Jayson Grammar, Jr. Versus Imperial Fire and Casualty Insurance Company

JAYSON GRAMMAR, JR. NO. 22-CA-61

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

IMPERIAL FIRE AND CASUALTY COURT OF APPEAL
INSURANCE COMPANY
STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 812-982, DIVISION "I"
HONORABLE NANCY A. MILLER, JUDGE PRESIDING

November 16, 2022

JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Robert A. Chaisson,
Stephen J. Windhorst, and John J. Molaison, Jr.

AFFIRMED
JJM
RAC
SJW

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
JAYSON GRAMMAR, JR.
Brian G. Shearman
John H. Denenea, Jr.
Brandon P. Shearman

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
IMPERIAL FIRE & CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY
Christopher P. Lawler

MOLAISON, J.

Appellant, Jayson Grammar, Jr., appeals the trial court judgment dated

November 2, 20211, awarding him a total of $21,268.00, subject to a credit for

amounts previously paid by the liability insurer, in a suit against his

underinsured/uninsured motorist insurer for injuries he sustained in an automobile

accident. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

FACTS

At trial, Mr. Grammar testified that on April 12, 2019, he was in the left

turning lane when his vehicle was struck by a vehicle driven by Stephen Bekowski.

He had hip and back pain after the accident so he sought chiropractic treatment

from Dr. Kristie Giardina on May 2, 2019. He remained under Dr. Giardina’s care

for “a few months.” Appellant testified that he continued to have pain and his

attorney referred him to Dr. Rodriguez, an orthopedic surgeon. Dr. Rodriguez

gave him a prescription for medications and recommended that he have “eight

shots put into [his] spine.” Based on his past experience with steroid injections for

plantar fasciitis and reading information on the internet, Mr. Grammar elected not

to have the injections recommended by Dr. Rodriguez. He had one follow up visit

at Dr. Rodriguez’ office on October 29, 2019.

Mr. Grammar testified that at the time of trial, he continued to experience

pain which he treated with heat, ice, over the counter medications, and anti-

inflammatory medication prescribed by his primary care physician. On cross-

examination, Mr. Grammar admitted he had been treated for complaints of back

pain in the past and had taken anti-inflammatory medication as far back as 2016.

He was prescribed anti-inflammatory medication shortly before this accident.

1
The November 2, 2021 judgment was amended by order of this Court on October 17, 2022 to include
the necessary decretal language in accordance with C.C.P. art. 1918. The October 17, 2022 judgment was
clarified by order of this Court on October 31, 2022.

22-CA-61 1

Mr. Grammar testified that he works as an electrician in a warehouse. At

times he had to miss work for medical treatment and because he was in pain.

Based on his memory, using records from his employer, which do not delineate

whether he was absent from work due to vacation or other reasons, he prepared a

list of dates and hours that he missed work due to this accident. Upon questioning

by the trial judge, appellant stated that some of the dates on the list he prepared of

lost time from work did not correspond to his medical appointments. Appellant

recalled some occasions when he had to call his boss to tell him he could not work

because he was in pain. When questioned as to how he knew he missed work

because of this accident, he responded “I chose the dates that [I] felt that I knew or

very close to knowing that I had missed work for that.” He admitted that he was

never told by any of his medical providers that he should not work.

Portions of appellant’s medical records were admitted into evidence. In a

report dated May 29, 2019, Dr. Giardina stated that she first examined appellant on

May 2, 2019 and diagnosed him with cervical and lumbar sprains and thoracic

pain. Twice weekly visits to the chiropractic clinic for eight weeks were

recommended with an evaluation after the fifteenth visit. Home exercises were

prescribed and Mr. Grammar was instructed to take frequent breaks from standing,

bending, lifting and, physical exercise. Dr. Giardina recommended that Mr.

Grammar undergo an MRI of both the cervical and lumbar spine. The MRI report

dated June 5, 2019 states there is a disc protrusion at C3-4, a disc bulge at C4-5,

and a disc herniation at L5-S1.

On July 1, 2019, Mr. Grammar was examined by Dr. Marco Rodriguez, who

diagnosed cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facet syndrome, cervical herniated disc,

and lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus. Dr. Rodriguez prescribed the anti-

inflammatory medication Mobic, and a muscle relaxant. He recommended facet

joint injections in both the cervical and lumbar spine and a follow up visit in eight

22-CA-61 2

weeks. On October 29, 2019, Mr. Grammar returned to Dr. Rodriguez’ office

where he was examined by a physician’s assistant. Prescriptions for the anti-

inflammatory medication Mobic, a muscle relaxant, and pain medication were

given. Facet joint injections were again recommended. Mr. Grammar did not

undergo the facet joint injections.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On December 10, 2020, appellant filed suit against his

uninsured/underinsured motorist insurer, Imperial Fire and Casualty Company,

appellee herein. He alleged that he sustained injuries to his “body as a whole” and

had settled with Mr. Bekowski’s liability insurer for the $15,000.00 policy limit on

August 28, 2019. The petition alleged that appellee had acted in bad faith in

handling the claim, entitling him to penalties and attorney fees. The matter

proceeded to trial and at the conclusion of trial, judgment was rendered in favor of

appellant in the amount of $21,268.00 plus costs and interest from the date of

judicial demand, subject to a credit for amounts previously tendered. This timely

appeal followed.

LAW AND DISCUSSION

In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

granting only $12,000.00 in general damages, claiming he sustained a “herniation

at L5-S1, a herniation at C3-4 and a bulge at C4-5.” He contends that with the

exception of a minor neck injury approximately 20 years ago, he had never been

treated for a neck or back injury and had never undergone an MRI on his spine.

General damages are those which may not be fixed with pecuniary

exactitude; instead, they “involve mental or physical pain or suffering,

inconvenience, the loss of intellectual gratification or physical enjoyment, or other

losses of life or life-style which cannot be definitely measured in monetary terms.”

Buckheister v. U.S. Environmental Services, LLC, 11-1148 (La. App. 5 Cir.

22-CA-61 3

5/31/12), 97 So.3d 414, 421, writ denied, 12-1462 (La. 10/8/12), 98 So.3d

861(internal citations omitted). Vast discretion is accorded the trier of fact in fixing

general damage awards. La. C.C. art. 2324.1. This vast discretion is such that an

appellate court should rarely disturb an award of general damages. Youn v.

Maritime Overseas Corp., 623 So.2d 1257, 1261 (La.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S.

1114, 114 S.Ct. 1059, 127 L.Ed.2d 379 (1994). Thus, the role of the appellate

court in reviewing general damage awards is not to decide what it considers to be

an appropriate award, but rather to review the exercise of discretion by the trier of

fact. Buckheister, supra at 422, citing Youn, supra, at 1260.

In reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact, appellate courts employ a

“manifest error” or “clearly wrong” standard of review. Rosell v. ESCO, 549

So.2d 840, 844 (La. 1989); Arabie v. CITGO Petroleum, 10-2605 (La. 3/13/12), 89

So.3d 307, 312. In the absence of manifest error, an appellate court may not set

aside a trier of fact’s findings. Rosell, supra. When there are two permissible

views of the evidence, the fact finder’s choice between them cannot be manifestly

erroneous. Rosell, supra; Stobart v. State, Through Department of Transportation

and Development, 617 So.2d 880, 883 (La. 1993).

Where there is conflict in the evidence, reasonable evaluations of credibility

and reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed upon appellate review.

Hunter v. Terrebone, 18-134 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/18), 263 So.3d 993, 998, writ

denied, 19-144 (La. 3/18/19), 267 So.3d 90.

In the case before us, the chiropractic report dated May 29, 2019 states:

“…more probable than not that the current condition is a result of the accident

which occurred on April 12, 2019.” The report from Dr. Rodriguez dated July 1,

2019 states: “This patient’s diagnoses are directly related to the motor vehicle

accident on the above stated date.” On appeal, Mr. Grammar contends that with

the exception of “a minor neck injury approximately 20 years ago,” he has never

22-CA-61 4

been treated for neck or back injury. The appellate record does not contain any

medical records prior to May 2, 2019. However, on cross-examination, Mr.

Grammar admitted that he had been treated for “back pain” and “muscle pain”

prior to this accident. He testified that he had not been treated with the anti-

inflammatory drug, Mobic, prior to this accident. However, he admitted that anti-

inflammatory medication, including Mobic, had been prescribed for him as far

back as 2016. In fact, he had been prescribed Mobic by his primary care physician

approximately 12 days prior to this accident. He had a TENS unit prior to the

accident but claimed he had not used it before the accident. The chiropractic

records indicate that sixteen treatment sessions were prescribed but Mr. Grammar

testified that he visited the chiropractor ten times in May and three times in June.

He returned for two sporadic visits on October 30, 2019 and November 20, 2019.

The records indicate that Mr. Grammar visited the orthopedist one time on July 1,

2019 and did not return until October 29, 2019. Further, Mr. Grammar explained

that he regularly visits his primary care physician for “high blood pressure and

cholesterol.” He admitted that the medical records from the visit with his primary

care physician in November of 2020 indicate that he was “feeling well,” taking

medication for “stress,” and indicates “negative for arthralgia, joint swelling and

myalgia.” When confronted with his deposition testimony that he could no longer

work out following this accident, appellant admitted that the records from his gym

membership at the YMCA indicate that he was not going to this gym before the

accident. Mr. Grammar testified that he was involved in one automobile accident

previously when he was seventeen years old, however, on cross-examination he

admitted that he was actually involved in other automobile accidents: one in 1999,

one in 2001, one in 2012, in addition to a trip and fall in which his teeth “went

through the lip area.”

22-CA-61 5

In reasons for judgment, the trial judge found Mr. Grammar’s “testimony

regarding the severity and consistency of his pain is belied by his sparse medical

treatment,” noting that Mr. Grammar treated at the chiropractor consistently in

May, three times in June, and by July 2019 had “largely discontinued treatment.”

The trial judge noted that Mr. Grammar returned to the orthopedist for one follow

up visit and declined the recommendation for facet injections. The trial judge

found that Mr. Grammar would be “fully and fairly” compensated by a general

damage award of $12,000.00. In reviewing an award of general damages, the

inquiry is whether the trier of fact abused its discretion in assessing the amount of

damages. Howard v. Union Carbide Corporation, 09-2750 (La. 10/19/10), 50

So.3d 1251, 1256. Having considered the appellate record in its entirety, we find

that in awarding general damages, the trial court did not abuse its vast discretion

and that the general damage award is not manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong,

but reflects the trial court’s reasonable credibility determination and interpretations

of the evidence.

In his second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

failing to award damages for future medical expenses.

Future medical expenses must be established with some degree of certainty.

Gaspard v. Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 13-0800 (La. App. 1 Cir.

9/24/14), 155 So.3d 24, 35. The party seeking an award of future medical

expenses has the burden of proving that it is more probable than not that such

expenses will be incurred. Antill v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co. 20-131 (La. App. 5

Cir. 12/2/20), 308 So.3d 388, 407.

The record before us indicates that although Mr. Grammar’s treating

physician recommended facet joint injections, in the three years between the

accident and the trial, Mr. Grammar had not undergone any such injections. In

fact, Mr. Grammar testified that he had not had the recommended injections

22-CA-61 6

because prior steroid shots for plantar fasciitis had not helped him and he had done

his “own research about injections.” There was no testimony that Mr. Grammar

intended to undergo the facet joint injections in the future. Considering the

absence of proof that it is more probable than not that Mr. Grammar would

undergo the facet joint injections, the trial court did not err in failing to award

future medical expenses.

In his third assignment of error, Mr. Grammar argues that the trial court

erred in failing to award past lost wages.

A plaintiff seeking damages for past lost wages bears the burden of proving

lost earnings, as well as the duration of time missed from work due to the accident.

Hunter v. Terrebone, 18-134 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/18), 263 So.3d 993, 999, writ

denied, 19-0144 (La. 3/18/19), 267 So. 3d 90. For purposes of determining

damages, the amount of lost earnings need not be proved with mathematical

certainty, but by such proof as reasonably establishes the claim, and such proof

may consist only of the plaintiff’s own testimony. Driscoll v. Stacker, 04-589 (La.

1/19/05), 893 So.2d 32, 53. A trial court’s award for lost wages is subject to the

manifest error standard of review. Harrington v. Wilson, 08-544 (La. App. 5 Cir.

1/13/09), 8 So.3d 30, 41.

When the trial judge questioned Mr. Grammar about the list of time he

missed from work due to this accident, she asked whether the list was approximate

or accurate. Mr. Grammar responded that it was accurate, stating that his employer

does not “have forms for every day that I was actually off.” The trial judge then

asked “if you were off May 23rd and 24th, that’s because you were in too much pain

to go to work?” After appellant responded affirmatively, the trial judge asked how

he recalled that, to which appellant responded he remembered “some days where

[he] just called ‘[his] boss” and said “I can’t do it.” Appellant elaborated that he

would try to go in and some days he “couldn’t do it” and would leave work early.

22-CA-61 7

The trial judge noted that it does not appear that any of the dates on the list

prepared by Mr. Grammar correspond with the chiropractor appointments and

asked appellant what time he visited the chiropractor. Mr. Grammar responded

that he went to the chiropractor between two and four. The trial court then asked if

this meant he went to the chiropractor after work hours and Mr. Grammar

responded affirmatively. The trial judge then asked “How do you know on August

1, 2019, you didn’t go to work because of this accident?” to which Mr. Grammar

responded “I don’t know exactly.” The trial judge then asked “So you don’t know

August 1st whether you had a dentist appointment or you were in pain?” and Mr.

Grammar responded, “That is correct.” Appellant admitted that he was not told by

any physician that he could not work after this accident.

In declining to award appellant any amount for lost wages, the trial judge

stated that the “estimate introduced by Mr. Grammar is too speculative upon which

to base an award.” We agree. Having reviewed the record in its entirety, we find

no proof to reasonably establish appellant’s claim for lost wages.

Finally, appellant requests that in the event he prevails in reversing the trial

court’s judgment, this court remand this matter to the trial court to consider the

issue of penalties for appellee’s failure to pay amounts owed under the policy.

Given our finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in the general

damage award and the denial of appellant’s claims for future medical expenses and

past lost wages, we find no support in the appellate record that the appellee acted

in bad faith in handling appellant’s claim. Accordingly, remand is not appropriate.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the November 2, 2021 judgment of the trial court,

as amended, in favor of the plaintiff/appellant, Jayson Grammar, Jr., and against

the defendant/appellee, Imperial Fire and Casualty Insurance Company, in the

22-CA-61 8

amount of Six Thousand, Two Hundred, Sixty-Eight and 00/100 DOLLARS

($6,268.00) is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

22-CA-61 9

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
INTERIM CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON LINDA M. WISEMAN
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
HANS J. LILJEBERG
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. FIFTH CIRCUIT
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NOTICE OF JUDGMENT AND CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY
I CERTIFY THAT A COPY OF THE OPINION IN THE BELOW-NUMBERED MATTER HAS BEEN DELIVERED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 2-16.4 AND 2-16.5 THIS DAY
NOVEMBER 16, 2022 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL
PARTIES NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:

22-CA-61
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE NANCY A. MILLER (DISTRICT JUDGE)
BRIAN G. SHEARMAN (APPELLANT) JOHN H. DENENEA, JR. (APPELLANT) CHRISTOPHER P. LAWLER (APPELLEE)

MAILED
BRANDON P. SHEARMAN (APPELLANT) PETER M. DONOVAN (APPELLEE)
ATTORNEY AT LAW ROSS M. REBOUL (APPELLEE)
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