Bernie Johnson Versus Consolidated Sewerage District 1 of the Parish of Jefferson, the State of Louisiana, Department of Transportation and Development and Cannon Cochran Management Services, Inc.

BERNIE JOHNSON NO. 23-CA-498

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

CONSOLIDATED SEWERAGE DISTRICT #1 COURT OF APPEAL
OF THE PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF
LOUISIANA, THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, STATE OF LOUISIANA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND
DEVELOPMENT AND CANNON COCHRAN
MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.

ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 813-615, DIVISION "L"
HONORABLE DONALD A. ROWAN, JR., JUDGE PRESIDING

May 01, 2024

STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Fredericka Homberg Wicker,
Jude G. Gravois, and Stephen J. Windhorst

AFFIRMED
SJW
FHW
JGG

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,
BERNIE JOHNSON
Rosalyn Ruffin Duley

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE,
THE PARISH OF JEFFERSON, ON BEHALF OF CONSOLIDATED
SEWERAGE DISTRICT #1 OF THE PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF
LOUISIANA
Charles M. Pisano
Richard L. Seelman
Sydney R. Cunningham

WINDHORST, J.

Plaintiff/appellant, Bernie Johnson, appeals the trial court’s July 25, 2023

judgment granting the motion for summary judgment filed by defendant/appellee,

Consolidated Sewerage District # 1 of the Parish of Jefferson (the “Parish”), and

dismissing plaintiff’s claim against it. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY and FACTS

Plaintiff, Bernie Johnson, filed a petition for damages against the Parish, the

State of Louisiana, Department of Transportation and Development, and Cannon

Cochran Management (“Cannon”) on January 5, 2021. Therein, plaintiff alleged he

fell into an improperly maintained “drainage/sewerage system access” (a

“manhole”) located in a parking lot off of Jefferson Highway in River Ridge,

Louisiana, on March 20, 2020, and was lodged in the manhole up to his hips. As a

result of this fall, plaintiff claimed he suffered injuries, requiring medical treatment.

Plaintiff asserted the manhole lacked a proper cover, creating an unreasonable

risk of harm. Plaintiff alleged the manhole was in defendants’ care and custody, and

they knew or should have known of the unreasonable risk of harm. Plaintiff also

alleged defendants failed to exercise reasonable care, which legally and proximately

caused his damages.

Plaintiff was deposed on February 21, 2022, during which he testified the

incident occurred as follows. Just prior to his fall, plaintiff was exiting River Ridge

Hardware and returning to his vehicle, a pickup truck. He was looking at his receipt

for the items he had just purchased, and opened a side compartment on his truck bed

into which he intended to put his purchases. Upon opening the compartment,

plaintiff claimed he stepped backwards onto the manhole cover, which was allegedly

not sitting “flush” on the manhole, and fell into the manhole itself.

The Parish filed a motion for summary judgment on March 21, 2023, asserting

that plaintiff could not meet his burden of proving the essential elements of his claim

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and, as a result, no genuine issues of material fact exist, thereby entitling the Parish

to summary judgment.

In its motion for summary judgment, the Parish first argued that there was no

factual support to establish the Parish had actual or constructive knowledge the

manhole cover was defective or posed an unreasonable risk of harm. Second, the

Parish argued that the manhole cover did not present an unreasonable risk of harm

because the manhole was open and obvious. In support of this argument, the Parish

relied on the fact that the manhole cover was spray painted with orange or red

markings, as shown by the photographs. Third, the Parish asserted it was not

responsible for plaintiff’s fall because plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care by

not paying attention when he fell.

The Parish attached the following exhibits to its motion:

Exhibit A – Excerpts from plaintiff’s deposition stating the circumstances
before his fall, including identification of the photographs in Exhibit D.

Exhibit B – The Parish’s answers to interrogatories indicating that, three
days after the alleged incident, a Parish employee inspected the manhole
and found nothing unusual about it. The answers also stated that the
Parish does not have a program in place to regularly inspect the
thousands of manholes in Jefferson Parish, and that if there is a problem
with one, work is documented in the Parish work order system. The
answers indicated that there were no prior work orders for the manhole
cover at issue, and that the Parish was not aware of any prior events or
injuries involving this manhole cover.
Exhibit C – Affidavit of the Assistant Director of Sewerage for the
Jefferson Parish Sewerage Department testifying that he can access all
complaints made to the Sewerage Department. He testified that upon
review of the complaints made one year prior to the March 20, 2020
incident, he found no complaints regarding the manhole cover at issue.

Exhibit D – Photographs taken by plaintiff of the manhole cover,
identified in Exhibit A.

In opposition to the Parish’s motion for summary judgment, plaintiff argued

the motion was premature, as discovery remained ongoing. Plaintiff stated that he

has outstanding discovery requests and that, on June 20, 2023, he asked to take the

deposition of the Parish employee identified in the discovery responses, who

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inspected the manhole cover three days after the alleged incident. Plaintiff argued

that the Parish employee’s deposition may reveal an inspection of the manhole cover

before plaintiff’s fall and/or information the Parish knew or should have known that

rocks and debris prevented the manhole cover from laying flush.

Plaintiff also argued that the defective manhole cover in this case cannot

constitute an open and obvious hazard because there was nothing to warn plaintiff

the manhole cover would cave in on him.

As proof of ongoing discovery, plaintiff attached to his opposition an affidavit

from his attorney testifying that on June 20, 2023, he had requested to take the

deposition of a Parish employee regarding the inspection and/or activity surrounding

the sewer manhole at issue on March 20, 2020, as well as a second set of

interrogatories propounded on the Parish on June 21, 2023. Plaintiff also attached

excerpts from his deposition.

The Parish filed a reply memorandum to plaintiff’s opposition, contending

plaintiff had adequate opportunity to complete discovery, and was using the recent

discovery requests as a delay tactic. With regard to the requested deposition, the

Parish asserted that plaintiff learned of this employee as early as October 2022, but

made no attempt to depose him until June of 2023, three months after the Parish filed

its motion for summary judgment.

In its reply, the Parish also pointed out that plaintiff ignored its argument the

manhole cover was an open and obvious hazard due to the bright contrasting color

spray painted on the cover, making it readily apparent to all who encountered it. The

Parish further contended that if plaintiff had been paying attention and had been

aware of his surroundings, he would have easily seen the manhole cover.

The summary judgment hearing was initially set for May 15, 2023, but on

plaintiff counsel’s motion, the hearing was continued until July 10, 2023. At the

hearing, plaintiff’s arguments focused heavily on the fact that discovery was

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ongoing, and that the discovery cutoff date had not passed. The Parish reiterated

that plaintiff has had ample time to complete discovery, and that, by setting the case

for trial, plaintiff indicated to the court discovery was complete. After hearing

argument, the trial court granted the Parish’s motion for summary judgment without

specifying reasons. This appeal followed.

LAW and ANALYSIS

On appeal, plaintiff asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in granting

summary judgment in that the discovery cutoff deadline had not passed and plaintiff

had outstanding discovery requests propounded on the Parish. Plaintiff also asserts

the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because genuine issues of

material fact exist as to whether the Parish had actual or constructive knowledge that

the manhole cover was defective and/or that an alleged defect created an

unreasonable risk of harm.

A defendant may file a motion for summary judgment at any time after an

answer has been filed. La. C.C.P. art. 966 A(1). The court shall grant a motion for

summary judgment if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show

that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. La. C.C.P. art. 966 A(3).

The initial burden is on the mover to show that no genuine issue of material

fact exists. La. C.C.P. art. 966 D(1); Creager v. Marrero Land & Improvement Ass’n

Ltd., 21-322 (La. App. 5 Cir. 2/23/22), 362 So.3d 696, 700. If the moving party will

not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party is only required to point out

the absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse

party’s claim, action, or defense. Id. The adverse party must then produce factual

support to establish that he will be able to satisfy his evidentiary burden of proof at

trial. Rhodes v. AMKO Fence & Steel Co., LLC, 21-19 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/28/21),

23-CA-498 4

329 So.3d 1112, 1117. If the adverse party fails to do so, there is no genuine issue

of material fact, and summary judgment should be granted. Id.

We review the denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo. Robinson

v. Otis Condominium Ass’n, Inc., 20-359 (La. App. 5 Cir. 2/3/21), 315 So.3d 356,

361, writ denied, 21-343 (La. 4/27/21), 314 So.3d 837. Under this standard, we use

the same criteria as the trial court in determining if summary judgment is

appropriate: whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the mover

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Davis v. Consol. Rd. Dist. A for Par. of

Jefferson, 22-240 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/5/22), 355 So.3d 1, 5.

Proof Required for Liability under La. R.S. 9:2800

A public entity is responsible under Civil Code Article 2317 for damages

caused by the condition of buildings within its care and custody. La. R.S. 9:2800 A.

No person shall have a cause of action solely under Civil Code Article 2317 against

a public entity for damages caused by the condition of things within its care and

custody unless (1) the public entity had actual or constructive notice of the particular

vice or defect which caused the damage prior to the occurrence, and (2) the public

entity had a reasonable opportunity to remedy the defect and failed to do so. La.

R.S. 9:2800 C. Constructive notice requires the existence of facts which infer actual

knowledge. La. R.S. 9:2800 D.

In order to establish liability under La. R.S. 9:2800, the Louisiana Supreme

Court has held that a plaintiff must prove: “(1) custody or ownership of the defective

thing by the public entity; (2) the defect created an unreasonable risk of harm; (3)

the public entity had actual or constructive notice of the defect; (4) the public entity

failed to take corrective action within a reasonable time; and (5) causation.”

Chambers v. Village of Moreauville, 11-898 (La. 1/24/12), 85 So.3d 593, 597. The

failure to establish any one of the elements will defeat a claim under La. R.S. 9:2800

against a public entity. Tanner v. Lafayette City-Par. Consol. Gov't, 18-900 (La.

23-CA-498 5

App. 3 Cir. 5/22/19), 273 So.3d 382, 384. The absence of a plan of inspection in no

way shows or implies that an employee of the appropriate public entity has actual

knowledge of a dangerous defect or condition. Jones v. Hawkins, 98-1259 (La.

3/19/99), 731 So.2d 216, 220.

Actual or Constructive Knowledge

The specific issue here is whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to

whether the Parish had actual or constructive knowledge of a defect in the manhole

cover.

In support of the Parish’s assertion that plaintiff could not prove actual or

constructive knowledge, it attached its responses to plaintiff’s interrogatories

indicating that: (1) three days after the alleged incident, a Parish employee inspected

the manhole and found nothing unusual about it; (2) the Parish had no prior work

orders for the manhole cover at issue; and (3) the Parish had no record of any

reported events or injuries involving this manhole cover. The Parish also indicated

in its answers that it does not have a program in place to regularly inspect the

thousands of manholes in Jefferson Parish, and that if there is a problem with a

manhole cover, work is documented in the Parish’s work order system. In its motion,

the Parish further relied upon an affidavit of the Assistant Director of Sewerage for

the Jefferson Parish Sewerage Department testifying that he can access all complaints

made to the Parish and that upon review of the complaints made one year prior to the

March 20, 2020 incident, he found no complaints regarding the manhole cover at

issue.

Based on the foregoing, we find that the Parish has pointed out an absence of

factual support to prove it had actual or constructive notice that the manhole cover

in question had any defective condition. The burden therefore shifted to plaintiff to

establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, or that the Parish is not

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

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On appeal, plaintiff asserts that the affidavit and exhibits submitted by the

Parish reveal that “reasonable persons could disagree as to whether the sewer

manhole presented a risk of harm, especially with it being in a parking lot filled with

rocks and stoney [sic] debris.” However, despite that plaintiff’s case has been

pending since January 2021, plaintiff cannot point to any evidence to show the Parish

had any actual or constructive notice that this manhole cover had any existing

defective condition.

In a similar case, Tanner v. Lafayette City-Parish Consolidated Government,

18-900 (La. App. 3 Cir. 5/22/19), 273 So.3d 382, the plaintiff asserted a claim under

La. R.S. 9:2800 against the City of Lafayette (the “City”), alleging she stepped on a

manhole cover that popped up, causing her injuries. The trial court granted the

City’s motion for summary judgment based on the lack of evidence the City had

actual or constructive knowledge of any defects with the manhole cover. On appeal,

the appellate court first observed that the City’s failure to have a plan for periodic

inspections did not impute constructive notice. Id. at 386. In addition, there was no

evidence of a report before the accident at issue of the manhole cover being

displaced. Id. An inspection after the plaintiff’s incident also revealed no issues.

Id. The appellate court affirmed the judgment granting summary judgment in favor

of the City. Id.

Also, in Polk v. City of Alexandria, 23-613 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2/14/24), — So.3d

—, a manhole cover broke when the plaintiff stepped on it, causing his leg to fall in

the manhole. Similar to the case here, on summary judgment, the City attached an

affidavit of its Superintendent of Water Operations, testifying that the City had not

received any reports of a defect in the manhole cover in question, and there were no

documented complaints prior to the alleged accident. A crew supervisor for the City

reiterated the Superintendent’s statements and also stated that he had inspected the

manhole on the day of the accident after it occurred and did not find any broken or

23-CA-498 7

cracked pieces of the cover in the manhole. The trial court granted the City’s motion

for summary judgment based on the lack of evidence the City had actual or

constructive knowledge of any defects with the manhole cover. The appellate court

affirmed the trial court’s judgment.

Similar to the Tanner and Polk cases, supra, plaintiff here has failed to present

factual support showing that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the

Parish had actual or constructive notice the manhole cover in question was defective

before his accident. We therefore find the trial court properly granted summary

judgment in favor of the Parish and dismissed plaintiff’s claim against the Parish

with prejudice.

Adequate Discovery

Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

because discovery is incomplete. Plaintiff states that he has not yet taken the

deposition of the employee who inspected the manhole soon after the accident, and

that he is awaiting responses from the Parish to his second set of interrogatories.

Plaintiff, however, did not request a continuance of the July 10, 2023 summary

judgment hearing.

La. C.C.P. art. 966 A(3) requires that summary judgment shall be granted only

“[a]fter an opportunity for adequate discovery.” Louisiana jurisprudence holds that

parties must be given a fair opportunity to carry out discovery, but there is no

requirement that summary judgment be delayed until discovery is complete. Davis

v. Riverside Ct. Condo. Ass’n Phase II, Inc., 14-0023 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/12/14),

154 So.3d 643, 654; Thomas v. North 40 Land Development, Inc., 04-610 (La. App.

4 Cir. 1/6/05), 894 So.2d 1160, 1179. The Louisiana Supreme Court has stated,

“[t]he only requirement is that the parties be given a fair opportunity to present their

claim. Unless plaintiff shows a probable injustice, a suit should not be delayed

pending discovery when it appears at an early stage that there is no genuine issue of

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fact.” Simoneaux v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., 483 So.2d 908, 913 (La.

1986), Davis, 154 So.3d at 654. The granting of a motion for summary judgment is

premature only if particularized evidence is presented which shows that disputed

factual issues remain. Hayes v. Sheraton Operating Corp., 14-0675 (La. App. 4 Cir.

12/10/14), 156 So.3d 1193, 1197; Bass P’ship v. Fortmayer, 04-1438 (La. App. 4

Cir. 3/9/05), 899 So.2d 68, 73. “The mere contention of an opponent that he lacks

sufficient information to defend the motion and that he needs additional time to

conduct discovery is insufficient to defeat the motion.” Id.

A trial court’s determination that a plaintiff has had sufficient opportunity to

conduct discovery is subject to an abuse of discretion standard. Hayes, 156 So.3d at

1197.

We find no evidence showing that plaintiff has not been afforded a fair

opportunity to carry out discovery and present her claim. Plaintiff filed suit on

January 5, 2021, and an amended petition on July 23, 2021. The parties took

plaintiff’s deposition on February 21, 2022, and the Parish answered plaintiff’s

interrogatories on October 28, 2022. Plaintiff waited approximately eight months

after receiving the Parish’s answers and learning the identity of an employee who

inspected the manhole at issue to request the employee’s deposition.

Plaintiff had over two years to conduct discovery. Only one month remained

in the discovery period when the summary judgment hearing took place. Plaintiff

waited until the day after he filed his opposition to pursue additional discovery.

Plaintiff’s attempt to seek additional time to complete discovery now comes far too

late. Regardless, it is mere speculation that this witness and these written responses

might shed light on the Parish’s knowledge or awareness of an alleged defect in the

manhole cover at issue. Accordingly, we find the trial could did not abuse its

discretion in considering and granting the Parish’s motion for summary judgment

despite plaintiff’s assertion that additional discovery was necessary.

23-CA-498 9

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s July 25, 2023 judgment,

granting the Parish’s motion for summary judgment and dismissing plaintiff’s claim

against it.

AFFIRMED

23-CA-498 10

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST LINDA M. WISEMAN
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL
TIMOTHY S. MARCEL FIFTH CIRCUIT
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JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053)
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23-CA-498
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE DONALD A. ROWAN, JR. (DISTRICT JUDGE)
ROSALYN RUFFIN DULEY (APPELLANT) SYDNEY R. CUNNINGHAM (APPELLEE)

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