaranteed by the constitution.” We further held:
The provision of the constitution must be construed liberally in
favor of free and unrestricted access to the records, and that access
can be denied only when a law, specifically and unequivocally,
provides otherwise. Whenever there is doubt as to whether the public
has the right of access to certain records, the doubt must be resolved
in favor of the public's right to see. To allow otherwise would be an
improper and arbitrary restriction on the public's constitutional rights.
Id.
Since Title Research Corp., we have reaffirmed that “the public has a
constitutional right of access to court records.” Copeland I, supra, 930 So.2d
at 941 (citing Title Research Corp., supra ); In re John Doe, 96–2222
(La.9/13/96), 679 So.2d 900, 901(holding that “[a]s a general rule, pleadings
filed in this Court are public records and are not subject to being sealed.”)

Copeland, 2007-0177, pp. 3-5, 966 So.2d at 1042-1044.

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The Court recognized that general codal articles provide for a trial court’s

discretion in sealing all or part of a court record, referencing La. C.C.P. article 191,

which provides that “a court possesses inherently all of the power necessary for the

exercise of its jurisdiction even though not granted expressly by law,” and La.

C.C.P. article 1631(A) which states “[t]he court has the power to require that the

proceedings shall be conducted with dignity and in an orderly and expeditious

manner, and to control the proceedings at the trial, so that justice is done.”

The Supreme Court noted that the trial court in Copeland II treated the

motion to seal as a motion for protective order pursuant to La C.C.P. article 1426.

The Court found that the standard provided for granting a motion for protective

order, which allows for the granting of such motions when justice requires to

protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue

burden or expense, is too low to be applied to motions to seal court records. The

Supreme Court found that the “trial court erred in treating this motion to seal as a

motion for protective order under La. C.C.P. art. 1426. A party's claim of mere

‘annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense’ is not

enough to overcome the public's right of access to public records.” Copeland,

2007-0117, p. 7, 966 So.2d at 1046.

The Supreme Court concluded that a trial court must analyze the competing

constitutional rights and employ a balancing test to determine whether a motion to

seal should be granted. The Court concluded:

Considering the strong constitutional bias in favor of open access by
the public to court proceedings, we find the trial court's blanket order sealing
the entire record in this case to be overbroad. Although there may be some
justification for sealing certain sensitive evidence in a proceeding, the parties
have the burden of making a specific showing that their privacy interests
outweigh the public's constitutional right of access to the record. The trial
court, should it grant such relief, must ensure that its order is narrowly

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tailored to cause the least interference possible with the right of public
access.

Copeland, supra at 941.

This balancing test properly subjects the parties' request to have the
record sealed to the trial court's discretion, which has supervisory power
over its own records and files, placing the burden of proof on the parties
seeking closure, and balancing the parties' privacy interests against the
public's constitutional rights of access to court proceedings and documents.

Copeland, 2007-0177, p. 10, 966 So.2d at 1047.

This Court has applied Copeland I and Copeland II in several cases. In Loeb

v. Vergara, 2020-0261, p. 21 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/27/21), 313 So.3d 346, 363, this

Court applied Copeland II to conclude that the trial court’s ruling sealing the entire

record and all of the exhibits filed was unconstitutional and not narrowly tailored.

This Court found that Ms. Vergara’s redaction of personally identifiable

information from all deposition transcripts and exhibits sufficiently protected Mr.

Loeb’s privacy.

The defendant in Patterson, supra, sought review of the trial court’s

judgment ordering the transcript of the minor child, L.J.’s, Watermeier testimony

to be sealed. The trial court stated in its judgment that the transcript was “sealed

due to the delicate issues involved in the case.” Patterson, 2019-0333, p. 24, 282

So.3d at 1091. The Court relied upon and quoted both Copeland I and Copeland II

in holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sealing the hearing

transcript. This Court stated:

Furthermore, the trial court only sealed the portion of the transcript
containing L.J.'s in-chambers interview, it did not seal the entire transcript
and thus narrowly tailored the information to be sealed. Additionally, while
the parties in this litigation have an interest in the court records, there does
not appear to be a discernable public interest in the content of L.J.'s sealed
testimony. Therefore, in applying the balancing test of Copeland II, it would
appear that that maintaining the confidentiality of L.J.'s testimony outweighs

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the right of public access to the transcript. As such, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in sealing the Watermeier transcript.

Patterson, 2019-0333, p. 28, 282 So.3d at 1093.

In Vagelos v. Abramson, 2012-1235 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/2/13), 126 So.3d

639, the defendant, Abramson, filed a motion to seal the appellate record. The

basis for the motion was that the trial court had previously granted the plaintiff’s

unopposed motion to seal the record, which had been filed the day the petition for

damages was filed. The motion to seal the record filed in the trial court provided

that the plaintiffs were seeking to the seal the record for thirty days so that possible

resolution of the case could be explored. The trial court granted the motion and

ordered that “any reference to the suit caption and the suit indices be omitted for

thirty days.” Vagelos, 2012-1235, p. 8, 126 So.3d at 644. This Court discussed

Copeland I and Copeland II and emphasized that under these cases, the test

employed by the court must balance:

“[T]he parties[’] privacy interests against the public's constitutional
rights of access to court proceedings and documents.” Copeland II,
[20]07–0177 at p. 10, 966 So.2d at 1047. The Court explained:
Although there may be some justification for sealing certain
sensitive evidence in a proceeding, the parties have the burden of
making a specific showing that their privacy interests outweigh the
public's constitutional right of access to the record. The trial court,
should it grant such relief, must ensure that its order is narrowly tailored
to cause the least interference possible with the right of public access.
Copeland II, [20]07–0177 at p. 10, 966 So.2d at 1047 (emphasis added).

Vagelos, 2012-1235, p. 10, 126 So.3d at 645 (emphasis in original).

This Court denied the motion to seal the record because the original motion

to seal and the order sealing the record were not narrowly tailored to cause the least

interference possible with the right of public access.

In the present case, although the plaintiffs filed a motion requesting
that the record be sealed for a limited period of thirty days, the seal remained
active in the case throughout the duration of the trial court proceedings. Not

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only did this have the effect of extending the concealment of the records
beyond 30–days authorized by the trial court, it also allowed the parties to
avoid satisfying their burden of proving that the request was not overly
broad. Because the court's ultimate action in sealing the entire record
exceeded the scope of the parties' original motion to seal and the order
issued by the court, this action was not “narrowly tailored to cause the
least interference possible with the right of public access” as required by
law. Copeland II, [20]07–0177 at p. 10, 966 So.2d at 1047.
Based on the foregoing, Abramson's motion to seal the record of
appeal is denied. The trial court did not conduct a hearing on the matter and
there is nothing in the record before us to indicate that the parties satisfied
their burden of proving the existence of private and sensitive information
which would outweigh the public's constitutional right of access to the
records in this proceeding.

Vagelos, 2012-1235, pp. 11, 126 So.3d at 645-646.

In the present case, the trial court did not conduct a hearing when it granted

Mr. Glago’s motion to seal the record, and it did not conduct an evidentiary

hearing when it considered Ms. Glago’s motion to unseal the record. In light of the

Copeland cases and subsequent cases from this Court, the trial court abused its

great discretion in granting the motion to seal and denying the motion to unseal the

record without an evidentiary hearing at which the parties could produce evidence

to support their arguments. At the hearing, Mr. Glago would bear the burden of

proving the existence of private and sensitive information which outweighs the

public’s constitutional right of access to the records in this proceeding.

Accordingly, the application for supervisory writs is granted, the trial court’s

judgment granting the motion to seal the record is vacated, and the matter is

remanded for a contradictory evidentiary hearing consistent with the Supreme

Court’s rulings in Copeland I and Copeland II.

WRIT GRANTED; TRIAL COURT’S JUDGMENT
GRANTING MOTION TO SEAL IS VACATED; REMANDED TO THE
TRIAL COURT FOR CONTRADICTORY HEARING CONSISTENT
WITH COPELAND I AND COPELAND II.

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