John Doe v. The Louisiana Board of Ethics

STATE OF LOUISIANA

i
1941YINI , M

FIRST CIRCUIT

2024 CA 0214

JOHN DOE

VERSUS

THE LOUISIANA BOARD OF ETHICS

DATE OF JUDGMENT.- BEC 202024

ON APPEAL FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NUMBER C734769, SECTION 30

R. Gray Sexton Counsel for Plaintiff A
- ppellee
Alesia M. Ardoin John Doe
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

David M. Bordelon Counsel for Defendant -Appellant
Kathleen M. Allen Louisiana Board of Ethics
Tracy M. Barker
Mallory A. Guillot
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

BEFORE: THERIOT, CHUTZ, AND RESTER, JJ.

CHUTZ, J.

The Louisiana Board of Ethics ( BOE) appeals the district court' s judgment,

granting a preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff, John Doe, enjoining the

BOE from: ( a) investigating Doe for alleged violations of the Louisiana Code of

Governmental of Ethics ( the Ethics Code), arising out of his relationship with a

501( c)( 3) non-profit organization ( the non-profit); and ( b) filing charges or

otherwise taking any enforcement, disciplinary, or punitive action against Doe

arising from his relationship with the non-profit.1 We vacate and remand.

In September 2022, Doe entered into a contractual relationship with the non-

profit to enable the non-profit to provide voluntary assistance to a department of a

municipality. According to the terms of the contract between Doe and the non-

profit, Doe was contractually obligated to report to the municipality' s department

head to provide recommendations which, if enacted by the department head, would

support specific strategic goals related to the department. Doe was also required by

the contract to train an individual chosen by the department head and the chief

executive to work in a newly -created position.

In late 2022, Doe received a certified letter from the BOE advising that the

BOE had instructed its staff to conduct a confidential investigation based on

information suggesting that Doe had violated provisions of the Ethics Code.2 The

letter stated that the purpose of the investigation was to provide the BOE with

information to help it determine " whether it should proceed further with this

I The trial court signed an order sealing the record. To maintain the parties' privacy, we do not
use any identifiable information in our disposition of the matters raised in this appeal. See La.
R. S. 42: 1141. 4( K) & ( L), recognizing the confidential and privileged nature of the subject
matter.

2 An initial notice sent in November failed to comply with the mandated time constraints
required to commence an investigation. On December 6, 2022, a second notice was sent,
advising Doe that the BOE investigation would commence within the statutorily -required time.
See La. R. S. 42: 1141( C)( 1).

matter." A certified copy of the BOE vote included with the letter advised Doe

that, as an employee of the municipality, Doe may have violated the Ethics Code

when he accepted compensation from the non-profit.

On July 20, 2023, Doe filed a petition for declaratory and injunctive relief in

the district court, averring that this case presents, in part, issues of the BOE' s

interpretation and application of the Ethics Code as well as constitutional

challenges to the manner in which the BOE interprets and applies provisions of the

Ethics Code. According to the allegations of his petition, Doe had been under

investigation " almost a full year," but the BOE had yet to determine whether it had

jurisdiction over him.

Doe asserted that because he was not providing the BOE with the additional

documents it was requesting, he believed that " unconstitutionally invalid charges"

would be filed against him. Doe maintained that the public filing of ethics -related

charges would cause immediate and irreparable harm to both him and the non-

profit which could never be fully repaired, causing damage to his reputation and

limiting his ability to enter into future contracts.

Doe cited to Louisiana Bd. of Ethics in re Fontenot, 2014- 0337 ( La. App.

lst Cir. 12/ 30/ 14), 2014 V& 7455199 ( unpublished), in which this court affirmed

the Ethics Adjudicatory Board' s ( EAB) determination that plaintiffs were not

public employees subject to the Ethics Code. Maintaining that he was similarly

situated to those individuals and pointing to the importance of an individual' s right

to be free from unreasonable intrusion into his seclusion, solitude, or private

affairs, Doe averred the BOE' s current investigation of him violated the equal

protection and due process laws of the U.S. and Louisiana constitutions. Doe

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further alleged that the definition of public employee was unconstitutional in its

application.3

Doe sought a judgment declaring that: the BOE' s definition of public

employee was unconstitutionally vague and overly broad as applied to him; he is a

private person who is not subject to the Ethics Code; and the BOE did not have

jurisdiction over him. In addition, Doe sought injunctive relief, including a

temporary restraining order and preliminary and permanent injunctions. The BOE

responded to Doe' s petition by filing various exceptions.'

On October 16, 2023, a hearing was held on Doe' s entitlement to a

preliminary injunction at which testimonial and documentary evidence was

adduced. The district , court ruled from the bench, granting the preliminary

injunction to Doe. On November 14, 2023, the district court signed a judgment,

enjoining the BOE from investigating Doe for alleged violations arising out of his

contractual relationship with the non-profit; and prohibiting the BOE from filing

charges or taking any enforcement, disciplinary, or punitive action against Doe

arising out of his contractual relationship with the non-profit. The BOE appeals.

DISCUSSION

Generally, a party seeking the issuance of a preliminary injunction must

show that he will suffer irreparable injury if the injunction does not issue and must

s Doe averred that although he had submitted to the BOE a motion to dismiss the investigation
for lack of jurisdiction on the basis that he was not a public employee and has not engaged in a
governmental function, the motion was not granted. Specifically, Doe alleged that on July 6,
2023, an attorney for the BOE informed Doe' s attorney that Doe' s motion to dismiss was not
granted. The record is devoid of any ruling or order issued by the BOE, or a written motion
appealing the ruling filed within 30 days after the signing and transmission of the notice of the
order. Thus, Doe has not sought appellate review of that determination. See La. R.S.
42: 1142( A)( 1)( a).

4 The BOE filed a declinatory exception, raising the objection of the lack of the district court' s
subject matter jurisdiction, a dilatory exception of prematurity on the basis of failure to exhaust
administrative remedies, and a peremptory exception of no cause of action since Doe' s challenge
presumed the BOE lacked jurisdiction to determine whether he is a public employee, all of which
the district court denied. The BOE sought a supervisory writ for review of the district court' s
rulings, but this court did not consider the writ due to untimeliness. See Dae v. Louisiana Bd. of
Ethics, 2024- 0333 ( La. 1 st Cir. 7/ 16/ 2024) ( unpublished writ action).

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show entitlement to the relief sought; this must be done by a prima facie showing

that the party will prevail on the merits of the case. June Med. Servs., LLC v.

Landry, 2022- 1042 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 8/ 16/ 23), 375 So. 3d 456, 460.

The issuance of a preliminary injunction addresses itself to the sound

discretion of the district court and will not be disturbed on review unless a clear

abuse of discretion has been shown. Nevertheless, if a district court' s decision was

based on an erroneous application of law rather than a valid exercise of discretion,

such an incorrect decision is not entitled to deference. Id.

An administrative agency or board has only the power and authority

expressly granted by the constitution or statutes. Hearings and determinations by

administrative agencies and boards are often described as quasi-judicial, for, like

the courts, these bodies adjudicate important rights. However, while the

adjudicative and fact-finding powers exercised by these agencies and boards mimic

those exercised by courts, the agencies are not authorized to exercise " judicial

power" under La. Const. Art. V, § 1. 2 Provisions of the Louisiana Constitution

granting quasi-judicial authority to administrative agencies and boards are

exceptions to the general rule that district courts have jurisdiction over all civil

matters, and, as such, are narrowly construed. Gregory S. Fontenot and Fbac,

LLC (flkla Fontenot & Associates, LLC) a [ The] Louisiana Board of Ethics,

2012- 0034 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 10/ 2013), 2013 WL 11130576, at *-- ( unpublished

opinion) (
citing In re Arnold, 2007- 2342 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 23/ 08), 991 So. 2d

531, 535- 36).

The Louisiana Constitution provides, in Article X, Section 21, as follows:

The legislature shall enact a code of ethics for all officials and
employees of the state and its political subdivisions. The code shall be
administered by one or more boards created by the legislature with
qualifications, terms of office, duties, and powers provided by law.
Decisions of a board shall be appealable, and the legislature shall
provide the method of appeal.

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Pursuant to the authority of La. Const. Art. X, § 21, the legislature enacted a

Code of Governmental Ethics, La. R.S. 42: 1101 et seq., which provided for the

creation of the BOE in La. R.S. 42: 1132. A determination of the application or

interpretation of the Ethics Code is within the grant of exclusive jurisdiction of

certain subject matter to the BOE ( as long as a constitutional challenge to a

provision of the Code of Governmental Ethics is not involved), which thereby

results in the subtraction of those matters from the district court' s jurisdiction. In

re Arnold, 991 So.2d at 537 ( citing Duplantis v. Louisiana Board ofEthics, 2000-

1750 ( La. 3/ 23/ 01), 782 So. 2d 582, 592).

The BOE is charged with enforcing the Ethics Code and establishing

procedures to be followed; all proceedings of the BOE are subject to and in

accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act. In re Arnold,

991 So.2d at 536. As stated in La. R. S. 42: 1101( B), the purpose of the Ethics Code

is to further the public interest by ensuring that the law protects against conflicts of

interest on the part of Louisiana' s public officials and state employees by

establishing ethical standards to regulate the conduct of those persons. To this end,

the eleven -member BOE is given the authority in La. R.S. 42: 1134 to investigate

and pursue formal charges through either public or private hearings against an

individual or entity for alleged violations of the Ethics Code. A determination that

the accused has violated a provision of law within the jurisdiction of the BOE must

be based on competent evidence presented at a duly noticed public hearing,

conducted by the EAB. See La. R.S. 42: 1141. 2. Upon finding a violation of the

Ethics Code, the BOE has the authority to impose various penalties on the

responsible party. Gregory S Fontenot and Fbac, LLC ( flkla Fontenot &

Associates, LLC), 2013 WL 11130576, at *-- ( citing In re Arnold, 991 So. 2d at

536).

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In the certificate of vote and explanation provided to Doe in late 2022, Doe

was apprised that the BOE was conducting a confidential investigation into

whether he may have violated La. R.S. 42: 1111( A)( 1)( a), which states, " No public

servant shall receive anything of economic value, other than compensation and

benefits from the governmental entity to which he is duly entitled, for the

performance of the duties and responsibilities of his office or position."

Additionally, La. R.S. 42: 1102 provides in relevant part:

18)( a) " Public employee" means anyone, whether

compensated or not, who is:

i) An administrative officer or official of a governmental entity
who is not filling an elective office.

ii) Appointed by any elected official when acting in an official
capacity, and the appointment is to a post or position wherein the
appointee is to serve the governmental entity or an agency thereof,
either as a member of an agency, or as an employee thereof.

iii) Engaged in the performance of a governmental function.

iv) Under the supervision or authority of an elected official or
another employee of the governmental entity... .

19) " Public servant" means a public employee or an elected

official.

To establish a prima facie showing that he will prevail on the merits of his

case, Doe must establish that he is not a public employee. But the issue of whether,

based on the facts of this case, a party under investigation can be considered either

a " public employee" or " public servant" for purposes of La. R. S. 42: 1111( A)( 1)( a)

involves the interpretation and application of the provisions of the Ethics Code for

which the BOE alone has jurisdiction as an initial matter to determine. See

Duplantis v. Louisiana Board ofEthics, 2000- 1750 ( La. 3/ 23/ 01), 782 So. 2d 582,

592. 5

5 To contest the exercise of the BOE' s jurisdiction, an objection to the BOE' s jurisdiction,
pursuant to La. C. C. P. art. 925, is properly raised before the BOE. See Gregory S. Fontenot and
Fbac, LLC (f!k/a Fontenot & Associates, LLC), 2013 WL 11130576, at *-- n. 5 ( unpublished
opinion).

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Since in the present procedural posture, Doe is unable to establish in the

district court that he is a private person over whom the BOE has no jurisdiction,

regardless of whether he has demonstrated that he will suffer irreparable injury by

the BOE' s continued investigation of him, he is unable to show he will prevail on

the merits of his claim. Thus, the district court, having erroneously applied the law,

incorrectly granted the preliminary injunction on this basis.6

As to Doe' s claims asserting the unconstitutionality of the Ethics Code, we

conclude that these claims are insufficient to support the grant of a preliminary

injunction at this time. Courts of this state have long adhered to the principle that

constitutional questions should be avoided when a case can be disposed of on non -

constitutional grounds. Constitutional issues should only be addressed when the

resolution of such issues is necessary to decide the case. Before reaching

constitutional issues, a court should first determine whether the case may be

6 While the district court may not have been manifestly erroneous in finding that Doe proved that
any public exposure of charges that the BOE may file against would cause him irreparable
injury, see e. g., Guidry v. Guidry, 2019- 0534 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9/ 26/ 19), 2019 WL 7177093, at
10, writ denied, 2020- 00141 ( La. 2/ 26/ 20), 347 So. 3d 878, our appreciation of the present
enactment of the Ethics Code suggests that it was error to issue the preliminary injunction.
According to the procedure outlined in the Ethics Code, the BOE may, by a two-thirds majority
vote of its membership, consider any matter which it has reason to believe may be a violation of
the Ethics Code. La. R. S. 42: 1141( B)( 1)( a). Upon voting to consider the matter, a private
investigation is mandated, allowing the BOE to elicit evidence so that it can determine whether a
public hearing should be conducted or that a violation has not occurred. La. R.S. 42: 1141( C)( 1).
After the investigation has been completed, the BOE is required to determine whether a public
hearing should be conducted. If a violation has not occurred, the target of the investigation is
notified within ten days of that ruling. La. R.S. 42: 1141( C)( 2). But if the BOE determines that a
public hearing should be conducted, the BOE is required to issue charges. La. R. S.
42: 1141( C)( 3)( a).
Despite the quasi -criminal nature of Ethics Code violations proceedings, in the present
iteration, there is no opportunity for a probable -cause -like evaluation of the propriety of the
BOE' s determination by the district courts before the confidential and privileged nature of the
investigatory stage of the proceedings transitions into the public arena. Complicating the concern
is that the BOE has one year from the date it voted to consider the matter before the matter can
be dismissed on the basis of prescription. And the filing of a lawsuit, like this one that Doe has
filed, or resisting the BOE' s request for production of information, like Doe has done, suspends
the accrual of the one- year prescriptive period. See La. R.S. 42: 1141( C)( 3)( c). Mindful that Doe
did not appeal the BOE' s denial of his motion to dismiss on the basis of subject matter
jurisdiction, see n.3 supra, and the confidential and privileged nature of the investigatory stage of
the proceeding statutorily preclude a showing of the BOE' s evidence, as an intermediate court,
we would be remiss to overlook the framework duly enacted by the legislature to allow the
remedy that Doe seeks in an effort to avoid impugnment of his reputation. Thus, despite any
showing of irreparable harm Doe may have made, the district court' s issuance of the preliminary
injunction on this basis is not supported by the present version of the Ethics Code.
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disposed of on non -constitutional grounds. See M.J. Farms, Ltd. v. Exxon Mobil

Corp., 2007- 2371 ( La. 7/ 1/ 08), 998 So. 2d 16, 25. Thus, to the extent the district

court reached the issue of constitutionality prior to a determination by the BOE of

whether the dispute could be resolved on non -constitutional grounds, it erred. See

Edwards v. Louisiana State Legislature, 2020- 1407 ( La. 12/ 21/ 20), 315 So. 3d

213, 214 ( per curiam). See also Gregory S. Fontenot and Fbac, LLC ( f/k/a

Fontenot & Associates, LLC) v. [ The] Louisiana Board ofEthics, 2012- 0034 ( La.

App. 1st Cir. 4/ 10/ 2013), 2013 WL 11130576, at *-- ( unpublished opinion)

reversing the district court' s judgment, sustaining a lack of subject matter

jurisdiction objection as to constitutional challenges of the application of

provisions of the Ethics Code to alleged public employees and remanding with

instructions that the constitutional challenges be held in abeyance in district court

until after resolution of the case on non -constitutional grounds before the BOE). As

such, the district court' s issuance of the preliminary injunction is not supported on

this basis.

Doe has failed to show he can prevail on the merits of his claim. And the

constitutionality issues are not properly before the district court until resolution of

the non -constitutional issues by the BOE. Accordingly, the district court erred

when it issued the preliminary injunction.

DECREE

For these reasons, the district court' s issuance of the preliminary injunction,

enjoining the BOE' s investigation of Doe and prohibiting the BOE from filing of

charges against Doe arising out of his relationship with the non-profit, is vacated.

The matter is remanded to the district court with instructions to hold further

proceedings in abeyance as stated herein. Appeal costs are assessed against

plaintiff, John Doe.

VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

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