State of Louisiana Versus Armande Tart

STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 23-K-406

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

ARMANDE TART COURT OF APPEAL

STATE OF LOUISIANA

April 05, 2024

Susan Buchholz
Chief Deputy Clerk

ON APPLICATION FOR REHEARING

Panel composed of Susan M. Chehardy,
Stephen J. Windhorst, and Timothy S. Marcel

GRANTED FOR LIMITED PURPOSE

SJW
SMC
TSM

WINDHORST, J.

The State of Louisiana petitions this court for a limited rehearing of our March

20, 2024 decision, which affirmed the trial court’s July 19, 2023 ruling denying

defendant Armande Tart’s motion to recuse the bench of the 24 th Judicial District

Court. Specifically, the State requests this court grant its application for rehearing

for the limited purpose of correcting our prior March 20, 2024 decision to reflect the

correct law and jurisprudence for recusal under La. C.Cr.P. art. 671, instead of La.

C.C.P. art. 151. Defendant does not oppose the request for rehearing based on the

State’s limited grounds. We agree. Therefore, we grant the State’s unopposed

application for rehearing for the limited purpose of correcting and incorporating in

our prior decision the relevant criminal law and jurisprudence under La. C.Cr.P. art.

671. In all other respects, our prior decision remains the same. Accordingly, our

March 20, 2024 decision is amended and restated in its entirety as follows.

Relator, Armande Tart, seeks review of the trial court’s July 19, 2023 ruling

denying his motion to recuse the entire bench of the 24th Judicial District Court

(“24th JDC”). Relator contends the trial court erred in denying the motion because

Judge Donald Rowan’s familial relationship with a decedent in this homicide case

establishes a substantial and objective basis that prevents his colleagues from

conducting the proceedings in a fair and impartial manner.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY and FACTS

Relator was charged with four counts of first degree murder, one count of

attempted first degree murder, and one count of obstruction of justice. One of the

deceased victims, Harold Frisard, is the first cousin of Judge Rowan. Relator filed

a motion to recuse the trial court and the entire bench of the 24th JDC. On August

9, 2022, Judge Brindisi recused himself based on his close friendship with Judge

Rowan and the fact that he would have met the decedent’s mother at family functions

held by Judge Rowan’s family. Judge Brindisi granted relator’s request to have an

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ad hoc judge appointed for further proceedings.1 Relator subsequently filed a

supplemental motion to recuse and a second supplemental motion to recuse wherein

relator contended that a substantial and objective basis existed for the recusal of the

entire bench of the 24th JDC pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 671 B.

Judge Franz Zibilich was assigned ad hoc by the Louisiana Supreme Court to

hear relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench of the 24th JDC. On September 8,

2022, at relator’s motion to recuse hearing, Judge Zibilich disclosed that he had a

dating relationship with the First Assistant District Attorney of the 24th JDC.

Defense counsel orally moved to recuse Judge Zibilich, which was denied.

During the hearing, Judge Rowan testified that (1) he was estranged from his

first cousin, Harold Frisard; (2) the last time he saw Harold was in 2005 or 2006; (3)

he was not close with Harold; (4) they did not care for one another and they did not

get along; (5) he did not become aware Harold was killed until sometime in 2017;

(6) he did not go to Harold’s funeral; (7) he did not discuss his relationship with

Harold with any member of the bench at the 24th JDC nor did he attend any hearings

or proceedings in this case; (8) he keeps his private life private; and (9) Harold’s

mother never attended his annual crawfish boil at his house wherein some members

of the bench have attended. After argument of counsel, Judge Zibilich denied

relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench of the 24th JDC but ordered Judge

Rowan’s recusal.2

Relator applied to this court for supervisory writs contending that Judge

Zibilich erred in denying the oral motion to recuse himself and erred in granting his

motion to recuse as to Judge Rowan only and not the remaining judges on the bench

of the 24th JDC. This court pretermitted relator’s second assignment of error and

1 While relator’s motion to recuse the bench of the 24th JDC was pending, the case was re-allotted to
Division B, Judge Christopher Cox. Judge Cox filed an order recusing himself.
2 Although both the State and defense counsel informed Judge Zibilich that the recusal at issue was not as
to Judge Rowan, but the recusal of the bench of the 24th JDC, Judge Zibilich found that if the case was
allotted to Judge Rowan, it would be a mandatory recusal and thus, ordered Judge Rowan’s recusal.

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found that Judge Zibilich was required to recuse himself or refer the motion for

hearing to another judge or to an ad hoc judge. State v. Tart, 22-439 (La. App. 5

Cir. 09/29/22), 350 So.3d 596, 598.

The Louisiana Supreme Court appointed Judge Donald M. Fendlason ad hoc to

hear relator’s motion to recuse Judge Zibilich. After a hearing, Judge Fendlason

granted relator’s motion to recuse Judge Zibilich. On June 8, 2023, the Louisiana

Supreme Court issued an amended order assigning Judge Fendlason ad hoc for the

purpose of hearing and disposing relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench of the

24th JDC.

On July 19, 2023, a hearing on relator’s motion to recuse was held. The State

submitted a copy of the transcript of Judge Rowan’s prior testimony at the

September 8, 2022 hearing, and the State and defense counsel argued and submitted

the matter. Judge Fendlason denied relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench of

the 24th JDC. This writ application followed.

In this writ application, relator contends the entire bench of the 24th JDC

should be recused due to the familial relationship between one of their judges and

one of the decedents in this homicide case pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 671 A(6) and

671 B, the judicial canons and recent decisions from this court and the Louisiana

Supreme Court. Relator asserts that (1) the judges in the 24th JDC associate closely

with one another; (2) their chambers and courtrooms are in the same courthouse; (3)

they consult with one another to decide a myriad of issues concerning the

administration of the court and oversight of the court, including electing a chief

judge, holding regular meetings, and working together in committees; and (4) they

administer and oversee programs essential to the administration of justice. Relator

avers that as a part of their professional obligations, the 24th JDC judges are

regularly called upon to interact with and collaborate with each other, to deliberate

and to vote on matters concerning the district court.

23-K-406 3

Relator contends an ad hoc judge does not share such a “close bond.” He

asserts Judge Rowan’s colleagues on the 24th JDC bench will be unable to try the

case fairly and impartially due to their close professional association with him.

Moreover, relator alleges that having one of Judge Rowan’s colleagues preside over

a trial seeking to assign culpability for the killing of his cousin tends to undermine

public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. Consequently,

relator seeks recusal of the entire bench of the 24th JDC and the appointment of an

ad hoc judge to reside over this case.

LEGAL STANDARD FOR RECUSAL and ANALYSIS

A trial judge is presumed to be impartial, and the burden is on the party

seeking to recuse a judge to prove otherwise. State v. Sly, 23-60 (La. App. 5 Cir.

11/02/23), 376 So.3d 1047, 1096; State v. Gatewood, 12-281 (La. App. 5 Cir.

10/30/12), 103 So.3d 627, 637; State v. Strickland, 04-843 (La. App. 5 Cir.

03/01/05), 900 So.2d 885, 893, writ denied, 05-820 (La. 06/17/05), 904 So.2d 683.

La. C.Cr.P. art. 671 provides in pertinent part:

A. In a criminal cause, a judge of any trial or appellate court shall be
recused upon any of the following grounds:
(1) The judge is biased, prejudiced, or personally interested in the cause
to such an extent that the judge would be unable to conduct a fair and
impartial trial.
(2) The judge is the spouse of the accused, of the party injured, of an
attorney employed in the cause, or of the district attorney; or is related
to the accused or the party injured, or to the spouse of the accused or
party injured, within the fourth degree; or is related to an attorney
employed in the cause or to the district attorney, or to the spouse of
either, within the second degree.
(3) The judge has been employed or consulted as an attorney in the
cause, or has been associated with an attorney during the latter's
employment in the cause.
(4) The judge is a witness in the cause.
(5) The judge performed a judicial act in the cause in another court.
(6) The judge would be unable, for any other reason, to conduct a fair
and impartial trial.

23-K-406 4

The grounds set forth in La. C.Cr.P. art. 671 are exclusive, not illustrative.

State v. Galliano, 05-962 (La. App. 5 Cir. 8/29/06), 945 So.2d 701, 727-28, writ

denied, 06-2367 (La. 4/27/07), 955 So.2d 682; In re Lemoine, 96–2116

(La.01/14/97), 686 So.2d 837, 843, on reh'g, 96–2116 (La. 04/04/97), 692 So.2d 358.

The grounds for recusal based on bias, prejudice, or personal interest must amount

to more than conclusory allegations. State v. Galliano, 05-962 (La. App. 5 Cir.

8/29/06), 945 So.2d 701, 727-28, writ denied, 06-2367 (La. 4/27/07), 955 So.2d 682;

State v. Davis, 00–1753 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/24/01), 786 So.2d 834, 843, writ denied,

01–1467 (La.4/26/02), 816 So.2d 846. Recusal is required when, objectively

speaking, “the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker is

too high to be constitutionally tolerable.” State v. Bartie, 20-1021 (La. 11/04/20),

303 So.3d 628, citing Rippo v. Baker, 580 U.S. 285, 287, 137 S.Ct. 905, 907, 197

L.Ed.2d 167 (2017); State v. LaCaze, 16-234 (La. 03/13/18), 239 So.3d 807, 813.

In the case before this court, mover has not offered any evidence to support any

ground for recusal, but suggests that because of their association, occasional

interaction, and physical proximity, judges of the 24th JDC could not be fair and

impartial, and such would “undermine public confidence in the integrity and

impartiality of the judiciary.” This contention is speculative and conclusory. Such

speculation does not support recusal, and is undermined in this case by the prior

voluntary recusals of at least two other judges of the 24th JDC, giving specific reasons.

There is no indication that other judges of the 24th JDC would discuss this case among

themselves, or attempt to retain it if he or she felt any bias.

The State offered contrary evidence to show that recusal of the entire 24th JDC

was not justified. Admitted into evidence was Judge Rowan’s previous extensive

testimony to the effect that he was estranged from his cousin, the alleged victim, Mr.

Frisard, and that they did not get along, that they had not seen each other in many years,

that he had not attended Mr. Frisard’s funeral, etc. Significantly, Judge Rowan also

23-K-406 5

testified that he had never mentioned Mr. Frisard or their familial relationship to any

other judge, and did not attend any hearing in the case. Judge Rowan’s testimony was

uncontradicted.

La C.Cr.P. art. 671, which provides the grounds for recusal of a judge in

criminal cases, was amended by Acts 2022, No. 42, § 1, with an effective date of

August 1, 2022, and provides in pertinent part:

B. In a criminal cause, a judge of any trial or appellate court shall also
be recused when there exists a substantial and objective basis that
would reasonably be expected to prevent the judge from conducting any
aspect of the cause in a fair and impartial manner. [Emphasis added.]
The 2022 Official Comments to Article 671 provide in pertinent part:
(a) This Article generally follows Code of Civil Procedure Article 151,
with such adaptations as are necessary to adjust the grounds for recusal
to the special differences in criminal proceedings.
***
(i) A new Paragraph B has been added to provide an additional
mandatory ground for recusal when a substantial and objective basis
exists that would reasonably be expected to prevent the judge from
conducting any aspect of the case in a fair and impartial manner. This
provision is intended to serve as a catch-all supplementing the
mandatory grounds for recusal set forth in Paragraph A and to
incorporate a clearer, more objective standard than the language of
Canon 3C of the Code of Judicial Conduct, which provides that a judge
should recuse himself when “the judge's impartiality might reasonably
be questioned.”
Although there is no jurisprudence interpreting this additional ground for

recusal in criminal law, this court recently examined and applied the identical recusal

standard under La. C.C.P. art. 151 in a civil case, Anderson v. Dean, 22-233 (La.

App. 07/25/22), 346 So.3d 356.

In discussing the similar provision for recusal under C.C.P. art. 151 B, this

court stated

In adopting this new language [subsection B], the Legislature
clearly intended to broaden the mandatory grounds for recusal beyond
the previously enumerated grounds, including the ground for bias or
prejudice enumerated in Paragraph A(4). Whereas prior law
recognized this mandatory ground for recusal only where there was a
high probability of actual bias (proved either directly or

23-K-406 6

circumstantially), the addition of Paragraph B recognizes that there may
be instances in which actual bias or prejudice cannot be proven, but
which nonetheless require the recusal of the judge. These instances
occur where there exists a “substantial and objective basis that would
reasonably be expected to prevent the judge from conducting any aspect
of the case in a fair and impartial manner.” The words “substantial”
and “objective” present the first two requirements. “Substantial” means
something of substance, material, real, and not imaginary. Black's Law
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). This may be understood as requiring the
mover to support his motion to recuse with material evidence, and not
mere allegations. “Objective” means something externally verifiable,
as opposed to the feelings of one individual. Id. “Basis” means some
foundation or starting point on which something may rest. Id. This is
a broad term clearly intended to cover more instances than solely
“bias.” The phrase “any aspect of the cause” additionally broadens the
scope of this ground for recusal beyond the obvious and public aspects
of the judge sitting on the bench in the courtroom. Finally, the phrase
“reasonably expected” recognizes that there may be substantial and
objective bases claimed that a neutral observer would not expect to
prevent the judge from trying the cause in a fair and impartial manner.

Whether the requirements of this new ground for recusal in
Paragraph B are met will necessarily vary to some degree depending on
the facts and circumstances of each case: the conduct complained of
and the relationships and interests involved. In determining whether a
recusal is necessary under Paragraph B, a judge's decision should be
guided by the twin imperative duties of a judge: to try the case fairly
and impartially on the one hand, and on the other to promote public
confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.

As stated above, relator/mover has not offered, and the record does not contain,

evidence to support a showing that there exists a substantial and objective basis that

would reasonably be expected to prevent all of the judges of the 24th JDC from

presiding fairly and impartially. Viewing this matter objectively, the mere association

and proximity of the judges of the 24th JDC, with nothing more, does not lead to a

substantial, reasonable expectation that the other judges would reasonably be

prevented from conducting any aspect of the cause in a fair and impartial manner.

Based on a review of the record of this case, and giving due consideration of the

arguments made under La. C.Cr.P. art. 671 B, this court is satisfied that a substantial

and objective basis that would reasonably be expected to prevent the remaining judges

of the 24th JDC from conducting any aspect of the cause in a fair and impartial manner

23-K-406 7

simply does not exist, and that the ad hoc judge, Judge Fendlason, was not in error in

his denial of the recusal of the entire bench of the 24th JDC.

DECREE

Upon review of the writ application, attachments thereto, and evidence, we

find no error in the trial court’s denial of relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench

of the 24th JDC. The evidence does not support a finding of actual bias or prejudice

against relator by the entire bench of the 24th JDC, nor does it support a finding of

a substantial and objective basis that would reasonably be expected to prevent the

remaining bench of the 24th JDC from being fair and impartial. Accordingly, we

affirm the trial court’s denial of relator’s motion to recuse the entire bench of the

24th JDC.

AFFIRMED

23-K-406 8

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST LINDA M. WISEMAN
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL
TIMOTHY S. MARCEL FIFTH CIRCUIT
MELISSA C. LEDET
JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053)
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF
POST OFFICE BOX 489
GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400

(504) 376-1498 FAX
www.fifthcircuit.org

NOTICE OF DISPOSITION CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY
I CERTIFY THAT A COPY OF THE DISPOSITION IN THE FOREGOING MATTER HAS BEEN
TRANSMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 4-6 THIS
DAY 04/05/2024 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, THE TRIAL COURT CLERK OF COURT, AND AT LEAST ONE OF
THE COUNSEL OF RECORD FOR EACH PARTY, AND TO EACH PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:

23-K-406
E-NOTIFIED
24th Judicial District Court (Clerk)
Hon. Donald M. Fendlason (District Judge)
Honorable Donald L. Foret (District Judge)
Thomas J. Butler (Respondent)

MAILED
Paul C. Fleming, Jr. (Relator) Zachary W. Orjuela (Relator)
Attorney at Law Attorney at Law
848 Second Street The Capital Appeals Project
Third Floor 1024 Elysian Fields Avenue
Gretna, LA 70053 New Orleans, LA 70117