State of Louisiana Versus Jerman Neveaux

STATE OF LOUISIANA, DEPARTMENT NO. 23-K-460
OF JUSTICE STATE OF LOUISIANA
FIFTH CIRCUIT
VERSUS
COURT OF APPEAL
JERMAN NEVEAUX
STATE OF LOUISIANA

November 02, 2023

Linda Wiseman
First Deputy Clerk

IN RE JERMAN NEVEAUX

APPLYING FOR SUPERVISORY WRIT FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT,
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA, DIRECTED TO THE HONORABLE
JUNE B. DARENSBURG, DIVISION "C", NUMBER 16-4029

Panel composed of Judges Susan M. Chehardy,
Fredericka Homberg Wicker, and Stephen J. Windhorst

WRIT DENIED

Defendant, Jerman Neveaux, seeks supervisory review of the trial court’s

denial of his Motion to Bar “Lawful Duties” Aggravator as Unconstitutionally

Vague. For the reasons that follow, the writ is denied.

Procedural Background

On October 13, 2016, defendant, Jerman Neveaux, was indicted for the first

degree murder of Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office (JPSO) Detective David Michel

in violation of La. R.S. 14:30. The State is seeking the death penalty.

On July 10, 2023, defendant filed a Motion to Bar “Lawful Duties”

Aggravator as Unconstitutionally Vague. On July 24, 2023, the State filed State’s

Omnibus Response to Defendant’s Motions Relative to Venire and Indictment, in

which it responded to defendant’s arguments regarding the “lawful duties”

aggravator. Defendant filed a reply on August 7, 2023. On August 23, 2023, the

23-K-460

trial court denied defendant’s motion to bar “lawful duties” aggravator after a

hearing. Defendant timely filed the instant writ application on September 20, 2023.

Discussion

Approximately two years after defendant’s first degree murder indictment,

the State filed a Notice of Aggravating Circumstances indicating that it would

present evidence at trial showing that defendant was engaged in the attempted

perpetration of an armed robbery at the time of the offense, citing La. C.Cr.P. art

905.4(1), and that during the offense, defendant killed JPSO Detective Michel, a

peace officer engaged in his lawful duty, citing La. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(2).

The State confirmed in its Response to Supplement to Prior Motions for Bill

of Particulars, filed January 9, 2023, that it intended to establish at trial that

defendant violated La. R.S. 14:30(A)(2) when killing a peace officer engaged in

the performance of his lawful duties.

Defendant argues in his Motion to Bar “Lawful Duties” Aggravator as

Unconstitutionally Vague that the language of La. R.S. 14:30(A)(2) (“peace officer

…engaged in the performance of his lawful duties”) and La. C.Cr.P. art.

905.4(A)(2) (“peace officer engaged in his lawful duties”) is unconstitutionally

vague.

La. R.S. 14:30 provides in pertinent part:

A. First degree murder is the killing of a human being:

***
(2) When the offender has a specific intent to kill or to
inflict great bodily harm upon a … peace officer…
engaged in the performance of his lawful duties, or
when the specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily
harm is directly related to the victim’s status as a …
peace officer …[.]

La. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4 provides in pertinent part:

A. The following shall be considered aggravating
circumstances:
***

2

(2) The victim was a fireman or peace officer engaged
in his lawful duties[.]

In his motion, defendant asked the trial court to bar the use of these

statutes—unless the language is accompanied by a limiting instruction—because

these phrases are vague in failing to explain what is meant by “lawful” in this

context, leaving at least two distinct interpretations:

1. The officer was performing the duty as a peace officer
that he was assigned to by law even if unlawfully, i.e.,
the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
officer was acting as a peace officer pursuant to lawful
assignment at the time, even if he was performing those
duties in an unlawful manner; or,

2. The officer was performing his lawful duties, i.e., the
State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
peace officer was conducting himself lawfully, not just
that he was performing his duties (albeit in an unlawful
fashion).

On July 24, 2023, the State filed State’s Omnibus Response to Defendant’s

Motions Relative to Venire and Indictment, asserting that defendant’s argument

regarding the constitutionality of la. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(A)(2) had no merit. The

State apparently did not respond to the argument regarding La. R.S. 14:30(A)(2).

The State argued that it “strains credibility far beyond the breaking point” to

seriously suggest that the phrase “lawful duties” relative to a police officer is vague

to the point that it fails to give adequate notice to individuals that certain

contemplated conduct is proscribed, or fails to provide adequate standards for

those charged with determining the guilt or innocence of the accused.

After the August 23, 2023 hearing on defendant’s motion, the trial judge

stated:

88, defendant’s motion to bar unlawful duties aggravators
as unconstitutionally vague is denied.1

1
This motion is defendant’s eighty-eighth motion.
3

Again, all these statutes that the defense counsel and it’s
all of your motions have deemed vague unconstitutional.
You should be at the next legislative session making those
arguments. I’d present those to the criminal code
committee so that they can review these articles and make
a determination if, in fact, they think they’re vague and
need to be amended or not.

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion and in

refusing to provide a limiting instruction to define the phrases “engaged in the

performance of his lawful duties” and “engaged in his lawful duties” as requiring

proof of lawfulness. He also contends that the trial court erred in failing to find the

phrases “engaged in the performance of his lawful duties” and “engaged in his

lawful duties” to be unconstitutionally vague.

In State v. Smith, after considering similar arguments, this Court and the

Louisiana Supreme Court denied writs. State v. Smith, 17-439 (La. App. 5 Cir.

9/12/17) (unpublished writ disposition), writ denied, 17-1738 (La. 11/17/17), 229

So.3d 930. This Court stated in Smith:

Relator is charged by indictment with two (2) counts of
first degree murder of two (2) St. John Parish Sheriff
Deputies. In each count, the State alleges that relator
committed first degree murder by killing a peace officer
engaged in the performance of his lawful duties. The State
also has filed notice that it intends to present penalty-phase
evidence that the victims were peace officers engaged in
their lawful duties. Relator filed a motion challenging the
constitutionality of the aggravating factors in both La. R.S.
14:30(A)(2) and La. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(A)(2) on the basis
that they were unconstitutionally vague. …

***
[2]
Applying La. R.S. 14:3 to the provisions of La. R.S.
14:30(A)(2) and La. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(A)(2), it is apparent
that the legislature intended the provision to apply to the
status of the victim as a peace officer, not the activity that
the victim was engaged in. See State v. Lacaze, 99-584
(La. 1/25/02), 824 So.2d 1063, 1084-85, cert. denied, 537
U.S. 865, 123 S.Ct. 263, 154 L.Ed.2d 110 (2002) (where
the Louisiana Supreme Court held that an officer was in
uniform and was working a paid detail when he was killed
2
La. R.S. 14:3 states that criminal statutes must be “given genuine construction, according to the
fair import of their words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with
reference to the purpose of the provision.”
4

and was thus engaged in the performance of his lawful
duties); see also State v. Berry, 391 So.2d 406 (La. 1980),
cert. denied, 451 U.S. 110, 101 S.Ct. 2347, 68 L.Ed.2d 863
(1991) (where the Louisiana Supreme Court held that a
peace officer in uniform while working a paid security
detail protects citizenry and prevents or deters violent
crime is performing his lawful duty for purposes of La.
R.S. 14:30(A)(2), and hence, satisfies the aggravating
circumstances defined in La. C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(A)(2)).
The qualifiers that the peace officer must be “engaged in
the performance of his lawful duties” or “engaged in his
lawful duties” make it clear that the victim must be acting
as a peace officer and not as an ordinary citizen for the
aggravating factors to apply. Reading otherwise could lead
to absurd results. Relator asks this court to stretch the
meaning of the words “lawful duties” to require the State
to prove the lawfulness of the victim’s activity.

When a statute either forbids or requires the doing of an
act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence
must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its
application, the statute violates due process of law. Hair,
supra. A penal statute must provide adequate standards by
which the guilt or innocence of the accused can be
determined. State v. Lonzo, 06-945 (La. App. 5 Cir.
5/29/07), 960 So.2d 290, 293; State v. Bentley, 96-795 (La.
App. 5 Cir. 3/25/97), 692 So.2d 1207, 1209. While
criminal statutes are to be narrowly interpreted and any
ambiguity in the substantive provisions of a statute is to be
resolved in favor of the accused, this rule of strict
construction is not to be applied with “such unreasonable
technicality as to defeat the purpose of all rules of statutory
construction, which purpose is to ascertain and enforce the
true meaning and intent of the statute.” State v. Brown, 03-
2788 (La. 7/6/04), 879 So.2d 1276, 1280, cert. denied, 543
U.S. 1177, 125 S.Ct. 1310, 161 L.Ed.2d 161 (2005).

The fact that a statute’s terms are subjective and
susceptible to interpretation does not render it vague. As
the Court stated in Hair, “Words in statutes need not have
the same precision as mathematical symbols … A statute
need not set out every circumstance and variation in
conduct which may be a violation thereof.” As stated by
the trial court, “Entertaining the defense’s sophisticated
analyses of this aggravator opens a door that would
undoubtedly run afoul the true meaning and intent of La.
C.Cr.P. art. 905.4(A)(2).” We agree with the trial court’s
observation and find it equally applicable to La. R.S.
14:30(A)(2). Considering that La. R.S. 14:30 is found in
Part II of the Criminal Code entitled “Offenses Against
The Person,” and interpreting “lawful duties” as the relator
suggests would lead to absurd results, we find that a person
of reasonable intelligence would understand the phrase to

5

relate to the peace officer’s status as such at the time of the
killing, not the legality of his actions. The statute is not
vague, and there is no need to create ambiguity where none
exists by giving an additional instruction to the jury.

Accordingly, this writ application is denied.

Smith, supra, 17-K-439.

Although defendant is correct in stating that a writ denial has no precedential

value, we find the reasoning in Smith persuasive and adopt it here. Finding no error

in the trial court’s ruling denying defendant’s Motion to Bar “Lawful Duties”

Aggravator as Unconstitutionally Vague, we deny defendant’s writ application.

Gretna, Louisiana, this 2nd day of November, 2023.

SMC
FHW
SJW

6

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON LINDA M. WISEMAN
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL FIFTH CIRCUIT
MELISSA C. LEDET
JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053)
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF
POST OFFICE BOX 489
GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400

(504) 376-1498 FAX
www.fifthcircuit.org

NOTICE OF DISPOSITION CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY
I CERTIFY THAT A COPY OF THE DISPOSITION IN THE FOREGOING MATTER HAS BEEN
TRANSMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 4-6 THIS
DAY 11/02/2023 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, THE TRIAL COURT CLERK OF COURT, AND AT LEAST ONE OF
THE COUNSEL OF RECORD FOR EACH PARTY, AND TO EACH PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:

23-K-460
E-NOTIFIED
24th Judicial District Court (Clerk)
Honorable June B. Darensburg (DISTRICT JUDGE)
Richard J. Bourke (Relator) Thomas J. Butler (Respondent)
Grant L. Willis (Respondent) Elliott T. Brown (Relator)
Darren A. Allemand (Respondent)

MAILED
Honorable Paul D. Connick, Jr.
(Respondent)
District Attorney
Twenty-Fourth Judicial District
200 Derbigny Street
Gretna, LA 70053