Agrifund, LLC v. Radar Ridge Planting Co., Inc. and Thomas A. Dickerson

Judgment rendered July 17, 2019.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 52,432-CA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

AGRIFUND, LLC Plaintiff-Appellant

versus

RADAR RIDGE PLANTING CO., Defendants-Appellees
INC. AND THOMAS A.
DICKERSON

*****

Appealed from the
Fifth Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Richland, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 45037

Honorable Glen Wade Strong (Pro Tempore), Judge

*****

BREITHAUPT, DUBOS, & WOLLESON, LLC Counsel for Appellant
By: Robert Alan Breithaupt
Michael Lee DuBos
James R. Close
Jared S. Scheinuk

MIXON, CARROLL & FRAZIER, PLLC Counsel for Appellee
By: James E. Mixon Caldwell Bank & Trust
James L. Carroll Company
Rossanna R. McIlwain

LAW OFFICE OF BRIAN E. CRAWFORD Counsel for Appellee
By: Brian E. Crawford Franklin State Bank &
Trust Company

PETTIETE, ARMAND, DUNKELMAN Counsel for Appellee
WOODLEY, BYRD, & CROMWELL, L.L.P. Commercial Capital Bank
By: Joseph S. Woodley

COOK, YANCEY, KING, & GALLOWAY Counsel for Appellee
By: Bernard S. Johnson Clark A. McCain
Lisa Conly Cronin

SMITH & ASSOCIATES Counsel for Appellee
By: Leroy Smith, Jr. Danny A. Dickerson

HAMMONDS, SILLS, ADKINS, & GUICE Counsel for Appellee
By: Jon Keith Guice Brian Wilson
Justin N. Myers
Linda K. Ewbank

FRILOT, LLC Counsel for Appellees
By: David S. Daly David S. Stephens,
Elliot M. Lonker Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr.,
and Lawrence W. Pickett,
Jr., APAC

SAMUEL T. SINGER Counsel for Appellee
Franklin State Bank &
Trust Company

MICHAEL E. KRAMER Counsel for Appellee
Franklin State Bank &
Trust Company

*****

Before PITMAN, GARRETT, STONE, COX, and McCALLUM, JJ.

STONE, J., dissents in part with written reasons.

GARRETT, J.

This case arises from agricultural loans that were not repaid. The

lender, Agrifund, LLC (“Agrifund”), appeals from a trial court judgment

granting exceptions of no cause of action as to its claims against eight of the

numerous defendants in this case, and the dismissal of those defendants with

prejudice. For the reasons stated below, we affirm in part and reverse in

part. We find that the plaintiff has alleged a cause of action in conversion

against the three banks named as defendants. We find that the plaintiff has

not alleged any other causes of action against any of the defendants who

filed the exceptions that are before us. The matter is remanded to the trial

court for further proceedings.

SYNOPSIS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This matter began on April 14, 2016, with a ten-page petition filed by

an agricultural lender, Agrifund, against Radar Ridge Planting Company,

Inc. (“Radar Ridge”), a farming entity, and Thomas A. Dickerson

(“Dickerson”), as guarantor, to collect money owed under a delinquent

agricultural loan and for recognition of a security interest on agricultural

products secured under the UCC. The original suit, grounded on promissory

notes and security agreements, consisted of 47 paragraphs.

The matter lay dormant until March 1, 2017, when Agrifund filed a

“First Supplemental and/or Amended Petition.” This pleading adopted all of

the original allegations and added 22 additional pages of allegations, for a

total of 102 paragraphs of allegations. This petition added 21 additional

defendants, whom we will refer to as the (1) Dickerson entities, (2) banks

and bank employees with whom Dickerson and his entities did business

(“bank defendants”), and (3) accountants who provided services for

Dickerson and his entities (“accounting defendants”). This petition sought

damages against the added parties under different legal theories designated

as counts. Count One alleged fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud, Count

Two alleged racketeering, Count Three alleged unfair trade practices under

the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act (“LUTPA”), and Count Four

alleged conversion. The petition recited a lengthy history of events in an

effort to establish liability on the part of all of the added parties, in addition

to still seeking relief against the original defendants on the notes and

security interests and damages. The thrust of the amended petition was that

the conduct on the part of the added parties either facilitated, caused, or

contributed to a massive fraudulent scheme perpetrated by Dickerson against

Agrifund.

Exceptions of no cause of action filed by the banking and accounting

defendants were sustained by the trial court, which dismissed the claims, but

allowed Agrifund time to amend.

On November 29, 2017, Agrifund filed a “Second Supplemental and

Amended Petition,” which amended many of the existing paragraphs and

added additional paragraphs, for a total of 234 numbered paragraphs, in an

effort to address the deficiencies noted by the trial court in its opinion

sustaining the exceptions. In response, the same exceptors filed more

exceptions of no cause of action. The trial court again sustained the

exceptions and dismissed the plaintiff’s claims against the exceptors.1

1
The trial judge who ruled on all of the exceptions of no cause of action was the
Honorable Terry A. Doughty. After the rendition of the second judgment, Judge
Doughty was appointed as a United States district court judge. Judge Glen Wade Strong
has since been appointed as judge pro tempore in this matter.
2

Agrifund appealed. Voluminous briefs and reply briefs were filed.

This case was initially argued before a three-judge panel. Pursuant to La.

Const. Art. 5, Section 8(B), the case was later reassigned to a five-judge

panel. Additional briefs were filed. The matter was argued again before the

five-judge panel. More briefs were then filed. Hence, a rather unusual delay

in handling the appeal has occurred in this case.

The narrow issue before us is whether the trial court erred in

sustaining the exceptions of no cause of action filed by the banking and the

accounting defendants and dismissing the plaintiff’s claims as to these

parties.

Following our de novo review, and guided by the well-established

legal precept that we must assume that all of the well-pled factual allegations

are true, we ultimately find that the plaintiff has alleged a cause of action for

a claim in conversion against the three banks. This cause of action was pled

only against the banks. In all other respects, we find that the plaintiff has not

alleged any other causes of action against any of the exceptors under the

other legal theories pled by Agrifund.

FACTS

To evaluate whether the trial court correctly sustained the exceptions

in this matter, a detailed examination of all three petitions is necessary. This

task is complicated because the petitions are not succinctly stated or artfully

drawn. Further, none of the loan documents, promissory notes, agricultural

security agreements, UCC-1F forms, guaranty agreements, or checks

described below were attached to the pleadings. The trial court chose to rule

on the exceptions of no cause of action and pretermitted ruling on the

3

numerous other exceptions which address some of these deficiencies, so they

are not before us.

According to the original petition, in 2015, Agricultural Resource

Management (“ARM”) extended a crop production loan for that year to

Dickerson and one of his farming entities, Radar Ridge. ARM filed a UCC-

1F form perfecting its security interest in all future crops and future Farm

Services Agency (“FSA”) payments for the defendants’ cotton, soybean,

corn, and rice crops grown in Morehouse, Franklin, and Richland Parishes.

In January 2016, the parties agreed to convert the crop production loan to a

crop storage loan with Agrifund, an affiliate of ARM. In February 2016, it

was discovered that the defendants did not have the grain in storage that they

claimed. In April 2016, Agrifund filed its original petition against

Dickerson and Radar Ridge seeking payment of the delinquent notes,

recognition of its security interests, and damages for nonpayment of the

loan.

As set forth above, Agrifund filed a first supplemental and amended

petition adding numerous defendants, including Dickerson’s father, Danny

A. Dickerson, and the “Dickerson entities” comprised of Dickerson Ag Inc.;

Kelley Ag Service, Inc.; Dickerson Farming Partnership; Dickerson

Agricultural Partnership; B&T Farms, LLC; Tough Luck Farms, LLC

(“Tough Luck”); W&T Farms, LLC; Yes Farms, LLC (“Yes Farms”); Tibb

Co. Farms, LLC; High Flyers, Inc. (“High Flyers”); and Number Two

Farms, LLC (“Number Two Farms”). Agrifund also named as defendants

the “bank defendants” comprised of several banks and bank employees,

including Clark A. McCain, an employee of Franklin State Bank and Trust

Company; Franklin State Bank and Trust Company (“FSB”); Commercial
4

Capital Bank (“Commercial Capital”); Brian Wilson, an employee of

Caldwell Bank and Trust Company; and Caldwell Bank and Trust Company

(“Caldwell Bank”). Agrifund also included as defendants the “accounting

defendants” comprised of Dickerson’s accountants and accounting firm,

David S. Stephens; Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr.; and Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr., a

Professional Accounting Corporation. Finally, Agrifund named as a

defendant Crop Production Services, Inc. (“Crop Production Services”), an

entity associated with FSB.

Regarding the accounting defendants, Agrifund alleged that they

performed accounting services for Dickerson and his entities and conspired

with Dickerson in preparation for the 2015 crop year to organize farming

entities to engage in improper, fraudulent, and deceptive acts and practices

with respect to acquisition of crop loans, conduct of operations, sale of

crops, and allocation and disbursement of proceeds from the sale of crops.

Agrifund contended that the accounting defendants aided in reactivating

High Flyers, an inactive corporation, without the knowledge of the

registered agent, William J. Casiday, and used Casiday’s tax identification

number to defraud creditors, kite checks, launder money, and abscond with

the proceeds from crops that were pledged as security for loans. It alleged

that the accounting defendants added Scott and Theresa Higdon as partners

in the Dickerson Agricultural Partnership without their knowledge,

submitted fraudulent documents to FSA to participate in government crop

and crop insurance programs, forged signatures on loan documents

submitted to FSB, forged signatures to open an account with Crop

Production Services, and forged signatures for a loan with Commodity

Credit Corporation.
5

As to the bank defendants, Agrifund alleged that McCain, an

employee of FSB, signed loan documents benefitting Dickerson with FSB,

which included the forged signatures of the Higdons, and that McCain knew

of the forgery. FSB and McCain cashed forged instruments, negotiated

instruments that Dickerson had no legal right to, converted third party

checks to cashier’s checks, and McCain endorsed grain elevator checks.

Agrifund alleged that FSB passed funds through various accounts with the

bank, including Doe Properties, an entity for which McCain controlled the

checkbook. Agrifund also alleged that McCain hired harvesters and got

farmhands to sign loan agreements, the proceeds of which actually went to

Dickerson. According to Agrifund, in December 2015, McCain approved a

loan to pay rent on farmland, an expense that should have been included in

the crop production loan.

Agrifund claimed that Wilson, at Caldwell Bank, loaned money to

Dickerson that was not really a crop loan, cashed checks for Dickerson, and

issued cashier’s checks. These included checks 1740 and 1743 from

Kennedy Rice Dryers (“Kennedy Rice”). Check 1740 was payable to Yes

Farms, which did not have a crop loan for 2015 with Caldwell Bank. The

check for $406,412.51 was split into two cashier’s checks payable to Joseph

Blake Lively, the agent for one of the Dickerson entities, who was not aware

that the funds were run through his account at the bank. Check 1743 was

converted to cashier’s checks payable to Dickerson. Agrifund alleges that

these transactions were approved by Wilson.

Agrifund alleged that Commercial Capital was involved in a check

kiting scheme for Dickerson, ignored his large negative account balances,

6

and gave him a bailout loan of $1,849,646.50, based upon false information

regarding delays in harvesting.

Agrifund alleged that all defendants were engaged in fraud and

conspiracy to commit fraud; all defendants were engaged in racketeering; all

defendants, except the banks, engaged in unfair trade practices prohibited by

LUTPA, set forth in La. R.S. 51:1405 et seq.; and that the banks and Crop

Production Services engaged in conversion of the proceeds of the sale of the

crops which belonged to Agrifund by virtue of its security interests.

Various exceptions were filed, including exceptions of no cause of

action. The exceptions of no cause of action were sustained by the trial

court in a judgment signed on November 13, 2017. In written reasons for

judgment, the trial court found no causal connection between the actions

alleged and the disposition of the proceeds from Dickerson and Radar

Ridge’s crops which were subject to Agrifund’s lien. The court stated that

there was no showing that the actions of the defendants caused damage to

Agrifund. The trial court reasoned that the banks did not have a legal duty

to monitor the funds deposited into the accounts in the banks and there was

no fiduciary duty between the banks and Agrifund.

Regarding the allegations of fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud,

the trial court found that there was no showing of an agreement to defraud

Agrifund. As to racketeering, the trial court stated that there was no

showing of an alleged enterprise for the purpose of engaging in illegal

activity, no showing that the defendants participated in the operation or

management of the alleged enterprise, and there was no link between the use

of racketeering income and Agrifund’s injury. As to the LUTPA claims, the

trial court found that LUTPA did not apply to the banks or bank employees.
7

The trial court found that Agrifund failed to state a cause of action for

conversion because there was no alleged act of dominion over Agrifund’s

property by the defendants, and the defendants were not aware that the funds

belonged to Agrifund. The trial court granted Agrifund time to amend its

petition to state a cause of action.

Agrifund filed its second supplemental and amended petition on

November 29, 2017, which contained 52 more pages of allegations, in

addition to adopting all of the previous allegations.2 Agrifund alleged that

ARM gave crop production loans to Radar Ridge and Dickerson Ag in

exchange for promissory notes of $2,683,002 and $2,200,137, respectively,

and Dickerson and Radar Ridge granted ARM a continuing security interest

in their crops, farm products, equipment, and inventory. The agreement

specified that Radar Ridge and Dickerson Ag would not use any of the farm

products or inventory for their own purposes without ARM’s consent. The

petition set forth the numerous farms in Morehouse, Richland, and Franklin

Parishes to be covered by the crop production loan. The petition alleged that

ARM filed the UCC-1F forms identifying its collateral and securing its

interest in the crops of Radar Ridge and Dickerson Ag.

Agrifund further alleged that, on September 9, 2015, it acquired

ARM’s rights to the Radar Ridge and Dickerson Ag loan. In January 2016,

after the loans matured, Dickerson, Radar Ridge, and Dickerson Ag

approached Agrifund about replacing the crop production loan with a crop

storage loan. Agrifund agreed to the crop storage loan. A new Agricultural

2
The new petition did not include Crop Production Services as a defendant. On
December 6, 2017, the trial court granted the company’s motion to be dismissed with
prejudice.
8

Security Agreement (“ASA”) was entered and Agrifund secured its position

through the filing of a UCC-1F on the defendants’ crops. Agrifund alleged

that it received by assignment all of the previous positions perfected in the

crops by ARM’s UCC filings. Dickerson personally guaranteed the loans.

According to Agrifund, in February 2016, it became aware that the

amount of grain represented by Dickerson was not in storage. It claimed

that Dickerson conspired with the defendants to launder the proceeds from

the sale of the crops, knowing that they were secured by perfected security

interests of other lenders, including Agrifund.

Agrifund alleged that the defendants acted in concert with Dickerson

to divert money away from other creditors to pay debts owed to the

defendant banks, and the banks sought to continue their business

relationships with Dickerson and the Dickerson entities in order to mitigate

their losses.

Regarding the accountants, Agrifund made the same allegations

contained in the first amended petition.

Agrifund made extensive allegations regarding FSB and McCain.

Agrifund claimed that FSB granted a crop loan for 2015 on the Dickerson

Agricultural Partnership crops based upon the forged signatures of the

Higdons. The company asserted that FSB knew that the Higdons’ signatures

were forged.

Agrifund alleged that Dickerson and the Dickerson entities conspired

with McCain, FSB, Wilson, and Caldwell Bank to divert funds from the sale

of Dickerson entity crops, which was the collateral of Agrifund, and

laundered the funds to benefit Dickerson and the banks. According to

Agrifund, the banks cashed forged instruments, negotiated instruments to
9

which Dickerson and the Dickerson entities had no rights, and converted

third party checks to cashier’s checks to launder funds and disguise their

source, depriving Agrifund of its security interest in the crops and the

proceeds from them.

Agrifund claimed that McCain was Dickerson’s accomplice at FSB.

The company asserted that many grain elevator checks were endorsed by

McCain and internal bank tickets directing the application of funds were in

McCain’s handwriting. Agrifund alleged that, from September through

December, 2015, numerous accounts at FSB were used as “pass-through”

accounts to kite checks. The company maintained that three accounts were

opened in conjunction with new loans made to Dickerson in early 2015.

McCain controlled the checkbook for Doe Properties, another Dickerson

entity. Agrifund asserted that it was highly irregular for a loan officer to

have control of a customer’s checking account. McCain exercised power of

attorney on behalf of Crop Production Services, a business that operated in

conjunction with FSB and used his power of attorney to negotiate grain

checks where Crop Production Services was the payee.

Agrifund urged that McCain received checks payable to FSB and

Crop Production Services but, instead of applying the funds to the loans at

the bank, McCain paid the proceeds directly to Dickerson. Agrifund

claimed that McCain hired harvesters for Dickerson and had farm hands sign

loan documents, the proceeds of which were paid to Dickerson.

Agrifund asserted that, in January 2016, Kennedy Rice issued Check

1777 for grain from Farm Serial Number (“FSN”) 6492, and Agrifund held

10

the security interest in the crops from that farm.3 The grain was booked

under W&T Farms, FSB, and Crop Production Services, and the check was

made payable to those entities, even though they did not have a security

interest in the crops. This check was endorsed by McCain, clearing the

proceeds for Dickerson’s use.

Later in January 2016, Kennedy Rice issued Check 1778, for grain

from the same farm, FSN 6492, which was subject to Agrifund’s security

interest. The check was presented at FSB, payable to W&T Farms, which

did not have an outstanding loan with FSB. The check was endorsed by

McCain and given to Crop Production Services.

Agrifund alleged that Wilson and Caldwell Bank diverted funds from

a crop loan made to Danny Dickerson in 2014. Agrifund claimed the funds

were given to Dickerson and the Dickerson entities. Agrifund also claimed

that Kennedy Rice issued Check 1740 to Yes Farms and Caldwell Bank,

which was given for grain originally booked under Dickerson Ag and to

which Agrifund had a security interest. Yes Farms did not have an account

at Caldwell Bank. These funds were converted to two cashier’s checks, one

payable to Joseph Blake Lively, who did not appear to be aware of the

transaction. A second cashier’s check was also issued from the funds

represented by Check 1740. These checks were used to purchase other

cashier’s checks in order to launder the funds. The checks were initialed by

Wilson, who should have questioned the source of the money because

nothing was due Caldwell Bank.

3
It appears that the digits in this number are transposed in some of Agrifund’s
filings.
11

Agrifund alleged that, in December 2015, Kennedy Rice issued Check

1743 to Yes Farms and Caldwell Bank. Agrifund contended that the grain

came from one of the farms for which it held a security interest. The check

was presented to Caldwell Bank and Wilson approved converting the

proceeds to a cashier’s check which was deposited to Dickerson’s personal

account at Winnsboro State Bank.

Agrifund sets forth in its petition that conversion occurred on several

occasions. The company maintained that, on August 27, 2015, Caldwell

Bank converted four third-party checks to two cashier’s checks, payable to

Danny Dickerson or Thomas Dickerson, neither of whom had an account at

the bank. Wilson initialed each check. Agrifund claimed this was to

disguise the source of the grain proceeds checks in derogation of the rights

of Agrifund.

Agrifund asserted that, on October 2, 2015, two third-party checks

were presented, payable to Yes Farms and Number Two Farms, neither of

which had an account at Caldwell Bank. The checks were initialed by

Wilson and one cashier’s check was issued, which was deposited at

Commercial Capital in the name of Tough Luck Farms. Agrifund alleged

that this transaction was made to divert funds owed to it by Dickerson and

the Dickerson entities.

Agrifund asserted that, on October 19, 2015, two third-party checks

payable to Number Two Farms, which had no account at Caldwell Bank,

were presented at Caldwell Bank, initialed by Wilson, and reissued as one

cashier’s check payable to Dickerson.

12

Agrifund claimed that, on August 31, 2015, Caldwell Bank converted

third-party checks to two cashier’s checks payable to Dickerson entities and

these transactions were approved by Wilson.

On October 23, 2015, Agrifund claimed that Dickerson presented a

check payable to Joseph Blake Lively, which was not deposited to his

account. Rather, a cashier’s check was issued payable to DPF Harvest.

On November 2, 2015, a check payable to B&T Farms, which had no

account with Caldwell Bank, was presented and a cashier’s check was issued

payable to Dickerson Farming Partnership. The check was initialed by

Wilson.

On November 5, 2015, two checks drawn on Commercial Capital and

payable to Number Two Farms, which did not have an account at Caldwell

Bank, were presented at Caldwell Bank and two cashier’s checks were

issued to Tough Luck Farms. These checks were then deposited at

Commercial Capital to cover an overdraft.

Agrifund claimed that, in early December 2015, a check for grain

subject to its security interest, payable to Yes Farms and Caldwell Bank, was

presented to Caldwell Bank. Yes Farms did not have an account at Caldwell

Bank and did not have any outstanding loans there. A cashier’s check

payable to Dickerson was issued and was approved by Wilson.

Regarding Commercial Capital, Agrifund alleged that the bank

assisted Dickerson in his check kiting scheme, and, instead of shutting down

Dickerson and the Dickerson entities, the bank gave Dickerson a bailout

loan of $1,849,646.50. Agrifund contended that a bank memo associated

with this loan falsely stated that the loan was made because Dickerson had

weather delays in harvesting his crops.
13

Agrifund asserted that all the defendants engaged in fraud and

conspiracy to commit fraud by misrepresenting or suppressing the truth in

order to gain an unjust advantage for Dickerson and for themselves.

Agrifund claimed the conspiracy involved more than 283 checks which were

issued for no legitimate business purpose. The company maintained that the

banks were required by banking regulations to monitor Dickerson’s

transactions and to file reports for transactions they knew or suspected to be

suspicious.4 Agrifund contended that all the defendants engaged in a pattern

of racketeering activity under La. R.S. 15:1352. Agrifund asserted that all

defendants, other than the banks, engaged in unfair trade practices in

violation of LUTPA. Agrifund claimed that only the banks, Caldwell Bank,

FSB, and Commercial Capital, committed conversion by improperly

diverting the proceeds from the sale of crops, which belonged to Agrifund

by virtue of its security interests, to other entities that had no interest in the

proceeds.

Exceptions of no cause of action were again filed by the bank

defendants and the accounting defendants. After a hearing, the trial court

issued written reasons, again sustaining the exceptions as to all the movants.

The trial court found: (1) Agrifund failed to allege facts showing causation

between the appellees’ actions and Agrifund’s damages; (2) Agrifund failed

to show that the appellees owed a duty to Agrifund; and (3) McCain and

Wilson, as employees of FDIC-insured banks, were exempt from Agrifund’s

LUTPA claims under La. R.S. 51:1406. With regard to the conversion

4
In its later briefs, Agrifund contends that the requirement referred to is 12 C.F.R.
§21.11, which sets forth the circumstances in which banks are required to file “suspicious
activities reports.”
14

claim, the trial court reasoned that the crop storage loan replaced the crop

production loan and that any conduct prior to January 2016 was not the

cause of any damage. No analysis, discussion, or consideration of the

plaintiff’s rights under its security interests was included in the reasons for

judgment. The trial court rendered a final judgment dismissing Agrifund’s

claims against the appellees with prejudice. Agrifund appealed.

EXCEPTIONS OF NO CAUSE OF ACTION

The peremptory exception of no cause of action is set forth in La.

C.C.P. art. 927(A)(5). It tests the legal sufficiency of the petition by

determining whether the law affords a remedy on the facts alleged in the

petition. Vince v. Metro Rediscount Co., Inc., 18-2056 (La. 2/25/19), 264

So. 3d 440; Jackson v. City of New Orleans, 12-2742 (La. 1/28/14), 144 So.

3d 876; Port City Glass & Paint Inc. v. Brooks, 52,534 (La. App. 2 Cir.

2/27/19), 266 So. 3d 516; Pesnell v. Sessions, 51,871 (La. App. 2 Cir.

2/28/18), 246 So. 3d 686; Gipson v. Fortune, 45,021 (La. App. 2 Cir.

1/27/10), 30 So. 3d 1076, writ denied, 10-0432 (La. 4/30/10), 34 So. 3d 298.

The exception is triable on the face of the petition; and, for the purpose of

determining the issues raised by the exception, the well-pleaded facts in the

petition must be accepted as true. Fink v. Bryant, 01-0987 (La. 11/28/01),

801 So. 2d 346; Pesnell v. Sessions, supra. No evidence may be introduced

at any time to support or controvert the objection that the petition fails to

state a cause of action. La. C.C.P. art. 931. An exception of no cause of

action should be granted only when it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff

can prove no set of facts in support of any claim which would entitle him to

relief. If the petition states a cause of action on any ground or portion of the

demand, the exception should generally be overruled. Every reasonable
15

interpretation must be accorded the language used in the petition in favor of

maintaining its sufficiency and affording the plaintiff the opportunity of

presenting evidence at trial. Badeaux v. Southwest Computer Bureau, Inc.,

05-0612 (La. 3/17/06), 929 So. 2d 1211; Stonecipher v. Caddo Par., 51,148

(La. App. 2 Cir. 4/7/17), 219 So. 3d 1187, writ denied, 17-0972 (La.

10/9/17), 227 So. 3d 830.

The burden of showing that the plaintiff has stated no cause of action

is upon the exceptor. The public policy behind the burden is to afford the

party his day in court to present his evidence. City of New Orleans v. Board

of Directors of La. State Museum, 98-1170 (La. 3/2/99), 739 So. 2d 748;

Port City Glass & Paint Inc. v. Brooks, supra; Villareal v. 6494 Homes,

LLC, 48,302 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/7/13), 121 So. 3d 1246.

An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on an exception of no

cause of action de novo because the exception raises a question of law and

the lower court’s decision is based only on the sufficiency of the petition.

Port City Glass & Paint Inc. v. Brooks, supra; Mack v. Evans, 35,364 (La.

App. 2 Cir. 12/5/01), 804 So. 2d 730, writ denied, 02-0422 (La. 4/19/02),

813 So. 2d 1088. See also Kinchen v. Livingston Parish Council, 07-0478

(La. 10/16/07), 967 So. 2d 1137; Hebert v. Shelton, 2008-1275 (La. App. 3

Cir. 6/3/09), 11 So. 3d 1197; Ordoyne v. Ordoyne, 2007-0235 (La. App. 4

Cir. 4/2/08), 982 So. 2d 899.

We will address each of the four counts in the order alleged by

Agrifund.

16

FRAUD AND CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT FRAUD

Agrifund argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the

company failed to allege a cause of action against the exceptors for fraud

and conspiracy to commit fraud. This argument is without merit.

Legal Principles

The definition of fraud is found in the portion of the Louisiana Civil

Code dealing with vices of consent to contracts. However, not all fraud

actions are contract claims. Thomas v. North 40 Land Dev., Inc., 2004-0610

(La. App. 4 Cir. 1/26/05), 894 So. 2d 1160; Boudreaux v. Jeff, 2003-1932

(La. App. 1 Cir. 9/17/04), 884 So. 2d 665. Fraud actions may also constitute

a tort, sometimes called deceit. Frank L. Maraist and Thomas C. Galligan,

Louisiana Tort Law §2.06(10) (2016). When fraud is alleged, all persons

who participated in the alleged fraud and those who are beneficiaries are

proper parties to the suit. Thomas v. North 40 Land Dev., Inc., supra.

Fraud is a misrepresentation or suppression of the truth made with the

intention either to obtain an unjust advantage for one party or to cause a loss

or inconvenience to the other. Fraud may also result from silence or

inaction. La. C.C. art. 1953. See also Benton v. Clay, 48,245 (La. App. 2

Cir. 8/7/13), 123 So. 3d 212; Quality Envtl. Processes, Inc. v. IP Petroleum

Co., Inc., 2016-0230 (La. App. 1 Cir. 4/12/17), 219 So. 3d 349, writ denied,

17-00915 (La. 10/9/17), 227 So. 3d 833; Johnson v. First Nat. Bank of

Shreveport, 2000-870 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/20/01), 792 So. 2d 33, writ denied,

01-2770 (La. 1/4/02), 805 So. 2d 212, writ denied, 01-2783 (La. 1/4/02), 805

So. 2d 213.

A claim of fraud based on silence or suppression of the truth requires

there to be a duty to speak or disclose information. Greene v. Gulf Coast
17

Bank, 593 So. 2d 630 (La. 1992); Joyner v. Liprie, 43,233 (La. App. 2 Cir.

5/7/08), 983 So. 2d 257, writ denied, 08-1236 (La. 8/29/08), 989 So. 2d 108.

While fraud may result from a party’s silence or inaction, mere silence or

inaction without fraudulent intent does not constitute fraud. Intent to

defraud and loss or damage are two essential elements to constitute legal

fraud. Benton v. Clay, supra.

To succeed in a claim for intentional/fraudulent misrepresentations,

the petition must contain allegations of: (1) a misrepresentation of material

fact, (2) made with the intent to deceive, (3) causing justifiable reliance with

resulting injury. Benton v. Clay, supra; Systems Eng’g & Sec., Inc. v.

Science & Eng’g Associations, Inc., 2006-0974 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/20/07),

962 So. 2d 1089.

In pleading fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or

mistake shall be alleged with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and

other condition of mind of a person may be alleged generally. La. C.C.P.

art. 856.

An independent cause of action for civil conspiracy does not exist in

Louisiana; rather, the actionable element is the intentional tort that the

conspirators agreed to commit or committed, in whole or part, causing the

plaintiff’s injury. Coleman v. Querbes Co. No. 1, 51,159 (La. App. 2 Cir.

2/15/17), 218 So. 3d 665; Haygood v. Dies, 48,485 (La. App. 2 Cir.

11/20/13), 127 So. 3d 1008, writ denied, 13-2955 (La. 2/28/14), 134 So. 3d

1177; Hardy v. Easterling, 47,950 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/10/13), 113 So. 3d

1178. See also Ross v. Conoco, Inc., 02-0299 (La. 10/15/02), 828 So. 2d

546; Jeff Mercer, LLC v. State through Dept. of Transp. & Dev., 51,371 (La.

App. 2 Cir. 6/7/17), 222 So. 3d 1017, writ denied, 2017-1442 (La. 12/5/17),
18

231 So. 3d 625, cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 138 S. Ct. 1566, 200 L. Ed. 2d

746, (2018); Thames v. Thames, 50,639 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/18/16), 196 So.

3d 653.

He who conspires with another person to commit an intentional or

willful act is answerable, in solido, with that person, for the damage caused

by such act. La. C.C. art. 2324(A). The actionable element in a claim under

La. C.C. art. 2324 is not the conspiracy itself, but rather the tort which the

conspirators agreed to perpetrate and which they actually commit in whole

or in part. The purpose of solidary liability is to compel any tortfeasor to

pay an entire judgment. See Ross v. Conoco, Inc., supra.

To establish a conspiracy, a plaintiff is required to provide evidence of

the requisite agreement between the parties, i.e., the plaintiff must establish a

meeting of the minds or collusion between the parties for the purposes of

committing wrongdoing. See Jeff Mercer, LLC v. State through Dept. of

Transp. and Dev., supra; Crutcher-Tufts Resources, Inc. v. Tufts, 09-1572

(La. App. 4 Cir. 4/28/10), 38 So. 3d 987.

To establish conspiracy, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) an agreement

existed to commit an illegal or tortious act; (2) the act was actually

committed; (3) the act caused the plaintiff’s injury; and (4) there was an

agreement as to the intended outcome or result. Jeff Mercer, LLC v. State

through Dept. of Transp. and Dev., supra; Thames v. Thames, supra;

Crutcher-Tufts Res., Inc. v. Tufts, supra.

Discussion

Based upon our de novo review of the record, we find that Agrifund

failed to state a cause of action against either the accounting defendants or

the banking defendants for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud.
19

Agrifund argues that it sufficiently stated in its petition that the bank

defendants and the accounting defendants acted in furtherance of

Dickerson’s scheme to divert funds from the sale of crops, which were the

collateral of Agrifund, to further Dickerson’s failing farm enterprise and to

benefit Dickerson and the banks. Agrifund claims that the banks profited

from the scheme by receiving interest and bank fees on the transactions

engaged in with Dickerson. Agrifund maintains that the banks participated

in Dickerson’s scheme by aiding in check kiting and money laundering.

Regarding the accounting defendants, Agrifund asserted the same

allegations in the first and second amended petitions. Agrifund claimed that

the accounting defendants conspired to organize farm entities for Dickerson

to engage in improper, fraudulent, and deceptive acts and practices with

respect to the acquisition of crops loans, sale of crops, and the allocation of

the proceeds from those sales. Agrifund alleged that the accounting

defendants aided Dickerson in reactivating High Flyers without the

knowledge of its agent, Casiday, and added the Higdons as partners in the

Dickerson Agricultural Partnership without their knowledge. Agrifund

contended that the accounting defendants aided Dickerson in filing

fraudulent documents in order to participate in government crop loans and

crop insurance programs. Agrifund also alleged that the accounting

defendants aided Dickerson in forging signatures to open accounts with

Crop Production Services and obtain loans from FSB and Commodity Credit

Corporation.

These allegations do not assert that the accounting defendants

misrepresented or suppressed the truth with the intent to obtain an unjust

advantage over or cause a loss or inconvenience to Agrifund. There are no
20

allegations that the accounting defendants remained silent when they had a

duty to Agrifund to disclose information. There are no allegations that the

plaintiff ever relied upon any work performed by the accounting defendants.

Agrifund failed to allege that the accounting defendants were even aware of

the existence of Agrifund or had any communications or contact with the

company. Further, the claims in Agrifund’s petitions do not allege that the

accounting defendants agreed with and had a meeting of the minds with

Dickerson, the Dickerson entities, or any other defendants to engage in

fraudulent conduct with the intent to cause injury to Agrifund. Therefore,

Agrifund failed to allege fraud or conspiracy to commit fraud against it by

the accounting defendants.

Agrifund also failed to state a cause of action for fraud and conspiracy

to commit fraud against the banks or bank employees. Agrifund alleged that

loan documents were filed with FSB containing the forged signatures of the

Higdons and that McCain knew of the forgery. Agrifund claimed that the

bank defendants cashed forged instruments and improperly converted third

party checks to cashier’s checks. Agrifund urged that Kennedy Rice checks

were endorsed by McCain. The proceeds from one were deposited at

Commercial Capital and the proceeds of another were given to Crop

Production Services. According to Agrifund, the bank defendants

improperly passed funds through various accounts at the banks. The

company alleged that McCain induced farm hands to sign loan applications,

but the proceeds were actually paid to Dickerson, and the bank approved a

loan to Dickerson to pay rent on farmland when funding for rent should have

already come from crop production loans.

21

Agrifund alleged that Wilson and Caldwell Bank loaned money to

Dickerson that was not really a crop loan. Agrifund also maintained that

Caldwell Bank improperly cashed checks for Dickerson and issued cashier’s

checks for the money. Agrifund urged that Commercial Capital aided in

check kiting and gave Dickerson a bailout loan.

Agrifund claimed that the bank defendants diverted funds from

Agrifund for the benefit of Dickerson and the banks. The company urged

that the conspiracy involved a large number of checks which were not issued

for legitimate business purposes.5

Based upon the three petitions filed by Agrifund, the company has

failed to allege that the bank defendants misrepresented or suppressed the

truth to gain an unfair advantage or to cause a loss or inconvenience to

Agrifund. Many of the allegations, such as improperly obtaining crop loans

based upon forged signatures, and inducing farm hands to sign loan

applications where Dickerson actually received the proceeds, fail to establish

a connection with Agrifund or how the activities harmed Agrifund. The

allegations regarding cashing checks not payable to Dickerson and issuing

cashier’s checks for the proceeds, if proven to be true, fail to establish that

the actions were done to cause injury or harm to Agrifund. There are no

allegations that any of the bank defendants ever had any contact,

communications, or dealings with Agrifund. Simply stated, there are no

5
Agrifund relied on the case of Kuebler v. Martin, 578 So. 2d 113 (La. 1991), to
show that it sufficiently pled a cause of action against the banks for fraud and conspiracy
to commit fraud and should be allowed its day in court on these claims. The facts of
Kuebler are distinguishable. In Kuebler, the petition alleged that the bank actively
engaged in encouraging the plaintiffs to invest in a Ponzi scheme.

22

allegations which establish an agreement or meeting of the minds among the

bank defendants with Dickerson to commit fraud upon Agrifund.

In summary, fraud occurs when one party intentionally misrepresents

or withholds information from another party who relies on the inaccurate

information or lack of information and sustains damage as a result. While

Agrifund may have sufficiently pled a cause of action against Dickerson for

fraud, it failed to sufficiently plead that the accounting defendants or the

banking defendants knew that Dickerson was defrauding Agrifund and

agreed with Dickerson to act in furtherance of his scheme. Therefore,

Agrifund has failed to state a cause of action against the accounting

defendants or the banking defendants for fraud and conspiracy to commit

fraud.

RACKETEERING

Agrifund next argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the

company failed to allege a cause of action against the exceptors for

racketeering. This argument is without merit.

Legal Principles

The Louisiana Racketeering Act is set forth in La. R.S. 15:1351 et

seq. La. R.S. 15:1352 provides, in part:

A. As used in this Chapter, “racketeering activity” means
committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or
soliciting, coercing, or intimidating another person to
commit any crime that is punishable under the following
provisions of Title 14 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes of
1950, the Uniform Controlled Dangerous Substances Law,
or the Louisiana Securities Law:
....

(17) R.S. 14:230 (Money laundering).

23

Money laundering is prohibited by La. R.S. 14:230, which provides,

in pertinent part:

B. It is unlawful for any person knowingly to do any of the
following:

(1) Conduct, supervise, or facilitate a financial transaction
involving proceeds[6] known to be derived from criminal
activity[7], when the transaction is designed in whole or in part
to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership,
or the control of proceeds known to be derived from such
violation or to avoid a transaction reporting requirement under
state or federal law.

(2) Give, sell, transfer, trade, invest, conceal, transport,
maintain an interest in, or otherwise make available anything of
value known to be for the purpose of committing or furthering
the commission of any criminal activity.

(3) Direct, plan, organize, initiate, finance, manage, supervise,
or facilitate the transportation or transfer of proceeds known to
be derived from any violation of criminal activity.

(4) Receive or acquire proceeds derived from any violation of
criminal activity, or knowingly or intentionally engage in any
transaction that the person knows involves proceeds from any
such violations.

(5) Acquire or maintain an interest in, receive, conceal, possess,
transfer, or transport the proceeds of criminal activity.

(6) Invest, expend, or receive, or offer to invest, expend, or
receive, the proceeds of criminal activity.

Regarding racketeering, La. R.S. 15:1352 provides:

B. “Enterprise” means any individual, sole proprietorship,
partnership, corporation or other legal entity, or any unchartered
association, or group of individuals associated in fact and
includes unlawful as well as lawful enterprises and
governmental as well as other entities.

6
La. R.S. 14:230(A)(4) defines proceeds as funds acquired or derived directly or
indirectly from or produced or realized through an act.
7
La. R.S. 14:230(A)(1) defines criminal activity as any offense, including
conspiracy and attempt to commit the offense, that is classified as a felony under the laws
of this state or the United States or that is punishable by confinement for more than one
year under the laws of another state.
24

C. “Pattern of racketeering activity” means engaging in at least
two incidents of racketeering activity that have the same or
similar intents, results, principals, victims, or methods of
commission or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing
characteristics and are not isolated incidents, provided at least
one of such incidents occurs after August 21, 1992 and that the
last of such incidents occurs within five years after a prior
incident of racketeering activity. [Emphasis supplied.]

An association-in-fact enterprise is not the pattern of racketeering

activity; it is an entity separate and apart from the pattern of activity in

which it engages. Additionally, an association-in-fact enterprise must have a

structure. State v. Sandifer, 2016-0842 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/27/18), 249 So. 3d

142, writs denied, 18-1316 (La. 3/25/19), 267 So. 3d 593, 18-1261 (La.

3/25/19), 267 So. 3d 599, 18-1310 (La. 3/25/19), 267 So. 3d 600. An

association-in-fact enterprise is simply a continuing unit that functions with

a common purpose. Such a group need not have a hierarchical structure or a

chain of command; decisions may be made on an ad hoc basis and by any

number of methods – by majority vote, consensus, a show of strength, etc.

Members of the group need not have fixed roles; different members may

perform different roles at different times. The group need not have a name,

regular meetings, dues, established rules and regulations, disciplinary

procedures, or induction or initiation ceremonies. State v. Sandifer, supra.

An association-in-fact enterprise must have at least three structural features:

(1) a purpose, (2) relationships among those associated with the enterprise,

and (3) longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the

enterprise’s purpose. State v. Sandifer, supra, citing United States v.

Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 101 S. Ct. 2524, 69 L. Ed. 2d 246 (1981).

Continuing on the law regarding racketeering, La. R.S. 15:1353

provides:

25

A. It is unlawful for any person who has knowingly received
any proceeds derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of
racketeering activity to use or invest, whether directly or
indirectly, any part of such proceeds, or the proceeds derived
from the investment or use thereof, in the acquisition of any
title to, or any right, interest, or equity in immovable property
or in the establishment or operation of any enterprise.

B. It is unlawful for any person, through a pattern of
racketeering activity, knowingly to acquire or maintain, directly
or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise or
immovable property.

C. It is unlawful for any person employed by, or associated
with, any enterprise knowingly to conduct or participate in,
directly or indirectly, such enterprise through a pattern of
racketeering activity.

D. It is unlawful for any person to conspire or attempt to violate
any of the provisions of Subsections A, B, or C of this Section.

Although these statutes are part of the Louisiana Code of Criminal

Procedure, they provide for a civil cause of action. La. R.S. 15:1356

provides, in part:

E. Any person who is injured by reason of any violation of the
provisions of R.S. 15:1353 shall have a cause of action against
any person engaged in racketeering activity who violates a
provision of R.S. 15:1353. Such injured person shall be entitled
to recover three times the actual damages sustained or ten
thousand dollars, whichever is greater. Such person shall also
recover attorney fees in the trial and appellate courts and costs
of investigation and litigation reasonably incurred.

Discussion

Based upon our de novo review of the record, we find that Agrifund

failed to state a cause of action against the accounting defendants and the

bank defendants for racketeering.

Agrifund cites several portions of its second amended petition which

it contends state a cause of action against the defendants for racketeering.

Paragraph 89 states:

26

Upon information and belief, Pickett and Stevens [sic] assisted
and directed Dickerson with extensive and elaborate check
kiting and money laundering scheme detailed herein.

Paragraph 221 alleges:

Dickerson, the Dickerson Entities, Pickett, Stevens [sic],
Franklin State Bank, McCain, Caldwell Bank, Wilson and
Commercial Capital Bank, worked together for the common
purpose of furthering Dickerson’s faltering farming enterprise
while seek [sic] to profit from its continued existence through
coordinated and extensive money laundering and check kiting
scheme as described herein. Each of these defendants played a
critical and purposeful role within Dickerson’s overall scheme,
working in concert with and at the direction of Dickerson.
These defendants collectively are therefore an “enterprise” as
defined by LSA-R.S. 15:1352(B).

Paragraph 222 states:

Defendants’ actions as set forth herein constitute a pattern of
racketeering activity as defined by LSA-R.S. 15:1352.
Defendants have repeatedly and systematically violated LSA-
R.S. 14:230 by conducting, supervising, or facilitating financial
transactions involving proceeds known to be derived from
criminal activity to conceal or disguise the nature, location,
source, ownership, or the control of proceeds or to avoid
transaction reporting requirements under state or federal law
and by knowingly or intentionally engaging in transactions that
they knew involved proceeds from criminal activity.
Defendants went to great lengths to avoid reporting
requirements required by state law and federal banking
regulations, in violation of La. R.S. 14:230. Specifically,
forged checks were not properly reported in order to both
conceal and further money laundering and third-party checks
were converted to Cashier’s Checks and furthering Dickerson’s
money laundering scheme. Moreover, internal controls of the
respective defendant banks were ignored and/or bypassed in
order to further and conceal violations of La. R.S. 14:230.

Agrifund argues that it alleged the existence of an enterprise that is an

association-in-fact. The functioning elements were Dickerson and the

Dickerson entities; the accounting defendants, who set up the network of

Dickerson entities for the purpose of furthering the scheme to defraud

Agrifund; and the bank defendants, who provided the channels to divert

funds from the sale of crops through money laundering and check kiting.

27

Agrifund claims it alleged that money laundering kept Dickerson’s

enterprise alive, and the accounting defendants and the bank defendants

profited from the scheme. Agrifund also claims that it alleged a connection

between the use or investment of racketeering income and Agrifund’s injury.

The company maintains that this was sufficient to state a cause of action

against the accounting defendants and the bank defendants for racketeering.

Agrifund’s pleadings do not allege facts which, if proven, would

establish that the accounting defendants and the bank defendants operated as

a continuing unit, functioning with the common purpose of money

laundering in order to harm Agrifund. The company made the conclusory

statement that the accounting defendants and the bank defendants

participated in the management of Dickerson’s association, the enterprise

used money laundering to conceal the source of the funds, and that the

accounting defendants and the bank defendants profited from the scheme.

However, the allegations do not show that there were relationships among

the defendants or that the enterprise operated long enough to allow the

defendants to pursue the enterprise’s purpose. Agrifund simply has not

sufficiently alleged that the defendants were engaged in an enterprise to

launder money and harm Agrifund. Without an enterprise with the common

purpose of harming Agrifund, racketeering could not have occurred.

Agrifund failed to state a cause of action against the accounting defendants

or the bank defendants for racketeering.

UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES

Agrifund urges on appeal that the trial court erred in finding that the

company failed to state a cause of action for unfair trade practices under

28

LUTPA against McCain and Wilson, in their individual capacities, and

against the accounting defendants. This argument is without merit.

Legal Principles

LUTPA provides that unfair methods of competition and unfair or

deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce are

declared unlawful. See La. R.S. 51:1405. A private cause of action for

violation of LUTPA is provided in La. R.S. 51:1409(A). Claims under

LUTPA are not limited to consumers and business competitors, but are

available to any person who suffers any ascertainable loss as a result of

violations of the statute. Haygood v. Dies, supra.

Because of the broad sweep of the language in La. R.S. 51:1405,

Louisiana courts determine what constitutes a LUTPA violation on a case-

by-case basis. Quality Envtl. Processes, Inc. v. I.P. Petroleum Co., Inc.,

13-1582 (La. 5/7/14), 144 So. 3d 1011; Levine v. First Nat. Bank of

Commerce, 06-0394 (La. 12/15/06), 948 So. 2d 1051; Foster-Somerled

Enterprises, LLC v. St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, 51,063 (La. App. 2 Cir.

1/11/17), 212 So. 3d 1191. The Louisiana Supreme Court has consistently

held that, in establishing a LUTPA claim, a plaintiff must show that the

alleged conduct offends established public policy and is immoral, unethical,

oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious. Cheramie Services, Inc.

v. Shell Deepwater Prod. Inc., 09-1633 (La. 4/23/10), 35 So. 3d 1053;

Quality Envtl. Processes, Inc. v. I.P. Petroleum Co., Inc., supra; Levine v.

First Nat. Bank of Commerce, supra. The range of prohibited practices

under LUTPA is extremely narrow, as LUTPA prohibits only fraud,

misrepresentation, and similar conduct, and not mere negligence. Quality

Envtl. Processes, Inc. v. I.P. Petroleum Co., Inc., supra. See also Cheramie
29

Services, Inc. v. Shell Deepwater Prod. Inc., supra; Walker v. Hixson

Autoplex of Monroe, L.L.C., 51,758 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/29/17), 245 So. 3d

1088.

Discussion

Based upon our de novo review of the record, we find that Agrifund

failed to state a cause of action against McCain and Wilson, in their

individual capacities, and the accounting defendants for violation of

LUTPA.

McCain, Wilson, and the accounting defendants were not competitors

of Agrifund. The company did not allege facts which, if proved, would

show that McCain, Wilson, and the accounting defendants engaged in unfair

methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the

conduct of trade or commerce which were directed at harming the company.

As stated above, the range of practices which violate LUTPA are

extremely narrow, and LUTPA prohibits only fraud, misrepresentation, or

similar conduct, not mere negligence. Regarding McCain, Wilson and the

accounting defendants, as discussed above, Agrifund failed to allege

sufficient facts, which if proved, would show that these defendants

committed fraud against Agrifund in this matter. Also, there is no showing

that any actions these defendants may have engaged in were specifically

aimed at causing harm to Agrifund. The facts alleged do not show that there

was ever any contact or communication between Agrifund and any of these

parties or that the parties were aware of the existence of Agrifund. Because

the range of practices that violate LUTPA are extremely narrow and because

Agrifund has failed to allege any facts which, if proved, would show fraud,

misrepresentation, or similar conduct on the part of McCain, Wilson, or the
30

accounting defendants, Agrifund has failed to state a cause of action against

them.

We also note that McCain and Wilson are employees of banks, and

banks are exempt from LUTPA.

La. R.S. 51:1406 provides, in pertinent part:

The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to:

(1) Any federally insured financial institution, its subsidiaries,
and affiliates or any licensee of the Office of Financial
Institutions, its subsidiaries, and affiliates or actions or
transactions subject to the jurisdiction of the Louisiana Public
Service Commission or other public utility regulatory body, the
commissioner of financial institutions, the insurance
commissioner, the financial institutions and insurance
regulators of other states, or federal banking regulators who
possess authority to regulate unfair or deceptive trade practices.

See Scott v. Bank of Coushatta, 512 So. 2d 356 (La. 1987); Gulf Coast Hous.

& Dev. Corp. v. Capital One, 2016-0296 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/5/16), 203 So.

3d 366; Preferred Inv. Corp. v. Neucere, 592 So. 2d 889 (La. App. 4 Cir.

1991), writ denied, 597 So. 2d 1028 (La. 1992). Agrifund recognized that

banks are generally exempt from LUTPA claims and did not assert LUTPA

claims against the banks. It asserted LUTPA claims against the bank

employees, Wilson and McCain, in their individual capacities, maintaining

that their actions were not exempt.

In Gulf Coast Hous. & Dev. Corp. v. Capital One, supra, the fourth

circuit found that the bank exemption from LUTPA extended to bank

employees who were acting in the course and scope of their employment

with the bank. In Gulf Coast, the plaintiff corporation opened a bank

account with the defendant bank and specifically instructed two bank

employees that no debit card should be issued for the account. In spite of

these instructions, a board member of the plaintiff corporation obtained a
31

debit card and withdrew a large amount of cash. Also, the bank cashed a

forged check from the account. The plaintiff corporation brought LUTPA

claims against the two bank employees, in their individual capacities. These

claims were dismissed on an exception of no cause of action. The fourth

circuit noted the LUTPA exemption for banks, and applied the exemption to

the bank employees because they were acting in the course and scope of

their employment with the bank.

The facts alleged against McCain and Wilson do not indicate that their

actions were outside the course and scope of their employment with their

respective banks. Agrifund alleged that McCain, at FSB, endorsed Kennedy

Rice checks and deposited the proceeds from one at Commercial Capital and

the proceeds of the other were given to Crop Production Services. Agrifund

also claims that McCain signed loan documents granting improper crop

loans to Dickerson, cashed forged instruments for Dickerson, negotiated

instruments that Dickerson was not entitled to, converted third-party checks

to cashier’s checks payable to Dickerson, induced farm hands to sign loan

documents for which Dickerson received the proceeds, and loaned

Dickerson money ostensibly to pay rent on farmland.

Agrifund alleged that Wilson approved a loan that was not really a

crop loan, cashed checks for Dickerson entities that did not have accounts at

Caldwell Bank and issued cashier’s checks for the proceeds.

While Agrifund has alleged seemingly improper banking activities on

the part of McCain and Wilson, all the allegations concern their work at their

respective banks and occurred during the course and scope of their

employment with their banks. Accordingly, as in Gulf Coast Hous. & Dev.

32

Corp. v. Capital One, supra, the LUTPA exemption for banks extends to

these two defendants.

CONVERSION

On appeal, Agrifund argues that the trial court erred in finding that the

company failed to state a cause of action for conversion against the three

banks. For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court judgment and

find that Agrifund adequately stated a cause of action on this claim. In our

view, the trial court failed to recognize the significant differences between

the first and second supplemental and amended petitions with regard to the

rights and claims being asserted by Agrifund. The latter petition contained

more detailed allegations pertaining to Agrifund’s assertion of rights under

both the crop production loan and the crop storage loan, its UCC security

interests, the impairment of those rights, and the diversion of the funds that

should have been received by Agrifund.

Legal Principles

The Louisiana Civil Code itself does not identify causes of action for

“conversion.” However, causes of action for conversion have been inferred

from the codal articles providing that the right of ownership, possession, and

enjoyment of movables is protected by actions for the recovery of the

movables themselves, actions for restitution of their value, and actions for

damages. Dhaliwal v. Dhaliwal, 49,973 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/25/15), 184 So.

3d 773, writ denied, 16-0236 (La. 4/4/16), 190 So. 3d 1204.

A conversion consists of an act in derogation of the plaintiff’s

possessory rights, and any wrongful exercise or assumption of authority over

another’s goods, depriving him of the possession, permanently or for an

indefinite time, is a conversion. It is of no importance what subsequent
33

application was made of the converted property, or that defendant derived no

benefit from his act. Quealy v. Paine, Webber, Jackson & Curtis, Inc., 475

So. 2d 756 (La. 1985). See also Birch v. Birch, 45,702 (La. App. 2 Cir.

11/3/10), 55 So. 3d 796, writ denied, 10-2670 (La. 1/28/11), 56 So. 3d 959.

A conversion is committed when any of the following occurs: 1)

possession is acquired in an unauthorized manner; 2) the chattel is removed

from one place to another with the intent to exercise control over it; 3)

possession of the chattel is transferred without authority; 4) possession is

withheld from the owner or possessor; 5) the chattel is altered or destroyed;

6) the chattel is used improperly; or 7) ownership is asserted over the chattel.

Dual Drilling Co. v. Mills Equip. Investments, Inc., 98-0343 (La. 12/1/98),

721 So. 2d 853; Boyer v. Kokkinis, 51,598 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/27/17), 244 So.

3d 652, writ denied, 17-2058 (La. 2/2/18), 235 So. 3d 1112; Joyner v. Liprie,

supra.

The tort of conversion is an intentional act done in derogation of the

plaintiff’s possessory rights. Louisiana Health Care Grp., Inc. v. Allegiance

Health Mgmt., Inc., 2009-1093 (La. App. 3 Cir. 3/10/10), 32 So. 3d 1138.

The intent required for a conversion is not necessarily that of conscious

wrongdoing. It is rather an intent to exercise dominion or control over the

goods which is, in fact, inconsistent with the plaintiff’s rights. A mistake of

law or fact is no defense. Persons deal with the chattels or exercise acts of

ownership over them at their peril, and must take the risk that there is no

lawful justification for their acts. Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Hinrichs, 486

So. 2d 116 (La. 1986); Jones v. Americas Ins. Co., 2016-0904 (La. App. 1

Cir. 8/16/17), 226 So. 3d 537; Deposit Guar. Nat. Bank v. Central La. Grain

Co-op., Inc., 1998-1976 (La. App. 3 Cir. 5/5/99), 737 So. 2d 167, writ
34

denied, 99-1582 (La. 9/17/99), 747 So. 2d 564; Dileo v. Horn, 2015-684 (La.

App. 5 Cir. 3/16/16), 189 So. 3d 1189.

Although a party may have rightfully come into possession of

another’s goods, the subsequent refusal to surrender the goods to one who is

entitled to them may constitute conversion. Louisiana Health Care Grp.,

Inc. v. Allegiance Health Mgmt., Inc., supra.

Because Agrifund has alleged that its collateral and security interests

were violated, certain provisions of the UCC and other statutes must be

considered.

“Proceeds” are defined in La. R.S. 10:9-102 (64) as:

(A) whatever is acquired upon the sale, lease, license,
exchange, or other disposition of collateral;

(B) whatever is collected on, or distributed on account of,
collateral;

(C) rights arising out of collateral;

(D) to the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of
the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects
or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral; or

(E) to the extent of the value of collateral and to the extent
payable to the debtor or the secured party, insurance payable by
reason of the loss or nonconformity of, defects or infringement
of rights in, or damage to, the collateral.

Regarding the attachment and enforceability of a security interest and

proceeds, La. R.S. 10:9-203 provides, in part:

(a) Attachment. A security interest attaches to collateral when
it becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the
collateral, unless an agreement expressly postpones the time of
attachment.
....

(f) Proceeds and supporting obligations. The attachment of a
security interest in collateral gives the secured party the rights
to proceeds provided by R.S. 10:9-315 and also includes the
rights to a supporting obligation for the collateral.
35

As to the perfection of an agricultural lien, La. R.S. 10:9-308(b)
states:

Perfection of agricultural lien. An agricultural lien is perfected
if it has become effective and all of the applicable requirements
for perfection in R.S. 10:9-309 or 9-310 have been satisfied. An
agricultural lien is perfected when it becomes effective if the
applicable requirements are satisfied before the agricultural lien
becomes effective.

La. R.S. 10:9-310(a) and (c) provide:

(a) General rule: perfection by filing. Except as otherwise
provided in Subsection (b) and R.S. 10:9-312(b), a financing
statement must be filed to perfect all security interests and
agricultural liens.

(c) Assignment of perfected security interest. If a secured party
assigns a perfected security interest or agricultural lien, a filing
under this Chapter is not required to continue the perfected
status of the security interest against creditors of and transferees
from the original debtor.

La. R.S. 10:9-311(a)(2) states:

(a) Security interest subject to other law. Except as otherwise
provided in Subsection (d) of this Section, the filing of a
financing statement is not necessary or effective to perfect a
security interest in property subject to:
....

(2) R.S. 3:3651 et seq. pertaining to central registry of security
interests and liens affecting farm products or standing timber[.]

The procedures for registering security interests in farm products are

governed by La. R.S. 3:3651 et seq. La. R.S. 3:3654 establishes a central

registry for the filing of security devices and financing statements for farm

goods. La. R.S. 3:3654(C) provides for computerized access to the

information contained in the central registry. La. R.S 3:3656 sets forth the

place of filing and, among other things, the effectiveness of filing against

third parties. La. R.S. 3:3656(D) provides:

The central registry shall reflect the time and date each effective
financing statement and other statement is filed. Only a security
device with respect to which an effective financing statement
36

has been filed with the filing officer for inclusion in the central
registry, as provided in this Chapter, shall be effective against
buyers in the ordinary course of business. Except as otherwise
provided in this Section, each security device shall become
effective against buyers in the ordinary course of business on
the date and at the time an effective financing statement with
respect to the security device is filed with the filing officer.

Regarding a secured party’s rights on the disposition of collateral and

in proceeds, La. R.S. 10:9-315 states:

(a) Disposition of collateral: continuation of security interest;
proceeds. Except as otherwise provided in this Chapter:

(1) a security interest continues in collateral notwithstanding
sale, lease, license, exchange, or other disposition thereof unless
the secured party authorized the disposition free of the security
interest;

(2) a security interest attaches to any identifiable proceeds of
collateral; and

(3) a purchaser of collateral incurs no personal liability on
account of an unauthorized transfer unless he has failed to act in
good faith.

(b) When commingled proceeds identifiable. Proceeds that are
commingled with other property are identifiable proceeds:

(1) if the proceeds are goods, to the extent provided by R.S.
10:9-336; and

(2) if the proceeds are not goods, to the extent that the secured
party identifies the proceeds by an acceptable method of
tracing.

(c) Perfection of security interest in proceeds. A security
interest in proceeds is a perfected security interest if the security
interest in the original collateral was perfected.

(d) Continuation of perfection. A perfected security interest in
proceeds becomes unperfected on the twenty-first day after the
security interest attaches to the proceeds unless:

(1) the following conditions are satisfied:

(A) a filed financing statement covers the original collateral;

37

(B) the proceeds are collateral in which a security interest may
be perfected by filing in the office in which the financing
statement has been filed; and

(C) the proceeds are not acquired with cash proceeds;

(2) the proceeds are identifiable cash proceeds.

Most notably, Uniform Commercial Code Comment 2 to La. R.S.

10:9-315 provides, in pertinent part:

Continuation of Security Interest or Agricultural Lien
Following Disposition of Collateral. Subsection (a)(1), which
derives from former Section 9-306(2), contains the general rule
that a security interest survives disposition of the collateral. In
these cases, the secured party may repossess the collateral from
the transferee or, in an appropriate case, maintain an action
for conversion. The secured party may claim both any proceeds
and the original collateral but, of course, may have only one
satisfaction. [Emphasis supplied.]

Discussion

After reviewing the allegations in Agrifund’s petitions and the

applicable statutes on conversion, as well as the provisions dealing with the

perfection and recordation of security interests in agricultural goods and the

provisions specifying that the security interest attaches to the proceeds of

collateral, we find that Agrifund has stated a cause of action against the

banks for conversion.

ARM first extended a crop production loan to Dickerson and various

Dickerson entities, and took a security interest in the crops. That security

interest was perfected by filing the requisite UCC-1F forms.8 Agrifund

alleged that it acquired ARM’s interests and stepped into the shoes of ARM

8
See and compare Community Tr. Bank v. First Nat. Bank, 40,639 (La. App. 2
Cir. 3/15/06), 924 So. 2d 498, dealing with the notice afforded by the filing of UCC-1
and UCC-1F financing statement.

38

in September 2015.9 In January 2016, the security interest in standing crops

was converted to a crop storage loan. Agrifund set forth its allegations

regarding the right to assert the security interest in the crop production loan,

as well as the crop storage loan, in its second supplemental and amended

petition. By way of illustration, we quote the following allegations.

Paragraph 62 states:

Effective September 9, 2015, Agrifund closed on a transaction
with ARM whereby Agrifund acquired the rights to the Radar
Ridge and Dickerson Ag loans, including the ARM Notes and
the ARM ASAs with Radar Ridge and Dickerson Ag.

Paragraph 67 states:

On January 22, 2016, Agrifund entered into a Grain Storage
Loan Agreement with Radar Ridge, whereby Agrifund agreed
to loan proceeds on Radar Ridge’s grain in storage, execute a
new Agricultural Security Agreement and secure its portion
through a UCC-1F on Radar Ridge’s 2015 corn and long grain
rice crops.

Paragraph 68 states:

In connection with the Grain Storage Loan Agreement, Radar
Ridge executed a Demand Promissory Note in favor of
Agrifund in the principal amount of $3,002,940.00 (hereinafter
the “Agrifund RR Note”). The Agrifund Note contains the
identical terms and conditions as the ARM notes set forth
above.

In Paragraph 74, Agrifund explains:

Likewise, in connection with the Grain Storage Loan
Agreements, Agrifund perfected a security interest securing its
position through a UCC-1F on Radar Ridge’s and Dickerson
Ag’s 2015 corn and long grain rice crops. Agrifund further
received by assignment the positions perfected in said crops by
ARM’s UCC-1F filings. Also, the loans to Radar Ridge and
Dickerson Ag were cross-collateralized.

9
In their briefs, Commercial Capital and McCain dispute the allegation that
Agrifund acquired ARM’s interests in this matter in September 2015. However,
Agrifund alleged this in its pleadings, this matter is before us for decision on an exception
of no cause of action, and the well-pleaded allegations in the petition must be accepted as
true. Whether this allegation can be proven is not before us at this time.
39

Under the allegations made here, and according to the provisions of the UCC

set forth above, the security interest followed the harvested grain.

Thereafter, when Dickerson wrongfully sold the harvested crops, as alleged

by Agrifund, under the UCC, Agrifund’s security interest attached to the

proceeds of those sales. According to Agrifund’s allegations, when the

banks took checks from Dickerson and various Dickerson entities and issued

cashier’s checks in exchange for them or deposited them into various

accounts, some of which did not belong to Dickerson or Dickerson entities,

the banks wrongfully received funds which were owned by and owed to

Agrifund.

It does not matter whether the banks knew the funds belonged to

Agrifund. As specified above, the intent required for conversion is not

necessarily that of conscious wrongdoing. The allegations in the petition are

sufficient to show that the banks intended to exercise dominion or control

over the funds. Possession of the funds was transferred without authority.

That exercise of control was inconsistent with Agrifund’s rights. This was

an act in derogation of Agrifund’s possessory rights to the proceeds and

deprived Agrifund of the rightful possession of the proceeds.

Based upon Agrifund’s allegations, and under La. R.S. 10:9-315, the

banks took those funds, rightfully owed to Agrifund, and converted those

funds from the company. The well-pleaded facts asserted by Agrifund,

accepted as true, support a cause of action for conversion as explained by the

comments to this section which we have quoted above.

The trial court’s reasons for granting the exception of no cause of

action on conversion, asserted by the banks, were not well-founded in the

facts or the law applicable to this matter. The trial court focused on the date
40

of Agrifund’s crop storage loan in January 2016, and erroneously reasoned

that, because Dickerson had disposed of the grain before he transferred the

security interest previously existing in the standing crops to the harvested

grain, the security interest was not effective. The trial court’s reasoning that

the transfer of the crop production loan to a crop storage loan would have

dissolved a security interest in the proceeds of the sale of the grain is not

supported by the law. The trial court also reasoned that actions taken before

January 2016 could not have caused damage to Agrifund and that the banks

had no legal duty to Agrifund. As discussed above, at this stage of the

proceedings, we must accept Agrifund’s allegations that it stepped into

ARM’s shoes in September 2015, and acquired all rights under the crop

loan. Agrifund alleges that some sales of grain occurred and some of the

checks representing the proceeds from those crops were passed through

some of the defendant banks in late 2015, when the crop production loan in

favor of Agrifund was still in effect.

The trial court also stated in its reasons for judgment that the banks

had no duty to monitor funds deposited into bank accounts which were not

in the name of Agrifund. The trial court relied in part on La. R.S. 6:1124,

which provides:

No financial institution or officer or employee thereof shall be
deemed or implied to be acting as a fiduciary, or have a
fiduciary obligation or responsibility to its customers or to third
parties other than shareholders of the institution, unless there is
a written agency or trust agreement under which the financial
institution specifically agrees to act and perform in the capacity
of a fiduciary. The fiduciary responsibility and liability of a
financial institution or any officer or employee thereof shall be
limited solely to performance under such a contract and shall
not extend beyond the scope thereof. Any claim for breach of a
fiduciary responsibility of a financial institution or any officer
or employee thereof may only be asserted within one year of
the first occurrence thereof. This Section is not limited to credit
41

agreements and shall apply to all types of relationships to which
a financial institution may be a party.

The matter before us is a claim for conversion and not a claim for

breach of a fiduciary duty. We also note that, under the jurisprudence, this

statute does not provide blanket immunity to banks for any and all causes of

action brought by any customer. See BizCapital Bus. & Indus. Dev. Corp. v.

Union Planters Corp., 2003-2208 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/8/04), 884 So. 2d 623,

writs denied, 04-2473 (La. 1/14/05), 889 So. 2d 267, 04-2505 (La. 1/14/05),

889 So. 2d 268. Agrifund’s contention is that the banks should have known

that something was amiss, whereas the banks contend they were only

engaging in normal banking practices. On an exception of no cause of

action, we are unable to resolve this disagreement between the parties. All

of these matters concerning banking procedures and standard of care are left

for another day.

The trial court did not consider the allegations by Agrifund that the

banks also had a duty to report suspicious activity under banking

regulations. It also failed to consider any of the law pertaining to the UCC.

While the question of the existence of a duty may go to a defense on the

merits, as presented here, the question cannot be determined from the

pleadings in the context of an exception of no cause of action.

In their brief filed after the argument of this matter before a five-judge

panel, FSB, Caldwell Bank, and Commercial Capital assert that, under La.

R.S. 10: 9-330 and 331(c), Agrifund’s security interest is subordinate to that

of the banks and did not attach to the sale of the proceeds of the sale of

42

grain.10 They argue that the checks presented by Dickerson were negotiable

instruments received by the banks in the normal course of business and the

banks were holders in due course, taking priority over any earlier perfected

security interest.

La. R.S. 10:9-330 provides:

(d) Instrument purchaser’s priority. Except as otherwise
provided in R.S. 10:9-331(a), a purchaser of an instrument has
priority over a security interest in the instrument perfected by a
method other than possession if the purchaser gives value and
takes possession of the instrument in good faith and without
knowledge that the purchase violates the rights of the secured
party.

This provision deals with “chattel paper,” which is defined in La. R.S. 10: 9-

102(11) as:

“Chattel paper” means a record or records that evidence both a
monetary obligation and a security interest in specific goods, a
security interest in specific goods and software used in the
goods, a security interest in specific goods and license of
software used in the goods, a lease of specific goods, or a lease
of specific goods and license of software used in the goods. In
this Paragraph, “monetary obligation” means a monetary
obligation secured by the goods or owed under a lease of the
goods and includes a monetary obligation with respect to
software used in the goods. The term does not include (i)
charters or other contracts involving the use or hire of a vessel
or (ii) records that evidence a right to payment arising out of the
use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for
use with the card. If a transaction is evidenced by records that
include an instrument or series of instruments, the group of
records taken together constitutes chattel paper.

In their brief, the banks refer to themselves as purchasers of chattel

paper. However, it is not clear that the banks purchased chattel paper in this

matter. Therefore the applicability of this provision is questionable.

10
We note that none of these arguments were urged below or considered by the
trial court. As part of our de novo review, we are considering all of the arguments
presented to us and all of the pertinent statutes revealed by our research. We are
compelled to note that this case has somehow become a “work in progress.” Exceptions
of no cause of action are usually not this complicated.
43

The banks also cited La. R. S. 10:9-331, which states:

(a) Rights under Chapters 3, 7, and 8 not limited. This Chapter
does not limit the rights of a holder in due course of a
negotiable instrument, a holder to which a negotiable document
of title has been duly negotiated, or a protected purchaser of a
security. These holders or purchasers take priority over an
earlier security interest, even if perfected, to the extent provided
in Chapters 3, 7, and 8.

(b) Protection under Chapter 8. This Chapter does not limit the
rights of or impose liability on a person to the extent that the
person is protected against the assertion of an adverse claim
under Chapter 8.

(c) Filing not notice. Filing under this Chapter does not
constitute notice of a claim or defense to the holders, or
purchasers, or persons described in Subsections (a) and (b).

Agrifund points out in its brief that a holder in due course must be in

good faith. The company sufficiently alleged that the banks had some

knowledge that Dickerson was not entitled to the proceeds of the checks and

raised the inference that the banks were not in good faith, and therefore not

holders in due course. While the arguments made by the banks may afford a

defense to Agrifund’s allegations when the matter is considered on the

merits, this issue is not properly considered on an exception of no cause of

action where the plaintiff’s well-pleaded facts are accepted as true.

We, of course, make no finding on the merits as to whether Agrifund

will be able to prove its claims of conversion against the banks. We merely

find that Agrifund has sufficiently stated a cause of action for conversion

against the banks and should be afforded its day in court to present its

evidence.

CONCLUSION

The trial court judgment finding that Agrifund failed to state a cause

of action against Clark A. McCain, Franklin State Bank and Trust Company,

44

Commercial Capital Bank, Brian Wilson, Caldwell Bank and Trust

Company, David S. Stephens, Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr., and Lawrence W.

Pickett, Jr., a Professional Accounting Corporation, for fraud and conspiracy

to commit fraud, and racketeering is affirmed.

The trial court judgment finding that Agrifund failed to state a cause

of action against Clark A. McCain, Brian Wilson, David S. Stephens,

Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr., and Lawrence W. Pickett, Jr., a Professional

Accounting Corporation, for violation of LUTPA, is affirmed.

The trial court judgment finding that Agrifund failed to state a cause

of action for the conversion claims against the banks, Franklin State Bank

and Trust Company, Caldwell Bank and Trust Company, and Commercial

Capital Bank, is reversed.

The matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.

Costs in this court are assessed one-half to Agrifund and one-half to Franklin

State Bank and Trust Company, Caldwell Bank and Trust Company, and

Commercial Capital Bank.11

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED
FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

11
In its brief, Caldwell Bank urged this court to affirm the trial court judgment
sustaining the exception of no cause of action against it and to order Agrifund to pay its
costs and attorney fees under La. C.C.P. art. 2164, which allows the award of such
damages for frivolous appeals. Caldwell Bank did not appeal or answer the appeal;
therefore, this request was not properly before us. Further, because Agrifund has been
granted some relief in this matter against Caldwell Bank, the appeal of the trial court
judgment was not frivolous.
45

STONE, J., dissenting in part.

I dissent from the majority’s opinion regarding both the plaintiff’s

conversion claim against the defendant banks, and the plaintiff’s claim for

conspiracy to commit fraud against Caldwell Bank and Trust (“CBT”). The

plaintiff has failed to state a cause of action under Louisiana’s law of

conversion. I would thus affirm the trial court judgment dismissing the

plaintiff’s conversion claims against the defendant banks. However, the

plaintiff did state a cause of action against CBT for conspiracy to commit

fraud. I would reverse the trial court judgment on that point.

CONVERSION

In holding that the plaintiff’s petitions state a cause of action for

conversion, the majority commits two errors of law. First, unlike the

common law, Louisiana’s conversion action is predicated on the fault of the

defendant, i.e., negligence or conscious wrongdoing. The majority ignores

this aspect of Louisiana law and applies the common law strict liability

standard. This error of law causes the majority to find conversion in the

absence of allegations, which, if proven, would establish fault on the part of

the bank defendants. Second, the majority expands Louisiana’s conversion

action in making it available to a secured creditor with a mere non-

possessory, non-ownership security interest in the property supposedly

converted.

Fault. Strict liability is “liability without fault.” Celestine v. Union Oil

Co. of California, 94-1868 (La. 4/10/95), 652 So.2d 1299, 1303; Pepper v.

Triplett, 2003-0619 (La. 1/21/04), 864 So.2d 181, 194, (“the primary

difference between ordinary negligence and strict liability is that, with the

1

latter, the plaintiff need not prove the defendant’s actual or constructive

knowledge…”).

In this case, the majority sets forth a strict liability standard for

conversion without actually using the phrase “strict liability”:

The intent required for a conversion is not necessarily that
of conscious wrongdoing. It is rather an intent to exercise
dominion or control over the goods which is, in fact
inconsistent with the plaintiff’s rights. Mistake of law or
fact is no defense. Persons deal with the chattels or
exercise acts of ownership over them at their peril, and
must take the risk that there is no lawful justification for
their acts. (Emphasis added).

Stated succinctly, that is: “the intent required for a conversion is…

[merely]… an intent to exercise dominion or control over the goods.” Under

this standard, there is no requirement that the defendant have actual or

constructive knowledge that the goods belong to another.

The majority’s above-quoted language is itself a quote from Louisiana

State Bar Association v. Hinrichs 486 So.2d 116, 121 (La. 1986), which has

been implicitly overruled by Dual Drilling Co. v. Mills Equip. Investments,

Inc., 98-0343 (La. 12/1/98), 721 So.2d 853.12 In Hinrichs, the Louisiana

12
As shown infra, the Louisiana Supreme Court set forth the requirement of fault

in a conversion action over a decade after Hinrichs. Notwithstanding, the remainder of

the cases that the majority cites as authority for the above-quoted language also quote

Hinrichs, supra, or ultimately cite common law authority. Specifically, Jones v.

Americas, 2016-0904 (La. App. 1 Cir. 8/16/17), 226 So. 3d 537, 542, and Dileo v. Horn,

2015-684 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/16/16), 189 So. 3d 1189, 1198, both erroneously cite the

same language from Hinrichs.

Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Central La. Grain Co-op, Inc., 1998-1976

(La. App. 3 Cir. 5/5/99), 737 So.2d 167, 172, writ denied sub nom. Deposit Guar. Nat.

Bank v. Cent. Louisiana Grain Co-op, Inc., 99-1582 (La. 9/17/99), 747 So. 2d 564, is

2

Supreme Court cited common law authorities for the above-quoted

language. Under the common law’s strict liability tort of conversion, and the

majority’s recital of the rule in this case, the defendant’s intent to exercise

dominion or control over the goods is sufficient intent for conversion. That

is so regardless of whether the defendant knew or should have known that

the movable belongs to another. Thus, as stated by the majority, “mistake of

fact or law is no defense.”

As previously noted, the cases that the majority cites as support are in

conflict with current Louisiana law.13 Dual Drilling Co. v. Mills Equip.

Investments, Inc., 98-0343 (La. 12/1/98), 721 So.2d 853, articulates

Louisiana’s current law regarding the tort of conversion. Therein, the

Louisiana Supreme Court repudiated the strict liability tort of conversion,

and instead, held that in Louisiana “the conversion action is predicated on

the fault of the defendant.” Id. at 857. (Emphasis added).

The Dual Drilling court explained:

Despite the use of this common law term [i.e.,
conversion], such actions are not to be confused with the
civil law tort of conversion. In common law jurisdictions,
conversion is an intentional wrong giving rise to strict
liability in an action for the recovery of the value of a
chattel…[T]ortious activity is only established upon proof
of fault under La. Civ. Code art. 2315 as opposed to the
common law allowance of strict liability

Id. at n.3.

even more explicit in its assertion of strict liability for conversion: “issues of fault, intent,

negligence, knowledge or ignorance, and/or good faith are not involved in actions for

tortious conversion.” Id. at 572. Deposit Guaranty cited ultimately to Prosser & Keeton

on The Law of Torts (common law authorities) as support for the quoted language.
13
Footnote 1 to this dissent.
3

As previously stated, strict liability is “liability without fault.”

Celestine, supra. In the context of conversion, “the primary difference

between negligence and strict liability is that, with the latter, the plaintiff

need not prove the defendant’s actual or constructive knowledge” that the

property belongs to another. Pepper, supra; See also Dual Drilling, supra.

In Louisiana, “fault,” and thus conversion, requires negligence or

conscious wrongdoing. Dual drilling, supra; MCI Communications Services,

Inc. v. Hagan, 2011-1039 (La. 10/25/11), 74 So. 3d 1148. Thus, in finding

fault (negligence) on the part of the defendant, the Dual Drilling court

stated:

Southern should have realized Rig 25 was not part of the
sale and was not to be dismantled upon seeing the
flourescent [sic] orange “Do Not Cut” markings on the
rig. The trial court found Southern knew or should have
known that the rig belonged to someone other than the
Partnership but failed to ascertain the identity of the true
owner. Southern could have acted to prevent itself from
destroying the wrong rig. Instead, precautions to find the
owner were not taken. (Emphasis added).

Dual Drilling at 857.

In MCI Communications, supra, the Louisiana Supreme Court

reaffirmed the above principles set forth in Dual Drilling, supra. The

defendant accidentally severed the plaintiff’s cable while excavating on the

premises. The Louisiana Supreme Court again rejected the common law

strict liability approach, and held that Louisiana law requires at least

negligence to impose liability.14

14
The facts of MCI Communications apparently would have established liability
under the common law theory of “trespass to chattels,” (which differs from the common
law theory of “conversion” only in the degree of damage or interference inflicted by the
defendant on the plaintiff’s property). Id. at 1151-2. However, the Louisiana Supreme
Court held that, the trial court’s instruction on negligence was sufficient, and that, under
Louisiana law, the plaintiff was not entitled to an instruction on the common law strict
liability tort of “trespass to chattels.”
4

In this case, the majority justifies its affirmative finding of conversion

as follows: “It does not matter whether the banks knew the funds belonged

to Agrifund…[T]he banks intended to exercise dominion or control over the

funds,” and actually carried out those intentions; therefore, “[t]he well

pleaded facts asserted by Agrifund, accepted as true, support a cause of

action for conversion.” Thus, not only did the majority recite a strict liability

standard in its discussion of the law, it actually applied a strict liability

standard in finding that Agrifund stated a cause of action for conversion.

The majority’s application of strict liability has led it to an erroneous

conclusion. The allegations of the petition, even if proven, are insufficient to

establish fault on the part of Franklin State Bank (“FSB”) or Commercial

Capital Bank (“CCB”) in receiving the subject funds. Specifically, the

allegations do not establish that FSB or CCB knew or had reason to know

that Kennedy Rice Dryers checks #1777 & #1778 constituted proceeds of

another lender’s collateral.15 Indeed, CCB is merely alleged to have received

15
For the reader’s convenience, I will restate the allegations of the relevant
transactions. In January of 2016, collateralized rice grown on FSN 6942 entered the
Kennedy facility in the name of W & T Farms, a Dickerson entity that is not a debtor on
the subject loans. Kennedy sold that grain in the name of W & T Farms. Upon selling this
rice to third parties, Kennedy issued checks 1777 and 1778, which were payable jointly
to: (1) W & T Farms; (2) FSB; and (3) Crop Production Services.
Clark McCain endorsed check 1777 on FSB’s behalf. Thereafter, on February 1,
2016, Kennedy check 1777 was deposited in Dickerson’s account at CCB. From there,
the funds were transferred into checking accounts for Radar Ridge and Tough Luck at
CCB and were used to help fund the payment of farmhand payroll checks and other
recurring expenses.
Clark McCain also endorsed check 1778 on behalf of FSB; it was also endorsed
“For Deposit Only Crop Production Services” and the funds were deposited accordingly.
The petition does not allege who, if anyone, endorsed the check on behalf of Crop
Production Services.
At the time McCain endorsed the checks for FSB, W & T Farms had no
outstanding debt to FSB, but had issued W & T a $1,229,844 loan which was repaid in
August 2015. The plaintiff makes no allegation that the lien filing in the Central
Agricultural Registry associated with this loan was canceled. Filed agricultural liens
remain in that public registry until canceled in accordance with La. R.S. 3:3656,
regardless of whether any debt remains outstanding.
5

proceeds of those proceeds via a check drawn a Dickerson-controlled FSB

account.

Interference with ownership or possession. Dual Drilling defined

conversion as “the unlawful interference with the ownership or possession

of a movable,” and explained that “conversion… is… securely rooted in

civilian concepts of property law.” Dual Drilling at 857. (Emphasis added).

Thus, the terms “ownership” and “possession,” in the context of conversion,

carry their technical legal meaning. The plaintiff’s actual ownership or

possession of, or right to possess,16 the property at the time of the supposed

conversion is essential to the conversion action.

In this case, the plaintiff’s allegations of fact show that the plaintiff

never had possession or ownership of the collateralized grain or proceeds

thereof.17 Instead, these allegations indicate that the plaintiff had a mere non-

Additionally, the plaintiff alleges that it was the only “area lender” that financed
production of rice on FSN 6942, and that FSB specifically did not finance the production
of rice on that farm.
FSB. The plaintiff’s petitions do not allege that the Kennedy checks themselves
bore any indication of the farm from which the crops sold came. Instead, they merely
referenced Long Grain Rice settlement #002980 and #002981. The plaintiff admits in its
petitions that these “settlements” were separate documents, and only on those separate
documents was the farm serial number (“FSN”) of the farm from which the crops came
stated. The plaintiff makes no allegation that FSB had any access to those Long Grain
Rice Settlement documents. Thus, the plaintiff has failed to his state any reason for FSB
to know that Kennedy checks 1777 & 1778 represented proceeds of grain grown on FSN
6942, i.e., a farm regarding which FSB had made no loan for the 2015 crop year. Thus,
FSB is not alleged to have any reason to know that the checks constituted proceeds of
another lender’s collateral.
Furthermore, the plaintiff’s assertion that FSB should have been suspicious
because it was named as a payee when W & T Farms had already repaid its debt in full is
without merit. Presumably, Kennedy issued the check with FSB as a co-payee based on
the lien which apparently remained in effect vis-à-vis the public registry. FSB’s mere
endorsement without collecting any funds is consistent with such a situation and does not
tend to establish fault on the part of FSB.
CCB. Likewise, CCB has not alleged to have any reason to know that the funds it
received via a check drawn on a Dickerson -controlled FSB accounts constituted
proceeds of another lender’s collateral.
16
La. C.C. art. 3422.
17
The plaintiff has made conclusory allegations of ownership of and “entitlement
to” the collateral proceeds (and that plaintiff is the “rightful owner” of the proceeds) that
were channeled through the defendant banks.
6

possessory security interest in the collateral. Additionally, the plaintiff’s

counsel admitted in the initial oral arguments before this court that the

plaintiff merely had a non-possessory security interest in the collateral, i.e.,

that it had no ownership or possession of, or right to possess the collateral.

Regardless, the majority states “the banks wrongly received funds

which were owned by and owed to Agrifund.” (Emphasis added). Assuming

the allegations of the petition are true, Agrifund merely had a contractual

right to be paid the proceeds, and had a security interest in the proceeds. The

majority’s statement that Agrifund “owned” the proceeds is incorrect. The

majority cites no allegation of the petition nor any law for the proposition

that, upon disposition of the collateral, the secured creditor somehow

automatically becomes owner of the proceeds. Indeed, the majority

extensively explains that, upon disposition of the collateral, Agrifund’s

security interest automatically attached to the proceeds and became

perfected. It is axiomatic that a UCC security interest is separate and distinct

from ownership.18

Thus, what the majority actually holds is that creditor with a non-

possessory, non-ownership security interest the collateral’s proceeds has a

18
Nor does a U.C.C. security interest confer rights similar to ownership,
especially in Louisiana. “Ownership is the right that confers on a person direct,
immediate, and exclusive authority over a thing.” La. C.C. art. 477. In reality, the debtor
is typically the owner of the collateral, and a secured creditor is legally prohibited from
taking possession of the collateral even upon the owner/debtor’s default, unless: (1) the
debtor abandons the collateral; (2) the debtor consents to the creditor’s taking possession
by reason of actual or imminent default; or (3) such is done pursuant to judicial process.
La. R.S. 10:9-609 and comments thereto. As reflected in those comments, Louisiana has
rejected “a general authorization of self-help repossession of the collateral by secured
parties… [provided for by]… Revised U.C.C. Article 9.” In Louisiana, unlike states
which have not deviated from the U.C.C. model provisions, a secured creditor must
generally use judicial process to re-possess, seize, or foreclose upon collateral or
proceeds thereof. As further example, La. C.C. art. 3140 provides that: “Unless expressly
permitted by law, clause in a contract providing in advance that ownership of the thing
given as security will transfer upon default in performance of the secured obligation is
absolutely null.”
7

(strict liability) conversion action against a third party to whom the debtor

transfers the proceeds – as well as transferees of the debtor’s transferee, and

so forth, theoretically ad infinitum. The majority’s incorrect assertion that

Agrifund “owned” the proceeds indicates that the majority has conflated

actual ownership with anticipated future ownership–at least to the extent

that such anticipation is based upon a contractual right and a perfected

security interest in the subject property. The majority does not acknowledge

that its decision thusly expands Louisiana’s conversion action, and therefore

makes no attempt to justify doing so.

Of all the conversion cases cited by the majority, only Deposit

Guaranty National Bank v. Central Louisiana Grain Co-op, Inc. 98-1976

(La. App. 3 Cir. 5/5/99), 737 So.2d 167, provides support for the proposition

– that a creditor with a mere non-possessory, non-ownership security

interest, who never in fact had possession of the collateral or proceeds

thereof – may maintain an action for “conversion” of the proceeds of its

collateral. Like the plaintiff in this case, the plaintiff in Deposit Guaranty

had merely an anticipation of future possession based on its security interest

and its apparent contractual right to be paid. As shown by the italics below,

the Third Circuit stated its holding in ipse dixit fashion:

A conversion consists of an act in derogation of the
plaintiff’s possessory rights, and any wrongful exercise or
assumption of authority over another’s goods, depriving
him of the possession, permanently or for an indefinite
time, is a conversion. Issues of fault, intent, negligence,
knowledge or ignorance, and/or good faith are not
involved in actions for tortious conversion. A mistake of
law or fact is no defense. Persons deal with the property in
chattels or exercise acts of ownership over them at their
peril, and must take the risk that there is no lawful
justification for their acts.
We conclude that the facts of the instant matter fit within
the above-quoted description. Therefore, we reverse the
8

judgment of the lower court. (Internal citations omitted;
emphasis added).

Id. at 172-173. The Deposit Guaranty court, similar to the majority in this

case, did not even attempt to reconcile its conclusion – that a creditor with a

non-possessory security interest which never in fact had possession had an

action for conversion – with its own statement that conversion requires

interference with possession.19

The majority also relies on “Uniform Commercial Code Comment 2”

under La. R.S. 10:9-315. This comment is not specific to Louisiana law.

Instead, it is merely a comment to the generic Uniform Commercial Code,

i.e., a model code which presupposes application of the common law. The

majority’s piecemeal importation of common law in allowing a secured

creditor with no possession or ownership a strict liability conversion action

potentially poses a danger to many transferees of movable property who are

subject to Louisiana law.

Conspiracy to commit fraud

To establish conspiracy, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) an agreement

existed to commit an illegal or tortious act; (2) the act was actually

committed; (3) the act caused the plaintiff’s injury; and (4) there was an

agreement as to the intended outcome or result. Crutcher-Tufts Res., Inc. v.

Tufts, 2009-1572 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/28/10), 38 So. 3d 987, 991. In Prime

Ins. Co. v. Imperial Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 2014-0323 (La. App. 4 Cir.

10/1/14), 151 So. 3d 670, 677, writ denied, 2014-2241 (La. 1/9/15), 157 So.

3d 1110, the Fourth Circuit explained:

19
Also, as previously noted, the language from Deposit Guaranty to the effect that
conversion is a strict liability tort, quoted supra, conflicts with the Louisiana Supreme
Court decision in Dual Drilling.
9

Proof of a conspiracy can be by “actual knowledge of both

parties or overt actions with another, or can be inferred

from the knowledge of the alleged co-conspirator of the

impropriety of the actions taken by the other co-

conspirator.” Stephens v. Bail Enforcement of

Louisiana, 96–0809, p. 10 (La. App. 1 Cir. 2/14/97), 690

So.2d 124, 131. “The plaintiff must therefore prove an

unlawful act and assistance or encouragement that

amounts to a conspiracy. The assistance or

encouragement must be of such quality and character

that a jury would be permitted to infer from it an

underlying agreement and act that is the essence of the

conspiracy.” Chrysler Credit, 51 F.3d at 557. (Emphasis

in original).

In this case, the plaintiff has stated a cause of action for fraud in

alleging that Dickerson misrepresented the amount of grain available as

collateral, surreptitiously sold collateralized grain in contravention of the

security agreement, and channeled the collateral’s proceeds through the

defendant banks in an effort to defeat the security interests therein. However,

the plaintiff does not allege that it communicated in any way with any of the

appellants in the course of events leading to the filing of this lawsuit. Nor

was there any duty to initiate such communication on the part of any of the

appellants. Therefore, the appellant’s respective liability for fraud, if any,

would necessarily be based on conspiring with Dickerson in his fraud. As

described below, a CBT employee so conspired with Dickerson.

10

Kennedy Rice Dryers check #1740, which represented proceeds from

the sale of rice that was subject to the plaintiff’s security interest, was made

payable jointly to Yes Farms and CBT. The rice so sold initially entered the

Kennedy grain elevator facility in the name of Dickerson Ag, i.e., an entity

indebted to the plaintiff on the subject loans. However, before the grain was

sold, it was transferred to Kennedy’s customer account for Yes Farms, i.e.,

Dickerson-controlled but not indebted to plaintiff on the subject loans.

Dickerson negotiated Kennedy check 1740 to CBT in return for two

CBT cashier’s checks which had the following characteristics: (1) both

stated that the remitter was Yes Farms; (2) one was payable to Joseph Blake

Lively (“JBL”); (3) the plaintiff makes no allegation regarding the payee of

the other cashier’s check. However, both CBT cashier’s checks were

temporarily deposited into JBL’s personal checking account at CBT, but

were shortly thereafter used to purchase additional CBT cashier’s checks

made payable to Commodity Credit Corporation with Dickerson Ag and

JBL as remitters. JBL allegedly had no knowledge of, and gave no

authorization regarding these transactions. The plaintiff makes no allegations

regarding the identity of the CBT employee involved in these transactions,

which apparently constituted serious violations of CBT policy.20 Finally, at

the time that Dickerson negotiated these checks to CBT, Yes Farms had no

20
In March 2016, i.e., roughly a month after the plaintiff discovered Dickerson’s
scheme, CBT president Monty Adams stated that it was bank policy to not allow
“customers to deposit checks made out to corporations into their personal checking
accounts and vice versa.…[and that] any check made out to a corporation should be
deposited into the corporate account…[to]…which it is made payable…and not cashed or
deposited elsewhere,” that failure to follow these policies was a violation of “banking
101” and that the Dickerson situation was a “monumental problem.”

11

outstanding debt to CBT, and had no CBT account into which the check

could be deposited.

The above allegations, if proven, would permit a jury to infer an

agreement on the part of the CBT employee involved to facilitate

Dickerson’s circumvention of another’s interest in the funds. The

transactions involving the unauthorized use of JBL’s personal checking

account smacks of deliberateness and chicanery on the part of the CBT

employee who conducted these transactions. A jury should easily be

permitted to infer intent to assist Dickerson in some type of wrongdoing

from the overt and conscious impropriety on the part of the CBT employee

involved. These transactions flagrantly violated CBT policy, and were

obviously designed to have the effect of facilitating Dickerson’s ultimate

disposition of the funds as he wished. Thus, assuming these allegations are

true, a jury could properly infer that the CBT employee involved knew that

Dickerson was circumventing someone’s interest in the funds. The majority

errs in suggesting that it was necessary that Dickerson’s co-conspirator have

intent regarding Agrifund in particular.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, I DISSENT in part.

12