Brianne Vilardo Rogers Versus Aaron M. Griffin, N.P.

BRIANNE VILARDO ROGERS, ET AL NO. 24-C-537

VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT

AARON M. GRIFFIN, N.P., ET AL COURT OF APPEAL

STATE OF LOUISIANA

ON APPLICATION FOR SUPERVISORY REVIEW FROM THE
TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 849-038, DIVISION "D"
HONORABLE JACQUELINE F. MALONEY, JUDGE PRESIDING

December 20, 2024

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY
CHIEF JUDGE

Panel composed of Judges Susan M. Chehardy,
Stephen J. Windhorst, and John J. Molaison, Jr.

WRIT DENIED
SMC
SJW
JJM

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/RELATOR,
AARON GRIFFIN, N.P., LAUREN COOPER, M.D., AND LAMMICO
Deborah Deo Gracias Trahan
Tonya K. Gallaspy
Shelly S. Howat

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/RESPONDENT,
BRIANNE VILARDO ROGERS AND SALVADOR VILARDO
Michael S. Sepcich
T. Carey Wicker, III
Vincent E. Odom
Thomas C. Wicker, IV

CHEHARDY, C.J.

Defendants, Aaron Griffin, N.P., Lauren Cooper, M.D., and LAMMICO,

seeks supervisory review of the trial court’s ruling on LAMMICO’s exceptions of

no cause of action and prematurity, and all defendants’ exception of improper

venue, and motion to transfer venue based on forum non conveniens. For the

reasons that follow, we deny defendants’ writ application.

Facts and Procedural History

Plaintiffs, the surviving children of Michael Vilardo, sued Aaron Griffin,

N.P., Lauren Cooper, M.D., and their liability insurer, LAMMICO, on November

16, 2023, alleging medical malpractice in connection with their treatment of Mr.

Vilardo at St. Tammany Parish Hospital in 2021. Plaintiffs asserted that venue is

proper in Jefferson Parish because LAMMICO’s registered office is located in

Jefferson Parish.

On March 7, 2024, defendants moved to transfer the matter for forum non

conveniens, because, they contend, neither N.P. Griffin nor Dr. Cooper lives in

Jefferson Parish; the plaintiffs reside in Tangipahoa Parish; and St. Tammany

Parish is a significantly more convenient venue that Jefferson Parish. Effective

August 1, 2024, the Louisiana Legislature’s amendment to the Direct Action

Statute, La. R.S. 22:1269, became law. As amended in Act 275, the Direct Action

Statute now provides that no direct action lies against an insurer except in limited

circumstances not found here.1

1
As amended, La. R.S. 22:1269 (B), which became effective on August 1, 2024, now provides:

(1) The injured person or, if deceased, the persons identified in Civil Code Arts. 2315.1 and
2315.2, shall have no right of direct action against the insurer unless at least one of the
following applies:
a. The insured files for bankruptcy in a court of competent jurisdiction or when
proceedings to adjudge an insured bankrupt have been commenced before a court
of competent jurisdiction.
b. The insured is insolvent.
c. Service of citation or other process has been attempted without success or the
insured defendant refuses to answer or otherwise defend the action within one
hundred eighty days of service.

24-C-537 1

On August 29, 2024, in light of Act 275, LAMMICO filed a dilatory

exception of prematurity and a peremptory exception of no cause of action,

alleging that the Direct Action Statute is strictly procedural, thus, its amendment

eradicating a direct cause of action against an insurer must be applied retroactively

pursuant to La. C.C. art. 6.2 All three defendants also filed a declinatory exception

of improper venue, arguing that the only basis for asserting venue in Jefferson

Parish is that LAMMICO’s registered office is located there, and LAMMICO is no

longer a proper party in the litigation.

At the October 10, 2024 hearing, the trial court denied LAMMICO’s

exceptions of no cause of action and prematurity; denied the defendants’ dilatory

exception of improper venue; and denied the defendants’ motion to transfer venue

for forum non conveniens. Defendants now seek supervisory review of these

rulings.

Discussion

We first address LAMMICO’s peremptory exception of no cause of action

and dilatory exception of prematurity. LAMMICO does not dispute that plaintiffs’

inclusion of LAMMICO as a defendant was permissible at the time plaintiffs filed

suit, in accordance with the former language of the Direct Action Statute.

LAMMICO argues instead that the retroactive application of the amendment to this

procedural statute, as dictated by La. C.C. art. 6, requires that it be dismissed as a

party and/or that the lawsuit against it is premature.

d. When the cause of action is for damages as a result of an offense or quasi-offense
between children and their parents or between married persons.
e. When the insurer is an uninsured motorist carrier.
f. The insured is deceased.
g. When the insurer is defending a lawsuit under a reservation of rights, or the
insurer denies coverage to the insured, but only for the purpose of establishing
coverage.
2
La. C.C. art. 6 states: “In the absence of contrary legislative expression, substantive laws apply
prospectively only. Procedural and interpretive laws apply both prospectively and retroactively,
unless there is a legislative expression to the contrary.”

24-C-537 2

The Louisiana Supreme Court has stated that the Direct Action Statute

grants a procedural right of action against an insurer where the plaintiff has a

substantive cause of action against the insured. Soileau v. Smith True Value &

Rental, 2012-1711 (La. 6/28/13), 144 So.3d 771, 775; Green v. Auto Club Grp. Ins.

Co., 2008-2868 (La. 10/28/09), 24 So.3d 182, 184. Substantive laws establish new

rules, rights, and duties, or change existing ones, while procedural laws prescribe a

method for enforcing a substantive right and relate to the form of the proceeding or

the operation of the laws. Church Mut. Ins. Co. v. Dardar, 13-2351 (La. 5/7/14),

145 So.3d 271, 283.

Since the Legislature’s amendment to the Direct Action Statute, our brethren

in Louisiana’s federal courts have looked to Louisiana law to address the Statute’s

retroactive application where the plaintiff either has named an insurer as a

defendant, or has requested leave to amend the complaint to name an insurer as a

defendant before the statute’s August 1, 2024 effective date. For example, in Maise

v. River Ventures, L.L.C., 2024 WL 4266698 (E.D. La. Sept. 23, 2024), a Jones

Act case, the plaintiff filed a First Supplemental Complaint in April 2024 to name

the defendants’ insurers as co-defendants. The insurers subsequently filed a motion

to dismiss pursuant to the 2024 amendment to the Direct Action Statute. The

district court acknowledged that under the current law, there is no longer a direct

action against the insurer unless specific circumstances are met, and further

acknowledged that because the Louisiana Supreme Court has consistently

interpreted the Direct Action statute to be procedural, “it is proper to understand it

to have retroactive application.” Id. at *2. However, the district court continued:

“Nonetheless, Defendant Insurers’ line of reasoning only takes them to the

doorstep; Louisiana caselaw and present circumstances close their argument for

dismissal.” Id. Distinguishing between the procedural rules in existence at the time

the cause of action arose and those in existence at the time suit is filed, the district

24-C-537 3

court recognized that a plaintiff may be entitled to rely upon the procedural rules in

existence when his suit is filed, depending upon the court’s assessment of whether

the party received “due notice and an opportunity to be heard.” Id. (citing Naquin

v. Titan Indem. Co., 00-1585 (La. 2/21/01), 779 So.2d 704, 708, and Lott v.

Department of Public Safety & Corrections, 98-1920 (La. 5/18/99), 734 So.2d 617,

621). The district court further stated that “[a]t least one Louisiana appellate court

has used such an analysis to find a procedural rule to apply only to cases filed after

an effective date, but not before.” Id. (citing Jones v. Sewerage & Water Bd. of

New Orleans, 16-0691 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/8/17), 213 So.3d 497, 502).3 Thus, the

district court denied the insurers’ motion to dismiss the claims against them.

Likewise, in Baker v. Amazon Logistics, Inc., 2024 WL 4345073 (E.D. La.

Sept. 30, 2024), one day before the August 1, 2024 effective date of the amended

statute, plaintiffs sought to amend their complaint to name defendants’ insurers as

additional defendants. The defendants opposed the amended complaint, arguing

that the new Direct Action Statute foreclosed naming an insurer directly (unless

certain prerequisites exist). The defendants further argued that the Direct Action

Statute is procedural in nature, and thus the amendment may be applied

retroactively.

In response, the Baker plaintiffs argued that although the Direct Action

Statute provides a procedural right of action, the amended language “does not

apply in this case because changes to procedural rules cannot apply retroactively to

3
In Jones, supra, the Fourth Circuit determined that the plaintiff’s failure to serve the defendant
within the requisite 90-days period required for service on a political subdivision did not render
the plaintiff’s claims prescribed, where the Legislature designated the defendant a political
subdivision only after plaintiffs had filed their lawsuit. “The rules governing service of process
are procedural because they prescribe a method for enforcing a previously existing substantive
right and relate to the form of the proceeding or the operation of laws.” Jones, 213 So.3d at 502
(quoting Naquin, 779 So.2d at 708). But the Jones Court determined that the service
requirements found in La. R.S. 13:5107(D) “do not apply to suits [filed] against [defendant] prior
to its designation as a political subdivision.” Jones, 213 So.3d at 502. The Court explained: “the
imposition of the ninety-day service requirement as to [defendant] for suits filed prior to its
political subdivision designation would serve to divest Plaintiffs of [their] right to sue on their
cause of action.” Id.

24-C-537 4

disturb vested rights.” Id. at *2. Plaintiffs argued, and the district court agreed, that

their right to bring a direct action against the insurers vested before the amended

statute’s effective date. Therefore, application of Act 275’s new restrictions to bar

them from naming insurers as defendants would impermissibly divest them of this

right. Id. The district court further explained:

Plaintiffs had a procedural right to sue Insurers when the
accident occurred …, which at that time may have been
appropriately characterized as a mere expectancy of a future
benefit and not absolute, complete, or unconditional,
independent of a contingency. But when Plaintiffs exercised
that right by moving for leave to file an amended complaint
adding Insurers as defendants in this case on July 31, 2024,
Plaintiffs’ right to bring the direct action against the Insurers
became a vested property right that cannot be divested
retroactively.

Baker, 2024 WL 4345073, at *4. In short, the district court squarely rejected

Amazon’s argument—that the procedural nature of the Direct Action statute means

that a plaintiff’s right to name an insurer as a defendant could be revoked “even

from plaintiffs who have already exercised it.” The district court further explained:

“while the procedural right to bring a direct action against an insurer is a ‘mere

expectancy of a future benefit’ until exercised, once that procedural right has been

properly invoked, the plaintiff acquires a vested right in the pending action[.]” Id.

at *5. The district court noted, however, that if plaintiffs had waited until August 1,

2024 to amend their complaint, there would have been no retroactive application of

the newly enacted amendments, and the new law would apply. Id.

Similarly, in Smith v. Fortenberry, 2024 WL 4462332 (E.D. La. Oct. 10,

2024), the district court recognized that at first blush, the statute would appear to

apply retroactively, but explained that the analysis does not end with the simple

classification of the statute as procedural or substantive; the court must also

determine whether the plaintiff has accrued a vested right in his cause of action.

Citing Baker, the district court in Smith determined that the plaintiff’s cause of

24-C-537 5

action against the insurer became a vested right when she filed suit against the

insurer, which occurred before the enactment of Act 275.

We find the reasoning in Maize, Baker, and Smith to be persuasive.4 While

the amendment to the Direct Action Statute may apply retroactively to a cause of

action that arose before the amended statute’s August 1, 2024 effective date, this

retroactivity stands only in reference to causes of action for which suit had not yet

been filed, and thus the plaintiff’s right had not yet vested. But here, as in Maize,

Baker, and Smith, plaintiffs invoked their right to name insurer LAMMICO as a

co-defendant by filing suit before the amendments to the Direct Action Statute

became effective. Where plaintiffs exercised their procedural right to sue the

tortfeasor’s insurer before the effective date of the statutory amendment, the

Legislature cannot revoke that vested right. For these reasons, we find the trial

court properly overruled LAMMICO’s peremptory exception of no cause of action

and dilatory exception of prematurity.

We next address defendants’ exception of improper venue and their motion

to transfer for forum non conveniens. Venue is a question of law, which an

appellate court reviews de novo. Seghers v. LaPlace Equipment Co., Inc., 13-350

(La. App. 5 Cir. 2/12/14), 136 So.3d 64, 69. We review a trial court’s decision on a

forum non conveniens motion for an abuse of discretion. Woods v. Ace American

Ins. Co., 23-450 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/31/23), 2023 WL 7140887, at *3 (unpublished

opinion), writ denied, 23-1575 (La. 2/6/24), 378 So. 3d 748, and writ denied, 23-

1635 (La. 2/6/24), 378 So. 3d 751.

All three defendants excepted to venue in Jefferson Parish on the basis that

LAMMICO is an improper party under the amended Direct Action Statute, thus,

4
But see Howard v. J&B Hauling, LLC, 2024 WL 4647820 (E.D. La. Sept. 26, 2024), which
dismissed the claims against the insurer based on the newly enacted amendment to the Direct
Action Statute, even though plaintiff named the insurer as a defendant before the effective date
of Act 275. We note that the district court in Howard did not evaluate whether the plaintiff had
acquired a vested right in the action against the insurer before the amendment’s effective date.

24-C-537 6

the location of LAMMICO’s registered office in Jefferson Parish, which is the only

basis for venue here, means venue is no longer proper.

First, we have already determined that LAMMICO remains a proper party in

this litigation because plaintiffs’ right to name it as a co-defendant vested before

Act 275 became effective. Moreover, the parties do not dispute that venue was

proper in Jefferson Parish at the time suit was filed. See La. C.C.P. art. 42 (2).

Additionally, defendants waived their right to except to venue in this case, given

that they answered the petition on December 29, 2023. La. C.C.P. art. 928 states

that a declinatory exception, which includes an exception of improper venue, shall

be pled prior to or in the answer. Moulton v. Johnson, 09-234 (La. App. 4 Cir.

8/12/09), 19 So.3d 18, 20. La. C.C.P. art. 44 (C) further states that a party waives

any objection to venue when it fails to timely plead the exception pursuant to La.

C.C.P. art. 928. For all of these reasons, we find no error in the trial court’s

decision overruling defendants’ exception of improper venue.

Lastly, defendants seek review of the trial court’s ruling denying their

motion to transfer venue to St. Tammany Parish based on forum non conveniens.

La. C.C.P. art. 123 A (1) states:

For the convenience of the parties and the witnesses, in the
interest of justice, a district court upon contradictory motion, or
upon the court’s own motion after contradictory hearing, may
transfer a civil case to another district court where it might have
been brought; however, no suit brought in the parish in which
the plaintiff is domiciled, and in a court which is otherwise a
court of competent jurisdiction and proper venue, shall be
transferred to any other court pursuant to this Article.

Defendants contend that plaintiff is domiciled in Tangipahoa Parish, not in

Jefferson Parish, thus, plaintiff’s choice to file suit in Jefferson Parish is not

entitled to deference under La. C.C.P. art. 123. Defendants further suggest that

when considering a motion to transfer, a trial court should consider: (1) the

convenience of the parties and witnesses; (2) the access to the sources of proof and

24-C-537 7

evidence, as well as viewing of the premises, if required; (3) the cost of obtaining

attendance of witnesses; and (4) the advantages and obstacles to a fair trial, citing

E. Sondheimer Co. v. Hibernia Corp., 97-2460 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/10/97), 704

So.2d 386, 387, writ denied, 98-0085 (La. 3/13/98), 713 So.2d 470.

Defendants argue that St. Tammany Parish is a proper venue in this

proceeding under La. C.C.P. art. 745 because the treatment at issue in this case

occurred at St. Tammany Parish Hospital, because defendant N.P. Griffin is

domiciled in St. Tammany Parish, and because none of the witnesses involved or

evidence to be produced is connected in any way with Jefferson Parish. Defendants

argue that LAMMICO’s office location “is too limited and impertinent to serve as

sufficient justification to warrant maintaining the proceedings in Jefferson Parish,

in light of the significant connection with the proper venue of St. Tammany

Parish.” Defendants further posit that proceeding with this case in Jefferson Parish

would result in “significant inconvenience” for them and other witnesses, as the

round-trip driving distance between the Covington and Gretna courthouses is 93

miles, thereby requires substantial travel time and the possibility of additional

expense.

In response, plaintiffs point out that St. Tammany Parish and Jefferson

Parish are contiguous parishes and that courts rarely grant a motion to transfer

litigation from one parish to a neighboring parish. Plaintiffs further aver that the

distance between the St. Tammany Parish courthouse in Covington and the

Jefferson Parish courthouse in Gretna is less than 50 miles, which is insufficiently

inconvenient to warrant a transfer.

Where more than one forum is available, we consider public interest factors

and private interest factors to determine whether a transfer of venue is appropriate.

5
La. C.C.P. art. 74 states, in pertinent part: “An action for the recovery of damages for an
offense or quasi offense may be brought in the parish where the wrongful conduct occurred, or in
the parish where the damages were sustained.”

24-C-537 8

Woods, 2023 WL 7140887, at *4 (citing Minot v. Waffle House, Inc., 20-444 (La.

App. 4 Cir. 10/2/20), 365 So.3d 709, 716, writ denied, 20-1277 (La. 1/12/21), 308

So.3d 714). The private interest factors include the convenience of the parties and

the access to sources of proof and evidence, as well as the cost of obtaining the

attendance of witnesses and the obstacles to a fair trial. Id. The public interest

factors include administrative difficulties flowing from court congestions; the local

interest in having localized controversies decided at home; and the unfairness of

burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty. Id.

We find the trial court did not abuse its great discretion in refusing to

transfer venue to St. Tammany Parish. While defendants may prefer to litigate this

matter in St. Tammany, and St. Tammany is an obvious choice of venue given that

the allegedly negligent conduct occurred there, we cannot say that the

inconvenience to the parties is so great, nor that the access to sources of proof and

evidence is so constrained, as to warrant transfer of venue from Jefferson Parish to

a courthouse fewer than 50 miles away. Further, defendants have presented no

evidence of any meaningful difference in the cost of obtaining witnesses’

attendance at trial in Jefferson versus St. Tammany Parish, nor are there any

allegations that an obstacle to a fair trial exists here. Finally, because we

determined above that LAMMICO is a properly named defendant in this matter

based on the time that plaintiffs filed their lawsuit, there remains a local interest in

having this matter determined in Jefferson Parish.

For these reasons, defendants’ writ application is denied.

WRIT DENIED

24-C-537 9

SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL

CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT

SUSAN S. BUCHHOLZ
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST LINDA M. WISEMAN
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR.
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
SCOTT U. SCHLEGEL
TIMOTHY S. MARCEL FIFTH CIRCUIT
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DECEMBER 20, 2024 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL PARTIES
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24-C-537
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE JACQUELINE F. MALONEY (DISTRICT JUDGE)
DEBORAH DEO GRACIAS TRAHAN SHELLY S. HOWAT (RELATOR) TONYA K. GALLASPY (RELATOR)
(RELATOR) T. CAREY WICKER, III (RESPONDENT) THOMAS C. WICKER, IV (RESPONDENT)
MICHAEL S. SEPCICH (RESPONDENT)
VINCENT E. ODOM (RESPONDENT)

MAILED