Nathanial Goines Versus Cash America, Inc. of Louisiana D/B/A Cash America Pawn and Abc Insurance Company

NATHANIAL GOINES NO. 21-CA-727

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

CASH AMERICA, INC. OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL
D/B/A CASH AMERICA PAWN AND
ABC INSURANCE COMPANY STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPEAL FROM THE FORTIETH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 72,181, DIVISION "C"
HONORABLE J. STERLING SNOWDY, JUDGE PRESIDING

October 05, 2022

JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Stephen J. Windhorst,
Hans J. Liljeberg, and John J. Molaison, Jr.

AFFIRMED
JJM
SJW
HJL

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
NATHANIAL GOINES
Eric A. Wright
Daryl A. Gray
Jason P. Franco

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
CASH AMERICA, INC. OF LOUISIANA D/B/A CASH AMERICA PAWN
Sidney J. Hardy
Peter S. Martin

MOLAISON, J.

Plaintiff/appellant, Nathaniel Goines, has appealed the grant of summary

judgment in favor of Cash America, Inc. of Louisiana1 (“Cash America”). For the

reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On November 30, 2017, Mr. Goines was a patron at the Cash America store

when a crossbow fell from a rack suspended from the ceiling and hit him on the

head. Mr. Goines filed a petition for damages against Cash America on May 3,

2018, alleging that as a result of this incident, he sustained “injuries to his person,

causing him to seek medical attention and treatment.” Cash America answered the

petition denying any liability.

On April 12, 2021, Cash America filed a motion for summary judgment

arguing that Mr. Goines cannot carry his burden of proof at trial under La. R.S.

9:2800.6, the Louisiana Merchant Liability Statute, because Mr. Goines cannot put

forth any evidence that: (1) he did not cause the merchandise to fall and (2) before

the alleged incident, the merchandise at issue was in such an unsafe or precarious

position that it eventually fell. In support of its motion, Cash America attached

Mr. Goines’ deposition as well as the deposition of its store manager, Hilton

Meunier, Jr.

In his deposition, Mr. Goines testified that he was looking at merchandise in

a glass display case underneath the rack on which the crossbow was hung. While

he was moving in a lateral direction, he was struck by the crossbow. The crossbow

struck the glass display case and then fell to the ground. In his deposition, Mr.

Meunier testified that the crossbow was hanging from a compound bow rack that

1
Plaintiff filed an amended petition alleging that Greenwich Insurance Company (“Greenwich”) issued a
policy of liability insurance to Cash America. In its answer to the amending petition, Cash America
admitted that Greenwich issued it a policy of liability insurance, however, the appellate record does not
indicate whether or not Greenwich was actually served. The appellate record does not contain an answer
on behalf of Greenwich. The motion for summary judgment was filed solely on behalf of Cash America.
Greenwich is not a party to this appeal.

21-CA-727 1

was hung from the ceiling. This rack was in place when Mr. Meunier went to

work at this store fifteen years before his deposition. There had been no other

instances in which crossbows have fallen off of this rack. Mr. Meunier testified

that he did not witness the incident, but he viewed the video taken by the store’s

camera that captured the incident. Mr. Meunier testified that Mr. Goines hit the

butt of the crossbow with his head, knocking it off of the hooks and causing the

crossbow to fall.

Mr. Goines opposed the motion claiming that the evidence submitted shows

a disputed issue of fact regarding whether Mr. Goines caused the merchandise to

fall and whether the merchandise was hung in such a “precious [sic] position that it

caused it to fall.” The same two depositions submitted by Cash America in support

of the motion for summary judgment were attached to Mr. Goines’ opposition.

After the hearing held on June 3, 2021, the trial court granted the motion for

summary judgment. On June 16, 2021, the trial court issued a written judgment,

including written reasons for judgment. On September 7, 2022, the trial court

issued an amended judgment, specifically stating that the judgment was rendered

against the appellant, dismissing the appellant’s claims with prejudice, and

separating the judgment from the reasons for judgment.

LAW AND DISCUSSION

Summary Judgment

After an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion for summary

judgment shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents

show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3). If the mover will not

bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that is before the court on the motion

for summary judgment, the mover’s burden on the motion does not require him to

negate all essential elements of the adverse party’s claim, action, or defense, but

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rather to point out to the court the absence of factual support for one or more

elements essential to the adverse party’s claim, action, or defense.” La. C.C.P. art.

966(D)(1). The burden then shifts to the adverse party to produce factual support

sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that the

mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Factual inferences

reasonably drawn from the evidence must be construed in favor of the party

opposing a motion for summary judgment, and all doubt must be resolved in the

opponent’s favor. Willis v. Medders, 00-2507 (La. 12/8/00), 775 So.2d 1049, 1050

(per curiam). In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate, appellate

courts review evidence de novo under the same criteria that govern the trial court’s

determination of whether summary judgment is appropriate. Samaha v. Rau, 07-

1726 (La. 2/26/08), 977 So.2d 880.

Merchant Liability for Falling Merchandise

La. R.S. 9:2800.6 governs negligence claims against a merchant. La. R.S.

9:2800.6(A) provides:

A merchant owes a duty to persons who use his premises to exercise
reasonable care to keep his aisles, passageways, and floors in a
reasonably safe condition. This duty includes a reasonable effort to
keep the premises free of any hazardous conditions which reasonably
might give rise to damage.

The Louisiana Supreme Court set forth the elements of proof a plaintiff must

establish to recover in a falling merchandise case under La. R.S. 9:2800.6(A):

To prevail in a falling merchandise case, the customer must
demonstrate that (1) he or she did not cause the merchandise to fall,
(2) that another customer in the aisle at that moment did not cause the
merchandise to fall, and (3) that the merchant’s negligence was the
cause of the accident: the customer must show that either a store
employee or another customer placed the merchandise in an unsafe
position on the shelf or otherwise caused the merchandise to be in
such a precarious position that eventually, it does fall. Only when the
customer has negated the first two possibilities and demonstrated the
last will he or she have proved the existence of an ‘unreasonably
dangerous’ condition on the merchant’s premises.

21-CA-727 3

Davis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 00-445 (La. 11/28/00), 774 So.2d 84, 90.

The following exchange took place in Mr. Goines’ deposition:

Q. I guess the way you’re explaining it, my understanding is that you
were moving, looking at different pistols and the crossbow is hanging
down vertically from the rack –

A. Uh-huh.

Q. -- and I guess the side of your head must have hit it?

A. That’s what I’m guessing. Something caused it to fall on my head.

Q. So you didn’t stand up and it didn’t hit the back of your head?

A. No.

Q. That’s not how it happened?

A. No. I did not stand up. I was moving laterally, looking at the
showcase just like this (demonstrating).

****

Q. Do you think that the crossbow would have fallen if you hadn’t
first accidentally knocked it when you were looking at the pistols?
----
THE WITNESS:
I don’t know.

Mr. Goines further testified:

Q. Do you have any information regarding what caused the crossbow
to actually fall?

A. No.

Q. Do you have any information to suggest that one of the Cash
America Pawn employees knew that the crossbow may fall before the
subject accident?

A. Do I have information?

Q. (Nods head.)

A. No, I don’t know.

Q. Do you have any information regarding how long the crossbow
was in that hanging position before it fell?

A. No.

21-CA-727 4

Q. Do you have any information to suggest that one of the Cash
America employees caused the crossbow that fell to be in a position to
fall or cause the fall?

A. I don’t know.

Q. Do you know if a customer could have hung it up that way and
created the hazard?

A. Don’t know.

Mr. Meunier testified that neither he nor the employee that was assisting Mr.

Goines, witnessed the incident, but Mr. Meunier viewed the video taken by the

store’s camera that captured the incident. Mr. Meunier testified that Mr. Goines hit

the butt of the crossbow with his head, knocking it off of the hooks and causing the

crossbow to fall. Mr. Meunier testified that the crossbow was hanging from a

compound bow rack that was hung from the ceiling. This rack was in place when

Mr. Meunier went to work at this store fifteen years before his deposition. There

had been no other instances in which crossbows have fallen off of this rack.

In Humphrey v. Walmart Stores, Inc., 44-614 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/19/09), 16

So.3d 1252, the appellate court affirmed the grant of summary judgment under a

similar scenario. In Humphrey, the plaintiff filed suit against Walmart for injuries

sustained when bottles of root beer fell, cutting her. Before the bottles fell, the

plaintiff had removed a six-pack of root beer, placed it in her cart, then turned to

walk away when the bottles fell off of the shelf and broke. The plaintiff testified

that she did not notice anything defective about the way the root beer was stacked

on the shelf and she did not know what caused the bottles to fall from the shelf. In

affirming the district court’s ruling that granted summary judgment, the appellate

court stated that the plaintiff “does not know the cause of the falling root beer

bottles and cannot produce evidence to satisfy her burden under Davis, supra.” Id.

at 1255.

21-CA-727 5

In Ngo v. Walmart, Inc., 20-71 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/5/20), 304 So.3d 593,

writ denied, 20-1279 (La. 1/12/21), 308 So.3d 709, this Court affirmed the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in a falling merchandise case. In Ngo, the

plaintiff filed suit for injuries allegedly sustained when she was struck by a rug that

had been removed by two customers and placed vertically against the display a few

seconds before Ms. Ngo was struck in the head by the falling rug. In opposing

summary judgment, Ms. Ngo argued that there was a disputed issue of fact as to

whether the display of the rug that allowed customers to remove the rugs and prop

them up against the display was unreasonably dangerous. In affirming the grant of

summary judgment, this Court held that Ms. Ngo could not meet her burden of

proving that another customer did not cause the accident. For this reason, this

Court did not reach the third prong of the Davis test, i.e., the existence of an

“unreasonably dangerous” condition on the merchant’s premises. Id. at 595.

Similarly, in the case before us, Mr. Goines has failed to put forth any

evidence to prove that he did not cause the crossbow to fall. In fact in his

deposition, the plaintiff agrees that the side of his head made contact with the

crossbow causing it to fall. Mr. Goines did not come forth with any other evidence

as to what caused the crossbow to fall. Further, Mr. Goines has not come forth

with any evidence that the crossbow was placed in such a precarious position that

it eventually fell.

Additional Discovery

On appeal, the plaintiff further argues that the trial court erred in denying his

request to delay the ruling on the motion for summary judgment until the corporate

deposition of Cash America taken under La. C.C.P. art. 1442 could be admitted

into evidence. Plaintiff goes on to argue that adequate discovery had not been

conducted.

21-CA-727 6

At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, counsel for Mr. Goines

informed the court that he had possession of the video of the incident taken by the

camera at Cash America. He offered to show the video to the court. Counsel for

Cash America noted that there was no affidavit attached to the plaintiff’s

opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Counsel for Mr. Goines

responded “I was just pointing out the fact that there is a video. But nevertheless, I

don’t think we need it for the purposes to defeat summary judgment.” Counsel for

Mr. Goines went on to argue that whether the crossbow hanging over the display

case was a “hazard and unreasonable risk” is an issue for the jury to decide. The

trial judge commented that an argument that there is an unreasonable risk is usually

supported by an affidavit from an expert “who will tell us that in court not just the

argument of an attorney.” After the trial judge stated that summary judgment

would be granted, counsel for Mr. Goines asked that the court reconsider its ruling

until he could supplement the brief with the 1442 deposition. The trial judge

explained that a party may not refer to the existence of this deposition in the

middle of their opposition.

There is no indication in the record that the plaintiff argued that the motion

for summary judgment was premature and that more time was needed to conduct

discovery. The plaintiff never requested that the hearing on the motion for

summary judgment be continued to allow time to obtain the transcript of the 1442

deposition. Rather, it was only after summary judgment was granted that the

plaintiff requested the trial judge reconsider the ruling until the record was

supplemented with the 1442 deposition.

In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court may consider only

those documents filed in support of or in opposition to the motion for summary

judgment and shall consider any documents to which no objection is made. La.

C.C.P. art. 966(D)(2). Given that the transcript of the 1442 deposition was not

21-CA-727 7

attached in opposition to the motion for summary judgment and that the plaintiff

never requested the hearing be delayed for inclusion of the transcript of the 1442

deposition we find no merit to this argument.

Comparative Fault

In his final assignment of error, the plaintiff argues that “it was error for the

trial court to fail to consider Appellant’s argument regarding the potential

comparative fault of Appellee.” In opposition to the motion for summary

judgment, the plaintiff argued that there are material issues of fact as to whether

Mr. Goines caused the crossbow to fall and whether the crossbow was hung in a

precarious or unsafe manner. The opposition does not mention comparative fault.

No argument regarding comparative fault was made at the hearing on the motion

for summary judgment.

Appellate courts generally will not consider issues raised for the first time on

appeal. First Bank & Trust v. Bayou Land & Marine Contractors, 12-295 (La.

App. 5 Cir. 10/30/12), 103 So.3d 1148, 1152; Uniform Rules-Courts of Appeal,

Rule 1-3. Considering this long-standing rule of law, we will not consider Mr.

Goines’ argument regarding the comparative fault.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, after our de novo review of the record, memoranda,

exhibits, and the law, we find no genuine issue of material fact and that Cash

America is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, the trial court

judgment granting summary judgment in favor of Cash America and against

Nathanial Goines is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

21-CA-727 8

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
INTERIM CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON LINDA M. WISEMAN
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
HANS J. LILJEBERG
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. FIFTH CIRCUIT
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21-CA-727
E-NOTIFIED
40TH DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE J. STERLING SNOWDY (DISTRICT JUDGE)
ERIC A. WRIGHT (APPELLANT) SCOTT T. WINSTEAD (APPELLANT) PETER S. MARTIN (APPELLEE)
SIDNEY J. HARDY (APPELLEE)

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