Gwendolyn Adams Versus Nathaniel Rose and Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc., D/B/A Boomtown Casino & Hotel New Orleans

GWENDOLYN ADAMS NO. 23-CA-119

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

NATHANIEL ROSE AND PINNACLE COURT OF APPEAL
ENTERTAINMENT, INC., D/B/A BOOMTOWN
CASINO & HOTEL NEW ORLEANS STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 803-473, DIVISION "D"
HONORABLE SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL, JUDGE PRESIDING

December 27, 2023

FREDERICKA HOMBERG WICKER
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Fredericka Homberg Wicker,
Jude G. Gravois, and Marc E. Johnson

REVERSED AND REMANDED
FHW
JGG
MEJ

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
GWENDOLYN ADAMS
Jake J. Weinstock
Irvy E. Cosse, III

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
LOUISIANA-1 GAMING, A LOUISIANA PARTNERSHIP-IN-COMMENDAM
D. Russell Holwadel
Kyle M. Truxillo

WICKER, J.

Plaintiff, Gwendolyn Adams, appeals the trial court’s summary judgment in

favor of Defendant, Louisiana Gaming-1 d/b/a Boomtown Casino & Hotel New

Orleans. Because we find that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether

Defendant negligently breached a duty to provide sufficient security for casino

patrons in its exterior parking lot, we reverse the trial court judgment and remand

this matter to the trial court for further proceedings.

Factual and Procedural Background

On January 24, 2020, Plaintiff filed suit in the 24th Judicial District Court

against Defendant1 and Nathaniel Rose for personal injuries arising out of a

February 22, 2019 purse snatching incident that occurred when Mr. Rose stole

Plaintiff’s purse while she walked through the Boomtown Casino parking lot.

Plaintiff alleged that, as a result of Mr. Rose’s actions, she sustained personal

injuries, loss of enjoyment of life, loss of wages, and other damages. Plaintiff

further alleged that Defendant was negligent in failing to take necessary measures

to protect the safety of business invitees by failing to properly maintain, inspect,

and supervise in and around the casino’s premises.

After initial discovery, on September 14, 2022, Defendant filed a motion for

summary judgment, contending that it owed no duty to protect Plaintiff from a

third-party, Mr. Rose’s, criminal actions. In its motion for summary judgment,

Defendant recognized its duty to provide a reasonably safe premises for its patrons,

but asserted that it met its duty through taking affirmative steps to provide its own

security personnel, in addition to contracting with Jefferson Parish to ensure that

Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office (JPSO) detail officers would also be present in the

1
Plaintiff initially filed suit against Nathaniel Rose and Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc. d/b/a Boomtown
Casino and Hotel New Orleans (Pinnacle). On February 26, 2020, Plaintiff filed a supplemental and
amended petition naming Louisiana-I Gaming d/b/a Boomtown Casino & Hotel New Orleans as an
additional defendant. On June 4, 2020, plaintiff filed a voluntary motion to dismiss Pinnacle from the
suit, which the trial court granted on June 15, 2020.

23-CA-119 1

parking lot each night. Defendant contended that summary judgment was

appropriate, and that Plaintiff could not meet her burden to prove that Defendant

breached its duty to Plaintiff under the facts of this case.

In support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant attached

Plaintiff’s deposition testimony. In her deposition, Plaintiff testified that on

February 22, 2019, she arrived to Boomtown Casino between 7:00 p.m. and 7:15

p.m.2 After she parked and exited her vehicle in the parking lot, she began walking

toward the casino entrance. She stated that as she passed a champagne-colored

older model SUV, she recalled a man came from behind her and said, “Give me

that purse,” to which plaintiff responded, “No.” She testified that she carried her

purse on her shoulder and that the man grabbed the purse, breaking the strap, and

pushed her to the ground. She testified that another patron, who had passed her in

the parking lot, offered to find security to report the incident.

Plaintiff testified that she had visited Boomtown Casino on numerous

occasions before this incident. She testified that she was aware that the casino

offered a complimentary valet service; however, she stated that on that night, she

had circled the parking lot several times looking for a valet available and found

that “there was nobody there.” She further testified that, in each of her prior visits

to the casino, she had observed a security vehicle with flashing lights patrolling the

parking lot. On the night in question, however, she observed no security patrolling

the parking lot, and no valet or other employees were present.

To support its motion for summary judgment, Defendant attached its

discovery responses, which set forth various security measures Defendant had put

in place pertaining to the casino’s exterior parking lot, specifically:

Defendant retained on-duty JPSO deputies to conduct routine patrols
and monitoring of its parking lots. Defendant's security personnel
similar[ly] conducted patrols and monitoring of its parking lots, both
2
Defendant also attached Mr. Rose’s brief deposition, in which he denied any involvement in the crime
whatsoever.

23-CA-119 2

on foot and on a mobile unit. Further, at the time of the Subject Incident,
Defendant had in place a police-grade mobile watchtower, which was
situated at various locations in the Boomtown parking lot, as well as
extensive overhead lighting and caution/warning signs.

Moreover, there were security cameras installed throughout
Boomtown's parking lot, and access thereto was limited to a single
entrance/exit, monitored by cameras/license plate readers, with the
premises further encircled by fencing/seawalls and natural barriers,
including the Harvey Canal.

In further support of its motion for summary judgment, Defendant attached

the deposition testimony of the assistant security manager, Allean Edwards. Ms.

Edwards testified that she had been the assistant security manager at Boomtown

Casino for approximately 26 years. In her 26 years, she stated that Plaintiff’s

incident was the first purse snatching or mugging that she could recall having

occurred in the casino parking lot.

Ms. Edwards testified that, on the night in question, she did not witness the

crime but, rather, was subsequently informed by the valet supervisor that it had

occurred. She met Plaintiff in the parking lot and took her statement.3 Ms.

Edwards stated that JPSO was subsequently called and arrived on the premises at

approximately 7:35 p.m.

Concerning her regular duties at the time of the incident, Ms. Edwards

testified that she was primarily stationed in the interior of the casino, but that,

occasionally if it became necessary, she would drive the mobile unit—a vehicle

with lights activated—and patrol the parking lot. She testified that a security

employee would generally patrol the parking lot in the mobile unit, but she could

not “recall that particular night” whether a security employee had patrolled in the

mobile unit. The casino’s written policies and procedures, which were attached to

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, called for Boomtown Casino’s

3
Concerning the size of the Boomtown Casino in-house security staff, Ms. Edwards testified that it had
“a lot more than 10” but most likely “less than 50” security employees.

23-CA-119 3

security employees stationed in the “Mobile Unit” to “conduct continuous patrols

of all parking areas and administrative building areas.”

Ms. Edwards also discussed the “sky tower,” a large surveillance unit where

security employees would sit and observe the entire exterior area of the premises.

She testified that generally someone was stationed in the tower each day, unless

the casino had a staffing shortage. She further testified that the sky tower was

physically present on the night of the incident but could not recall whether any

employee had been stationed in the tower. Ms. Edwards testified that Austin

Johnson, the security manager on the date of the incident, would have possession

of security “logs” to show which employees were stationed in the sky tower on a

particular night.

Mr. Johnson, Boomtown Casino’s security manager, testified that he was

employed as a security assistant manager at the time of the incident but was

promoted to manager after the previous manager retired. He testified that

Defendant has a contract with JPSO to provide a “nightly” security detail on the

premises, 365 nights a year.4 He testified that the casino kept logs of the officers’

time worked, and submitted the logs to JPSO to allow JPSO to create invoices for

the hours worked. He testified that approximately two to three times a year, there

are occasions when a JPSO officer may not be available due to staffing issues. He

stated that, typically, the JPSO vehicle would park near the casino’s front entrance.

Mr. Johnson testified that the purpose of having JPSO present at the casino is

primarily for police “presence,” to serve as a crime deterrent. He stated, however,

that, on occasion, security would need JPSO assistance to remove a difficult patron

4
Mr. Johnson acknowledged that he has never seen the contract, as it had been in place prior to his
promotion to security manager.

23-CA-119 4

from the casino. He further testified that JPSO would also patrol the parking lot on

occasion.5

Mr. Johnson testified that he could not recall any prior purse snatching or

mugging crimes in his 25 years at Boomtown Casino, but did recall several fights

taking place in the parking lot through those years. He testified that the typical

JPSO response time for those prior parking lot incidents had been 1-2 minutes,

pointing out that arguably JPSO had been on the casino property at the time of

those incidents.

Defendant subsequently supplemented its motion for summary judgment

with Mr. Johnson’s affidavit in which he attested that, at the time of the incident,

“Boomtown maintained a level of security personnel at staffing levels in

compliance with Louisiana State Police Gaming Enforcement Division

requirements” and that he was “not aware of any specific requirement for security

staffing outside of the casino building.” Mr. Johnson further attested that in 2019,

Boomtown hosted 1,117,712 guests, with 90,225 guests visiting Boomtown in

February 2019, the month of the incident at issue. Defendant points to Mr.

Johnson’s testimony that he could only recall approximately 10 fights occurring in

the parking lot. Defendant argues that Mr. Johnson’s testimony supports its

position that the incident at issue was not foreseeable and, thus, Defendant could

not be held responsible for Mr. Rose’s criminal actions.

In opposition to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff argued

that Defendant’s evidence showed that Defendant assumed a duty to provide

exterior security in the casino’s parking lot, and that it failed to comply with its

own security policies and procedures on the night of the incident. Plaintiff relied

5
Defendant also attached aerial photographs of the parking lot, as well as a photograph of a sign stating
that Boomtown does not assume any liability for damage to vehicles due to fire, loss, or theft while
parked in the parking lot.

23-CA-119 5

on Mr. Johnson’s testimony to support her position that Defendant failed to have

any security personnel—JPSO or in-house casino security personnel—stationed in

the parking lot or at the exterior entrance of the casino property on the night in

question. Specifically, she pointed to Mr. Johnson’s testimony that in his over 20

years in the security department, he could not recall any incident after which JPSO

had a response time anywhere near the approximate 20-minute response time

following the incident at issue.6 Plaintiff contended that she felt comfortable with

regularly visiting Boomtown Casino and walking through the parking lot alone

because of the security presence that guests came to expect when they visited the

casino. However, she argued that the evidence demonstrates that on February 22,

2019, the casino had no JPSO detail officer or other in-house security personnel

stationed or assigned to monitor the casino’s exterior parking lot.

Following a hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the trial court

first found that Defendant assumed a duty to protect its patrons and, second that a

criminal act of purse snatching is a foreseeable event because “you have folks

coming in and out of a casino who may or may not have large amounts of money”

on their person. However, the trial court determined that Plaintiff failed to present

any evidence to show that Defendant was negligent or breached its duty at the time

of the incident. On December 19, 2022, the trial court granted Defendant’s motion

for summary judgment, dismissing it from the suit with prejudice. This timely

appeal followed.

6
Plaintiff also attached a “log” allegedly produced by JPSO reflecting that a JPSO detail officer, Fidel
Garcia, did not report to Boomtown Casino until 10:00 p.m. on the night in question. Defendant objected
to consideration of the “log,” contending that because it was not attached to a deposition nor authenticated
by affidavit, it was not competent summary judgment evidence under La. C.C.P. art. 966. The trial court
sustained the objection. Upon review, we agree that the log at issue is not proper summary judgment
evidence, and we do not consider it in our analysis herein.

23-CA-119 6

Discussion

On appeal, Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in finding that no

genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Defendant negligently breached

its duty to provide a reasonably safe premises for Plaintiff on the night of the

incident. Plaintiff points out that Defendant’s written policies and procedures call

for a casino security employee to patrol the exterior parking lot regularly, but that

she did not observe any security employee patrolling the parking lot that night.

Further, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant’s policies and procedures call for a JPSO

officer to be present on the premises “nightly,” typically from dusk until dawn, that

it is undisputed that the sun had set at the time of the incident, and that the

evidence introduced in connection with the motion for summary judgment supports

a finding that no JPSO detail officer was on the premises on the night of the

incident. Therefore, Plaintiff contends that summary judgment is not appropriate

in this case where the evidence demonstrates that Defendant failed to comply with

its own policies and procedures by failing to assign any casino security personnel

to patrol the parking lot, in conformity with its standard practice—but especially

on that night to compensate for JPSO’s absence.

Appellate courts review the granting or denial of a motion for summary

judgment de novo, using the same criteria that govern the trial court's consideration

of whether summary judgment is appropriate. Ford Motor Credit Co., LLC v.

Davis, 20-271 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/13/21), 329 So.3d 1047. A motion for summary

judgment is a procedural device used to avoid a full-scale trial when there is no

genuine issue of material fact, and is favored and designed to secure the just,

speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action. Fernandez v. City of

Kenner, 21-550 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/8/21), 335 So.3d 951, 954; Tozel v. Tozel, 21-

134 (La. App. 5 Cir. 11/3/21), 330 So.3d 1171; see also Vill. Shopping Ctr. P'ship

v. Kimble Dev., LLC, 18-740 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/24/19), 271 So.3d 376, 381 and

23-CA-119 7

Lincoln v. Acadian Plumbing & Drain, LLC, 17-684 (La. App. 5 Cir. 5/16/18), 247

So.3d 205, 209, writ denied, 18-1074 (La. 10/15/18), 253 So.3d 1302. A motion

for summary judgment shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and

supporting documents show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and

that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C.C.P. art. 966.

The Louisiana Supreme Court has considered whether a business owner

owes a specific duty to protect its customers from criminal acts of third parties. In

Posecai v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 99-1222 (La. 11/30/99), 752 So.2d 762, 766, the

Louisiana Supreme Court considered the issue and stated:

We now join other states in adopting the rule that although business
owners are not the insurers of their patrons’ safety, they do have a duty
to implement reasonable measures to protect their patrons from
criminal acts when those acts are foreseeable. We emphasize, however,
that there is generally no duty to protect others from the criminal
activities of third persons. See Harris v. Pizza Hut of Louisiana, Inc.,
455 So.2d 1364, 1371 (La. 1984). This duty only arises under limited
circumstances, when the criminal act in question was reasonably
foreseeable to the owner of the business. Determining when a crime is
foreseeable is therefore a critical inquiry.

The Court then adopted a balancing test used in other jurisdictions, which

considers “the foreseeability of the crime risk on the defendant’s property and the

gravity of the risk” to determine the extent of the duty owed. Posecai v. Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc., 752 So.2d at 768. While generally the most important factor to be

considered in deciding whether a business owes a duty of care to protect its

customers from the criminal acts of third parties is the existence, frequency and

similarity of prior incidents of crime on the premises, the location, nature and

condition of the property should also be taken into account. St. Peters v. Hackbarth

Delivery Serv. Inc., 16-88 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/7/16), 204 So.3d 1157, 1161–62,

writ denied, 17-0034 (La. 2/10/17).

Moreover, a business owner may voluntarily assume a duty of protection by

hiring security guards to protect the business and its patrons. “When a duty to

23-CA-119 8

protect others against such criminal misconduct has been assumed, liability may be

created by a negligent breach of that duty.” Bezet v. Original Libr. Joe's, Inc., 98-

1467 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/25/99), 747 So.2d 77, 87, writ denied, 99-2836 (La.

12/17/99), 751 So.2d 879. A duty of protection which has been voluntarily

assumed must be performed with due care. Harris v. Pizza Hut of Louisiana, Inc.,

455 So.2d 1364, 1369 (La. 1984).

Upon de novo review of the evidence submitted in connection with the

motion for summary judgment, we find that Defendant voluntarily assumed a duty

to provide regular security to patrol the casino’s exterior parking lot.7 We further

find that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Defendant was

negligent in failing to act in conformity with its own established security policies

and procedures on the night of the incident at issue. As Plaintiff pointed out in

opposition to the motion for summary judgment, no witness could testify or

produce any evidence to show whether a JPSO detail officer or an in-house

security employee had been assigned to patrol the exterior parking lot on that

night. Plaintiff testified in her deposition that she had visited the casino on

numerous occasions and had always observed a mobile security unit or vehicle

with flashing lights patrolling the parking lot. However, she testified that, on the

night of February 22, 2019, she did not observe any mobile security vehicle or any

security personnel patrolling the parking lot. Although Defendant understandably

had no way to ensure that JPSO detail officers would fulfill its nightly patrols, it

nonetheless undertook the duty of having exterior security in place—whether

through JPSO detail officers or the casino’s own in-house security personnel

patrolling the parking lot with its own mobile security vehicle.

7
We further find that, despite the lack of prior purse snatching or mugging incidents at the casino, that
such incidents may be reasonably foreseeable at a casino for the reasons stated by the trial court.

23-CA-119 9

Upon a de novo review, we find that the record demonstrates that genuine

issues of material fact exist as to whether Defendant complied with its own policies

and procedures to have the presence of security personnel in the parking lot or at

the exterior entrance of the casino on the night in question. Thus, based on the

evidence submitted in connection with the motion for summary judgment, and the

particular facts and circumstances present in this case, we find that the trial court

erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant. Our holding only

permits the trier of fact to determine whether Defendant complied with its own

policies and procedures to have the presence of security personnel in the parking

lot or at the exterior entrance of the casino on the night in question; we make no

such finding ourselves. Accordingly, we reverse the summary judgment granted in

favor of Defendant and we remand this matter to the trial court for further

proceedings.

REVERSED AND REMANDED

23-CA-119 10

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON LINDA M. WISEMAN
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL FIFTH CIRCUIT
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JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053)
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF
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GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400

(504) 376-1498 FAX
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NOTICE OF JUDGMENT AND CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY
I CERTIFY THAT A COPY OF THE OPINION IN THE BELOW-NUMBERED MATTER HAS BEEN DELIVERED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 2-16.4 AND 2-16.5 THIS DAY
DECEMBER 27, 2023 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL PARTIES
NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:

23-CA-119
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HON. JOSEPH A. MARINO, III (DISTRICT JUDGE)
JAKE J. WEINSTOCK (APPELLANT) D. RUSSELL HOLWADEL (APPELLEE) HEATHER E. REZNIK (APPELLEE)
KYLE M. TRUXILLO (APPELLEE)

MAILED
IRVY E. COSSE, III (APPELLANT)
ATTORNEY AT LAW
1515 POYDRAS STREET
SUITE 900
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