Jared Arthur Cunningham v. Borden Dairy Company of Texas, LLC, Dairy Farmers of America, Inc., Entergy Louisiana, LLC and Chubb Custom Insurance Company

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

2024 CA 0 104

VERSUS

BORDEN DAIRY COMPANY OF TEXAS, LLC, DAIRY FARMERS
OF AMERICA, INC., ENTERGY LOUISIANA, LLC AND CHUBB
CUSTOM INSURANCE COMPANY

DATEOFJUDGMENT- DEC 0 6 2024

ON APPEAL FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NUMBER C681901, SECTION 22

L. Clayton Burgess Counsel for Plaintiff A
- ppellant
Liza R. Trahan Jared Arthur Cunningham
Cole H. Delcambre
Lafayette, Louisiana

Christopher K. Jones Counsel for Defendants -Appellees

Tori S. Bowling Borden Dairy Company of Texas,
Chelsea A. Payne LLC, and ACE American Insurance
Brandi A. Barze Company
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Disposition: AFFIRMED.

Chutz, J.

In this personal injury suit, plaintiff, Jared Arthur Cunningham, appeals the

dismissal of his claims against defendants, Borden Dairy Company of Texas, LLC
Borden) and Ace American Insurance Company ( collectively, defendants). We

affirm.

At approximately 6: 00 p.m. on July 2, 2018, plaintiff was seriously injured

when he sustained an electrical shock while on the roof of an abandoned building in
Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The building was part of the former site of a processing

plant owned by Borden ( the Borden property). Defendants do not dispute the

building was littered with broken glass and other trash and was in poor condition,

including a partially -collapsed roof and deteriorated walls, joists, and ceilings. In

July 2017, Borden was sent a notice letter from the East Baton Rouge City/Parish

Department of Development, Neighborhood Improvement Section (EBRD) directing

Borden to either repair or demolish the building by August 11, 2017. Given the poor

state of the Borden property at the time of plaintiff' s July 2018 accident, it is

apparent Borden had not taken any action pursuant to this notice as of that time.

Entergy Louisiana, LLC ( Entergy) provided electrical service to the Borden

property. Several electrical 500 kVA transformers owned and maintained by

Entergy were located on the roof of the Borden building. The transformers were

enclosed by a six -foot -high chain link fence, with an extension consisting of three

strands of barbed wire. There was a sign on the fence stating, " DANGER HIGH

VOLTAGE." The gate to the enclosure was normally locked. Sometime in 2017,

Entergy advised Borden it would no longer service the transformers because of

concerns about the safety of its workers, who could only access the transformers by

going through the dilapidated building.

K

In his deposition, plaintiff testified he and his friend, Matthew Todd Kelly

Kelly), went to the Borden property on the day of the accident to inquire about an

online posting for various jobs. They entered the property through a knocked -down

gate. Plaintiff indicated he believed he had permission to be on the property to apply

for a job due to the online posting, which included the address of the Borden

property. Plaintiff was unable to provide any further details about how the accident

causing his injuries occurred because he testified the accident caused him to suffer

memory loss.

Kelly was the only other person present at the time of the accident. In a sworn

statement given several weeks after the accident, he gave the following account.

Kelly and plaintiff went to the Borden property to inquire about available jobs.

When they heard sounds of work activities coming from the back of the property,

they proceeded through the open front gate. Kelly indicated they went onto the roof

of the building where the transformers were located to get a better view of the

property' s layout to aid them in finding someone to talk to about a job. While on

the roof, Kelly suddenly heard " this really loud like thunderous lightening [ sic]

crack."
Upon turning around, he saw plaintiff falling down face forward. Kelly

grabbed plaintiff' s ankle and pulled him to the stairs they had just ascended. Plaintiff

went into seizures and rolled down the stairs. Kelly called 911 and guided

emergency responders to plaintiff upon their arrival. Plaintiff was transported to a

local hospital and treated for his injuries.

On April 11, 2019, plaintiff filed a personal injury suit against Borden,

Entergy, Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. ( DFOA), and Chubb Custom Insurance

Company ( CCIC), as Borden' s liability insurer. Subsequently, plaintiff filed an

amended petition in which he corrected the name of Borden' s liability insurer from

CCIC to Ace American Insurance Company ( Ace), added Liberty Mutual

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Underwriters, Inc. as an additional defendant, in its capacity as Borden' s excess

insurer, and dismissed its claims against DFOA, without prejudice.

Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue of liability.

Defendants argued they were entitled to immunity under La. R.S. 14: 63( H)' since

plaintiff was trespassing on the Borden property at the time of his injury and,

moreover, plaintiff could not prove all the essential elements of his claim. Borden

also filed a second motion for summary judgment raising a peremptory exception of

res judicata based on an order issued in bankruptcy proceedings it had instituted in

federal court. Plaintiff filed a cross- motion for summary judgment on the issue of

liability. Plaintiff also filed an exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction

regarding Borden' s motion for summary judgment based on res judicata, arguing

any interpretation of the effect of a bankruptcy court' s order was a matter for that

court.

Following a hearing, the district court signed a judgment on September 25,

2024, granting both the motion for summary judgment filed by defendants on

liability and the motion for summary judgment filed by Borden on the issue of res

judicata. The judgment dismissed all of plaintiff s claims against defendants, with

prejudice, and denied plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff now

appeals.

A motion for summary judgment shall be granted only if the motion,

memorandum, and supporting documents admitted for purposes of the motion for

This statute, which deals with criminal trespass, provides:

The provisions of any other law notwithstanding, owners, lessees, and custodians
of structures ... or immovable property shall not be answerable for damages
sustained by any person who enters upon the structure ... or immovable
property without express, legal or implied authorization ... however, the
owner, lessee or custodian of the property may be answerable for damages only
upon a showing that the damages sustained were the result of the intentional acts
or Cgross negligence of the owner, lessee or custodian. ( Emphasis added.)

it

summary judgment show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact, and that

the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(3) &

4). On appeal, appellate courts review the grant or denial of a motion for summary

judgment de novo under the same criteria governing the district court' s consideration

of whether summary judgment is appropriate. Succession ofAbram, 22- 0639 ( La.

App. 1st Cir. 1/ 10/ 23), 2023 WL 142388, * 2, writ not considered, 23- 00318 ( La.

4/ 25/ 23), 359 So. 3d 983.

The burden of proof rests with the mover. But if the moving party will not

bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue before the court on the motion, the

moving party' s burden is satisfied by pointing out an absence of factual support for

one or more elements essential to the adverse party' s claim, action, or defense. La.

C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1). Thereafter, if the adverse party fails to produce factual

evidence sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, the

mover is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C.P. art. 966(D)( 1);

Succession ofAbram, 2023 WL 142388 at * 2.

DISCUSSION

We will first consider the district court' s granting of defendants' motion for

summary judgment on the issue of liability. In a single assignment of error, plaintiff

argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment when several genuine

issues of material fact existed. According to plaintiff, these issues include: the cause

of his accident; whether he was an invitee and/ or had implied permission to enter the

Borden property to apply for ajob; whether Borden was negligent in maintaining its

property; and whether Borden was grossly negligent in failing to take any action to

prevent plaintiffs injuries despite knowing about the dangerous condition of the

Borden property and the transformers.

E

In his petition, plaintiff asserted claims against defendants based on both

negligence under La. C. C. art. 23152 and premises liability under La. C. C. arts. 2317

and 2317. 1 . 3 A negligence claim typically focuses on whether the defendant' s

conduct in allowing an unreasonably dangerous condition to exist on his premises is

negligent, while a premise liability claim focuses on whether the thing itself is

defective, i.e., unreasonably dangerous. Regardless of whether a claim arises in

negligence under La. C. C. art. 2315 or in premises liability under La. C. C. arts. 2317

and 23 17. 1, the defendant' s liability is determined under the same duty/risk analysis.

See Farrell v. Circle K Stores, Inc., 22- 00849 ( La. 3/ 17/ 23), 359 So. 3d 467, 473.

To impose liability, the plaintiff must prove: ( 1) the defendant had a duty to conform

his conduct to a specific standard ( the duty element); ( 2) the defendant' s conduct

failed to conform to the appropriate standard ( the breach element); ( 3) the

defendant' s substandard conduct was a cause -in -fact of the plaintiffs injuries ( the

cause -in -fact element); ( 4) the defendant' s substandard conduct was a legal cause of

the plaintiffs injuries ( the scope of duty element); and, ( 5) actual damages ( the

damages element). Farrell, 359 So. 3d at 473. The failure to prove any one of these

essential elements is fatal to a plaintiff' s claims. See Woods v. Winn- Dixie Stores,

Inc., 22- 0191 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9/ 16/ 22), 353 So. 3d 182, 191.

At trial, plaintiff would bear the burden of proving the elements of his claims

against defendants. Thus, to prevail on summary judgment, defendants were

required to show an absence of factual support for any of the elements of plaintiff s

2 Article 2' )15( A) provides: " Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges him
by whose fault it happened to repair it."

3 Article 2317. 1 provides:

The owner or custodian of a thing is answerable for damage occasioned by its ruin,
vice, or defect, only upon a showing that he knew or, in the exercise of reasonable
care, should have known of the ruin, vice, or defect which caused the damage, that
the damage could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care, and that
he failed to exercise such reasonable care. Nothing in this Article shall preclude the
court from the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in an appropriate case.

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cause of action. See La. C. C.P. art. 966( D)( 1); Farrell, 359 So.3d at 473. While

defendants acknowledge the poor condition of the Borden property, they argue

plaintiff cannot establish the accident was caused by the Borden property' s condition

or any alleged structural defects therein.

In support of their motion for summary judgment, defendants pointed out that

plaintiff failed to identify any specific unreasonably dangerous condition or defect

causing his injury, but instead broadly alleged the condition of the Borden property

posed an unreasonable risk of harm. Defendants presented plaintiffs own

deposition testimony to show he was unable to establish the cause -in -fact element

since he was unable to recall how the accident occurred. Additionally, defendants

presented the sworn statement Kelly gave shortly after the accident, which revealed

he did not observe how the accident occurred and was unable to provide any

information regarding its cause. Defendants also presented the deposition testimony

of Richard Tholburn, a line supervisor employed by Entergy for forty years. Mr.

Tholbum testified he had never seen a primary conductor, such as the rooftop

transformers, arc`s a distance of eight to twelve feet from the wire, and a person would

have had to have been inside the gate in the fenced area surrounding the transformers
to be " electrocuted."

Based on our review, we find defendants successfully pointed out an absence

of factual support for the cause -in -fact element of plaintiffs claims. At that point,

the burden shifted to plaintiff to produce factual support sufficient to satisfy his

evidentiary burden of establishing cause -in -fact at trial. See La. C. C. P. arts.

966( D)( 1) and 967( B); Bass v. RISA Global Solutions, Inc.,
24- 0024 (La. App. I st

Cir. 7/ 24/ 24), So. 3d _, 2024 WL 3517677, * 4.

4 An electrical arc is " a sustained luminous discharge of electricity across a gap See Arc,
Merriam- Webster, https:// www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/ arc ( last accessed November
22, 2024).

To establish cause -in -fact, a plaintiff must prove a cause -and -effect

relationship between a defendant' s conduct and the plaintiffs injuries. The cause -

in -fact test requires that " but for" the defendant' s conduct, the plaintiff would not

have sustained the injuries. Although the cause -in -fact inquiry is a factual

determination best made by the factfinder, summary judgment may be appropriate

when there is no evidence to show that the cause -in -fact element has been met. Bass,

So. 3d at , 2024 WL 3517677 at * 3.

In opposition to defendants' motion, plaintiff presented evidence regarding

the poor condition of the Borden property and Borden' s knowledge of its condition,

including the EBRP notice letter directing Borden to either repair or demolish the

buildings on the property. Plaintiff also relied on the fact that Entergy had advised

Borden sometime in 2017 that it would no longer service the transformers due to the

safety concerns raised by the necessity for Entergy' s workers to proceed through the

dilapidated building to access the rooftop transformers.

In his petition, plaintiff alleged his injuries were caused by an arc flash from

the rooftop transformers. The only evidence plaintiff offered in support of this

allegation was his own deposition testimony that " it' s possible" he was injured by

an arc flash. Plaintiff admitted he had no recollection of how he was injured. He

esti ied he did not remember " pretty much anything"
testified after entering the gate to the

Borden property and was " clueless [ about] what happened." Moreover, we note

plaintiff has presented no expert testimony or other evidence to support his

speculative allegation that his injuries were caused by an arc flash.

Once the burden of proof shifts to the plaintiff on a motion for summary

judgment, he may not rest on the allegations of his pleadings. La. C. C. P. art. 967( B).

Instead, the plaintiff' s response by admissible evidence, must set forth specific facts

showing there is a genuine issue for trial. McCoy v. Manor, 18- 1228 ( La. App. I st
Cir. 5/ 9/ 19), 277 So. 3d 344, 348. Mere speculation will not defeat a motion for

summary judgment.
Conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and

unsupported speculation are insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact.

The essential element of causation must be established beyond the point of

speculation. Bass, So. 3d at 2024 WL 3517677 at * 5.

Plaintiff herein presented no evidence to establish the cause -in -fact of his

injuries beyond his speculative allegation that his injuries were caused by an arc

flash. Relying exclusively on the poor condition of the Borden property to establish

it was unreasonably dangerous, plaintiff alleges he was injured by an arc flash

without providing any supporting evidence. Absent a res ipsa loquitur situation,

however, the mere occurrence of an accident does not give rise to a presumption of

negligence. 5 Bruno v. Blue Bayou Water Park, LLC, 23- 0675 ( La. App. Ist Cir.
12/ 29/ 23), 381 So3d 802, 808.

Accordingly, because plaintiff failed to produce factual support sufficient to

establish he would be able to satisfy his evidentiary burden of proving the cause of

his injuries at trial, there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding this issue.

Plaintiffs inability to establish the accident was caused either by defendants'

negligence or a defect in the Borden property is fatal. The district court properly

granted summary judgment dismissing plaintiff s claims against defendants.' See

5 Plaintiff appears to rely on an argument akin to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to carry his
burden of proof. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, meaning " the thing speaks for itself," permits
the inference of negligence on the part of the defendant from the circumstances surrounding the
injury. Linnear v. CenterPoint Energy EntexlRefiant Energy, 06- 3030 ( La. 9/ 5/ 07), 966 So. 2d
36, 41. Because res ipsa loquitur is an exception to the general rule against presuming negligence
based on the occurrence of an accident, it must be " sparingly applied." Bruno, 381 So. 3d at 810,
n. 3. For res ipsa loquitur to apply, the plaintiff must satisfy three criteria: ( 1) the injury is the kind
that ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence; ( 2) the evidence must sufficiently
eliminate other more probable causes of the injury, such as the conduct of the plaintiff or a third
person; and ( 3) the alleged negligence of the defendant must fall within the scope of his duty to
the plaintiff. Linnear, 966 So. 2d at 41. In this case, because plaintiff cannot recall how the
accident occurred and he presented no other evidence to establish causation, the evidence does not
sufficiently eliminate the possibility that the accident was caused by his own negligent conduct.
Thus, res ipsa loquitur is inapplicable herein.

6 Since we find the district court properly granted summary judgment dismissing plaintiff' s claims
against defendants on the issue of liability, it is unnecessary to address the district court' s granting
of Borden' s second motion for summary judgment based on res judicata. Accordingly, it is also
unnecessary to address the exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction plaintiff filed with
respect to that particular motion for summary judgment. See Bass, _ So. 3dat 2024 WL

Flu

La. C. C. P. arts. 966( D)( 1) and 967( B). Bass, _ So. 3d at 2024 WL 3517677

at * 5.

The existence of issues of fact on other matters raised by plaintiff, such as

whether plaintiff was an invitee or a trespasser and whether Borden was negligent

in maintaining its property, does not preclude summary judgment under the

circumstances.
A fact is material if it potentially insures or precludes recovery,

affects a litigant' s ultimate success, or determines the outcome of the legal dispute.

Primeau.x v. Best Western Plus Houina Inn, 18- 0841 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 28/ 19),

274 So3d 20, 27. In this case, we have determined the lack of any factual support

for the cause -in -fact element of plaintiff' s claims is fatal to and requires the dismissal

of those claims. Therefore, any remaining factual issues are no longer material

because they cannot affect the outcome of this matter.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the September 25, 2024 judgment of the district court is

affirmed. All costs of this appeal are assessed to plaintiff, Jared Arthur Cunningham.

AFFIRMED.

3517677 at * 5. In view of the dismissal of plaintiffs claims on the issue of liability, any issue
regarding the district court' s jurisdiction to hear Borden' s motion for summary judgment based on
resjudicata is moot.

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