State of Louisiana in the interest of R.W.H.V.

Judgment rendered September 25, 2019.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 53,065-JAC

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

STATE OF LOUISIANA
IN THE INTEREST OF
R.W.H.V.

*****

Appealed from the
Fourth Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Ouachita, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 21,710

Honorable Sharon I. Marchman, Judge

*****
FREDERICK D. JONES Counsel for Appellant,
J.M.E., Grandmother

JOHNNY L. SANDERS, II Counsel for Appellee,
Assistant District Attorney State of Louisiana

COURTNEY W. FRANKLIN Counsel for Appellee,
State of Louisiana DCFS

ACADIANA LEGAL SERVICES Counsel for Appellee,
CORPORATION R.W.H.V., Child
By: Helen M. Marrs

LAYNE M. ADAMS Counsel for Appellee,
C.H., Father

VARHONDA E. BURRELL Counsel for Appellee,
P.V., Mother

*****

Before WILLIAMS, PITMAN, and McCALLUM, JJ.

WILLIAMS, C.J.

In this child in need of care (“CINC”) proceeding, the grandmother

appeals a trial court judgment that changed the permanent case plan goal for

the minor child from reunification to adoption.

FACTS

In July 2016, the Louisiana Department of Children and Family

Services (“DCFS”) received a report of emotional maltreatment of

R.W.H.V., then five years old, and his sister, T.V., by their maternal

grandmother, J.M.E. The children shared a home with J.M.E., their mother,

P.V., and their great-grandmother, B.E. As of that date, R.W.H.V. had been

hospitalized at Brentwood Hospital, a psychiatric facility, four times in the

past two months. The medical professionals had concerns of emotional

abuse and dysfunction in the family. Doctors noted that R.W.H.V. was not

being allowed to be a child, and that J.M.E.’s complaints about his behavior

were unfounded. It was also noted that J.M.E. used extreme and

inappropriate methods to discipline R.W.H.V. and his sister, such as feeding

R.W.H.V. horseradish, hot sauce, and vinegar as a form of punishment.

During one hospitalization, R.W.H.V. was diagnosed with schizophrenia,

bipolar disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder (“ODD”) based upon his

behavior as reported by grandmother, and he was prescribed strong

psychotropic medications typically given only to adults.

The family was referred to the Family Services Unit of DCFS in

September 2016 to work toward resolution of the family’s problems, which

seemed to center around grandmother. Other in-home service providers also

assisted, providing grandmother with therapy and instruction on coping

skills and parenting practices (specifically discipline and how to deal with

tantrums and de-escalate her own emotions first).1 These providers included

the Family Services Unit, Ekayah Youth Services, Wraparound of Northeast

Louisiana, People United, and the Family Resource Center. The providers

reported that grandmother struggled to handle the children’s behavior, often

calling the instructors to request assistance, and she had trouble applying the

recommendations of the providers’ plans designed to help her manage

R.W.H.V.’s behavior. The providers reported that J.M.E. consistently over-

corrected R.W.H.V. for age-appropriate behavior.

In December 2016, J.M.E. called R.W.H.V.’s then-treating

psychiatrist, claiming that the child was hitting and kicking other family

members and slamming his head into the wall. She related that she was

unable to calm R.W.H.V. and was advised to give him anti-psychotic

medication. J.M.E. took R.W.H.V. to the emergency room four separate

times due to his behavior. On May 10, 2017, after J.M.E. claimed that

R.W.H.V. was having emotional/behavioral issues, he was again admitted to

Brentwood Hospital and diagnosed with bipolar disorder, attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”), and post-traumatic stress disorder

(“PTSD”).

Dr. Calvin Walker, a physician with Brentwood Hospital, informed a

Family Services employee that J.M.E. had related to him that R.W.H.V.

would be removed from the home if he were to be admitted for another

hospital stay. The Family Services employee informed Dr. Walker that this

information was not true, and he confronted J.M.E., who denied making the

statement to Dr. Walker. The Family Services worker also learned that

1
After J.M.E.’s participation in individual parenting instruction, DCFS referred her to a 16-week
nurturing parenting program.
2

R.W.H.V.’s medical records showed that J.M.E. had been providing

information about the child’s behavior to medical providers that was

inconsistent with the observations of hospital personnel, physicians, and

school officials.

J.M.E. was reticent and resistant to follow the mental health

providers’ recommendations for R.W.H.V. Beatrice Tatem, his licensed

professional counselor, and the treatment team at Brentwood Hospital,

opined that the parenting style of J.M.E. and B.E. could be categorized as

emotional maltreatment, and the home with P.V., J.M.E., and B.E. did not

provide the most nurturing environment to meet R.W.H.V.’s developmental

needs.

DCFS requested custody of R.W.H.V. on May 16, 2017. An instanter

order removing the child was signed by the juvenile court judge on May 17,

2017, and a continued custody hearing was held on May 22, 2017. DCFS

was ordered to work a plan of reunification with J.M.E., and the court found

that remaining in the custody of DCFS was in the best interest of R.W.H.V.

Both J.M.E. and P.V. had case plans, which included goals in the areas of

housing, income, individual counseling, parenting, mental health, domestic

violence, and visitation.

On June 13, 2017, the State filed a petition to declare R.W.H.V. a

child in need of care. The grounds alleged therein were that R.W.H.V. was

“suffering from emotional maltreatment due to the actions of [J.M.E.] (legal

guardian), in that she has repeatedly taken him for medical and mental health

treatment that appear[ed] to have been unnecessary and ha[s] subjected the

child to inappropriate discipline.” Also incorporated by reference were the

3

grounds set forth in the instanter order and affidavit in support (most of

which have been set forth above).

An answer hearing was held on July 6, 2017, at which both J.M.E. and

P.V. were present. Through appointed counsel, they denied the allegations

of the petition and requested a full hearing. At the adjudication hearing on

August 7, 2017, J.M.E. and P.V. stipulated that R.W.H.V. was a child in

need of care, without admitting any of the allegations set forth in the

petition. The court approved the stipulation, finding there to be a factual

basis and that DCFS had made all reasonable efforts to prevent removal.

The court also found that continued custody with the State was necessary for

the safety and protection of R.W.H.V.

A review hearing was held on September 21, 2017. The court found

that continuing R.W.H.V. in the custody of the State was the least restrictive

option under the circumstances. J.M.E. and P.V. were ordered to attend

domestic violence counseling and R.W.H.V.’s therapy was increased. A 90-

day review hearing was held on November 16, 2017. The court noted that

progress was being made on the case plans, and R.W.H.V. was continued in

DCFS custody.

At the review hearing, additional visitation was granted and the

gradual transition of R.W.H.V. back into the home was discussed. At a

hearing on April 9, 2018, trial placement back into the home was granted

and continued counseling for J.M.E. and P.V. was ordered. Thereafter, the

permanency hearing was held on May 17, 2018. At that time, the court

continued the goal of reunification, maintained custody with DCFS, and

continued trial placement of the child with J.M.E. However, multiple

problems had arisen during the trial placement and R.W.H.V. was removed
4

from J.M.E.’s home and admitted to Cypress Grove Behavioral Health in

Bastrop on July 26, 2018.2

A review hearing was held on September 13, 2018. Both DCFS and

the Court Appointed Child Advocacy (“CASA”) volunteer recommended

2
During the March 20, 2018, home visit, J.M.E. told the DCFS worker that she was engaged to
D.E., a man she had been dating for a few months. The DCFS worker met with D.E. during that visit and
on April 9, 2018. On May 3, 2018, J.M.E. texted the DCFS worker to inform her that she and D.E. had just
been married. D.E. was asked to come into the DCFS office to be fingerprinted because of his marriage to
J.M.E. and his move into the family home. D.E.’s fingerprints were run, and he had 12 arrests, a number of
them felonies.

During the April 26, 2018, home visit, the DCFS worker learned that on April 12, 2018, P.V. had
been hospitalized for a severe abdominal infection which resulted after a cyst on her ovary ruptured.
Emergency surgery was required and P.V. was in the intensive care unit for five days before being
discharged on April 17, 2018. No one notified DCFS, who could have offered assistance to J.M.E. during
P.V.’s illness and recuperation.

At the May 21, 2018, home visit, P.V. reported that she had been fired from Circle K because she
could not return to work due to her surgery and recuperation. P.V. related that she hoped to start cleaning
houses in the neighborhood as a source of income. Without P.V.’s income, the family was relying on the
income of the great-grandmother (and that of D.E., J.M.E.’s new husband).

In June 2018, R.W.H.V.’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Agarwal, discharged him from treatment,
reporting frustration working with J.M.E., and recommended that a new psychiatrist be found to monitor
R.W.H.V.’s medications. R.W.H.V. was being treated for ADHD and ODD. J.M.E. made an appointment
for R.W.H.V. with Dr. Vora, another psychiatrist, for a psychiatric evaluation without informing DCFS or
using a psychiatrist referred by Intensive Home Based Services, who had been working with the family.
Dr. Vora saw R.W.H.V. on July 10, 2018, without the benefit of any of his prior medical records, and
diagnosed him with severe ADHD, severe mood disorder, and bipolar disorder. New prescriptions were
given to R.W.H.V., at different strengths and dosages than the prescriptions he had been taking under Dr.
Argawal’s care. DCFS learned that in relating R.W.H.V.’s diagnoses to Dr. Vora, J.M.E. did not disclose a
full family or medical history, nor did she tell Dr. Vora about DCFS involvement with the family, including
that R.W.H.V. was in the State’s custody.

This resulted in R.W.H.V. being without his medication for a period of two weeks. Dr. Agarwal
would not refill R.W.H.V.’s prescriptions because she was no longer treating him, and Dr. Vora would not
rewrite the prescriptions to conform to the dosages and strengths previously written by Dr. Agarwal
without seeing the child again. During the July 19, 2018, home visit, J.M.E. related that she was
overwhelmed with R.W.H.V.’s behaviors since he was off of his medications. DCFS advised J.M.E. to
have the prescriptions written by Dr. Vora filled, but to give the medications to R.W.H.V. at the dosages
previously written by Dr. Agarwal. On July 25, 2018, the DCFS worker spoke with Dr. Buckle, another
psychiatrist who works with Dr. Vora. Dr. Buckle related that when she spoke with J.M.E., something was
“not quite right.” Dr. Buckle opined that Munchausen’s [by proxy] could be at issue in this case. On this
same date, the DCFS worker learned that D.E. (J.M.E.’s husband) was still in the home (he was not
allowed to live in the home since three of his arrests were for battery, a crime that is disqualifying per
DCFS regulations). DCFS noted that the behaviors reportedly occurring in the family home were not
occurring in R.W.H.V.’s foster placements, and it was believed that they were happening due to the family
dynamics and environment. At that time, it was decided that R.W.H.V. would be removed from the home
and new placement would be sought.

Later that day, July 25, 2018, J.M.E. called and stated that R.W.H.V. had broken his great-
grandmother’s wrist and was “uncontrollable.’’ She also related that the child was making statements that
he would hurt himself or someone else. He was taken to St. Francis Medical Center for evaluation. At the
emergency room, J.M.E. reported that R.W.H.V. was off his medication because of DCFS’s orders, and his
behavior was worse. She reported that R.W.H.V. wanted to kill himself, and that he broke his great-
grandmother’s arm. The child, however, stated that it was an accident, and that his great-grandmother
grabbed his arm, and fell when he pulled away from her. The ER doctor decided to commit R.W.H.V. to
monitor him away from his family. R.W.H.V. was hospitalized at Cypress Grove Behavioral Health.
When he was discharged from Cypress Grove on August 16, 2018, R.W.H.V.’s diagnosis was major
depression disorder NOS, anxiety disorder NOS, ADHD, and suspected physical abuse. New prescriptions
were written for him in accordance with the updated diagnoses. R.W.H.V. was placed with a new foster
family, and he began attending school after the start of his placement.

5

that the goal change from reunification to adoption.3 At the review hearing

on November 5, 2018, the court ordered that all visits between R.W.H.V.

and family members were to be supervised at all times by either DCFS or

CASA.

The permanency hearing began on January 10, 2019, and concluded

on March 11, 2019, and the goal was changed from reunification to

adoption. This goal change is the subject of the instant appeal filed by

J.M.E.

DISCUSSION

J.M.E. contends the trial court erred in finding that DCFS met its

burden of proving sufficient grounds existed to change the goal of the

permanent plan from reunification to adoption under La. Ch.C. art. 702. She

argues that the goal should have remained reunification since both she and

P.V. worked their case plans and have made significant measurable progress

toward achieving their goals. She also argues it was error to change the goal

from reunification to adoption since there was a reasonable expectation of

reformation as shown through testimony and evidence that both grandmother

and mother have cooperated with DCFS and shown improvement, although

not all of the problems that existed have been eliminated.

According to J.M.E., both she and P.V. have worked their case plans,

including completion of all classes they have been asked to attend. She

asserts that the DCFS supervisor admitted that, as far as the individual items

on the case plan, both she and P.V. had “pretty much” done all the things

they had been asked to do. According to the DCFS caseworker, there were

3
Within its recommendation, DCFS notes that R.W.H.V.’s mother “has been in the home while
these things have happened and she has not proven to the Agency that she can protect her child.”
6

three issues that prevented the agency from recommending reunification—

J.M.E.’s diagnosis of histrionic personality; income issues; and R.W.H.V.’s

emotional state when he went home on trial placement.

J.M.E. argues that there is an inconsistency between DCFS’s

contention that her diagnosis prevents her from parenting R.W.H.V. and its

decision to allow R.W.H.V. to return home on trial placement in April 2018.

According to J.M.E., there are also two other adults in the house,

R.W.H.V.’s mother and great-grandmother, who are a support system for

J.M.E. Regarding the issue of income, J.M.E. notes that the DCFS

caseworker admitted that the income of B.E. and J.M.E.’s husband is

sufficient to take care of household bills.

As for R.W.H.V.’s emotional state while home on trial placement,

J.M.E. asserts that it was not her fault (or P.V.’s) that R.W.H.V. was

dropped as a patient by Dr. Agarwal and could not refill his prescriptions.

She argues that R.W.H.V. ran out of medication because neither DCFS nor

the in-home service provider found him another psychiatrist timely.

According to J.M.E., she showed initiative by finding a doctor to evaluate

R.W.H.V., but she was instructed by DCFS not to give her grandson the

medication that was prescribed by Dr. Vora. J.M.E. asserts that DCFS then

blamed her for R.W.H.V.’s behavior and removed him from the home.

DCFS asserts that the trial court did not err in changing the goal from

reunification to adoption inasmuch as the evidence established that J.M.E.

and P.V. failed to make significant measurable progress toward achieving

their case plan goals and there is no reasonable expectation of reformation.4

DCFS has also argued that J.M.E. lacks standing to appeal from the trial court’s permanency
4

judgment as she is neither a party to the proceeding nor a parent within the definition of the Children’s
Code. DCFS did not answer the appeal, so this issue is not properly before this Court. Moreover, since
7

More than simply protecting parental rights, our judicial system is

required to protect children’s rights to thrive and survive. State in Interest of

S.M., 98-0922 (La. 10/20/98), 719 So. 2d 445; State in Interest of P.B.,

49,668 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/17/14), 154 So. 3d 806. A child has an interest in

the termination of rights that prevent adoption and inhibit that child’s

establishment of secure, stable, long term, continuous family relationships.

Id.

The court is required to determine the permanent plan for the child

that is most appropriate and in the best interest of the child. La. Ch.C. art.

702(C). The placement priorities include reunification, or the return of the

child to the legal custody of the parents within a specified time period

consistent with the child’s age and need for a safe and permanent home, and

adoption. In order for reunification to remain the permanent plan for the

child, the parent must be complying with the case plan and making

significant measurable progress toward achieving its goals and correcting the

conditions requiring the child to be in care. La. Ch.C. art. 702(C)(1); State

in Interest of K.B., 51,955 (La. App. 2 Cir. 01/10/18), 247 So. 3d 942; State

in Interest of N.B., 51,374 (La. App. 2 Cir. 02/15/17), 215 So. 3d 398; State

in Interest of P.B., supra.

In the context of both termination of parental rights and evaluation of

permanency plans, the courts have used a reformation test to determine if a

plan of reunification is consistent with the best interest and special needs of

a child. State in Interest of P.B., supra; State ex rel. S.D. v. D.M.D.B.,

36,406 (La. App. 2 Cir. 08/14/02), 823 So. 2d 1113. This test evaluates

DCFS created a case plan for J.M.E. and treated her as the de facto mother of R.W.H.V. for the entire time
that the State has been involved with the child, this argument lacks merit.
8

whether there is an expectation of reformation of a parent’s conduct and

indicates that no such expectation exists when the parent exhibits prolonged

and consistent abusive or negligent behavior, or a long history of substance

abuse. Conduct such as behavioral or mental disorders which cause a parent

to refuse to cooperate with the authorities in addressing the needs of the

child would also suggest that no reasonable expectation of reformation exists

and that it is unlikely that the parent will reform. Id. However, a reasonable

expectation of reformation is found to exist if the parent has cooperated with

the state officials and has shown improvement, although all of the problems

that exist have not been eliminated. State in Interest of S.M., supra; State in

Interest of P.B., supra.

Mere cooperation by a parent is not the sole focus of the evaluation of

a permanency plan. Rather, the courts must assess whether the parent has

exhibited reformation, which is shown by “significant, substantial indication

of reformation . . . such as altering or modifying in a significant way the

behavior which served as a basis for the State’s removal of a child from the

home.” State in Interest of S.M., 719 So. 2d at 450. A parent who professes

an intention to exercise his or her parental rights and responsibilities must

take some action in furtherance of the intention to avoid having those rights

terminated. Id.; State in Interest of P.B., supra.

Whether a parent has complied with a case plan, the expected success

of rehabilitation, and the expectation of significant improvement in the

parent’s condition or conduct are all findings of fact reviewed under the

manifest error standard. State ex rel. J.T. v. J.M., 46,090 (La. App. 2 Cir.

12/12/10), 56 So. 3d 1009; State in Interest of I.H., 17-129 (La. App. 3 Cir.

9

05/17/17), 221 So. 3d 129; State in Interest of O.L.R., 13-616 (La. App. 3

Cir. 11/06/13), 125 So. 3d 569.

To reverse a trial court’s permanency plan determination, an appellate

court must find from the record that the trial court’s finding is clearly wrong

or manifestly erroneous. State in Interest of K.B., supra; State in Interest of

N.B., supra; State in Interest of C.S., 49,955 (La. App. 2 Cir. 03/18/15), 163

So. 3d 193. In a manifest error review, it is important that the appellate

court not substitute its own opinion when it is the juvenile court that is in the

unique position to see and hear the witnesses as they testify. State in Interest

of K.B., supra; State in Interest of P.F., 50,931 (La. App. 2 Cir. 06/22/16),

197 So. 3d 745; State in Interest of N.C., 50,446 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/18/15),

184 So. 3d 760.

In the instant case, in order for reunification to remain the permanent

plan, mother and grandmother were required to comply with the case plan

and make reasonable progress toward achievement of its goals, which

includes the correction of conditions that caused R.W.H.V. to be in care in

the first place. La. Ch.C. art. 702(C)(1); State in Interest of S.M., supra;

State in Interest of P.B., supra.

The following is excerpted from the trial judge’s oral reasons for

judgment:

[F]irst I will address the mother. The testimony today is
uncontroverted that with the exception of going to Dr.
Blackham, which she was referred to do, [P.V.] went to
everything else that she was required to do. The problem is that
she doesn’t act as the parent herself, and despite efforts to have
her do that she still has not been able to demonstrate that she’s
able or willing to parent [R.W.H.V.] herself. She relies on her
mother and that’s clear from all of the testimony. Additionally
the testimony today was that [P.V.] was not willing to move out
to try to put herself into a situation where she could show that
she could do it without her mother. And so for those reasons I
10

find that the State has established its burden of proving that the
mother has not complied fully with the case plan and is not
making significant measurable progress toward achieving the
goals and correcting the problems.

Now I’ll switch to talk about the grandmother. . . The testimony
that I have heard in this case, specifically from Ms. Tucker
(DCFS caseworker) and Ms. Ross (DCFS supervisor), I find to
be credible testimony. Their testimony was subject to vigorous
cross-examination and they still presented credible testimony.
Specifically I find believable their versions of the issues related
to obtaining the new psychiatrist for [R.W.H.V.] and the
incident regarding the great-grandmother and the wrist incident
that ultimately led to [R.W.H.V.] being PEC’d. The testimony
of Ms. Tucker and Ms. Ross regarding their issues in dealing
with [J.M.E.] is supported by the . . . reports of Dr. Binns and
Dr. Blackham and Dr. Agarwal, the testimony of Dr. Tatem and
Dr. Young. And so the problem that I see in [J.M.E.]
completing her case plan and demonstrating what she needs to
demonstrate is that she can effectively and appropriately parent
[R.W.H.V.] related to the environmental issues that Ms. Ross
testified to when we started today. Those are exactly the things
that were related by Dr. Tatem [R.W.H.V.’s] counselor, [who]
said that there is lots of chaos in the home, [R.W.H.V.] needs
calmness, he needs stability, he needs safety, he needs lack of
stress, and this home has stress in it. He needs a nurturing
environment, and he is not being provided that within the
family. Why that is I can’t really say. There’s certainly strong
evidence of [J.M.E.’s] histrionic personality, which is well-
documented, I think Dr. Tatem described it as making
mountains out of molehills, and we’ve had much credible
testimony that grandmother exaggerates, not only [R.W.H.V.’s]
behaviors but the extent of his mental health problems and the
diagnoses that he’s had previously. I think that’s certainly a
contributing factor to the environmental issues that we have . . .

It’s clear though and the testimony is overwhelming and very
credible that [it] is the situation within this family’s home
which is detrimental to [R.W.H.V.]. . . . I want to make clear
that, similar to [P.V.], [J.M.E.] has done most of the things that
she was asked to do. The evidence indicated that she did fail to
get the appointment scheduled with another provider after Dr.
Blackham’s office no longer accepted [J.M.E.’s] insurance, but
that’s been four or five, almost five months ago and still there is
no provider today. The report from Dr. Blackham was that,
based on the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder,
[J.M.E.] needs intensive treatment over a long period of time,
and even then there is no guarantee that that treatment will
work, and at this point in time I don’t see an effort to try to
even obtain that treatment.

11

The issues related to the family income or the lack of income of
[J.M.E.] and her husband’s criminal history are also
problematic, but in my view not the main issues. . . . So for the
reasons that I have stated, I find that the goal of adoption is the
most appropriate and least restrictive goal for [R.W.H.V.].

At the time of the permanency hearing, R.W.H.V. had been in State

custody for almost two years, but the State had been involved with the

family since June 2016, when, as noted above, DCFS received a report of

emotional mistreatment of R.W.H.V. by J.M.E. from the treating medical

providers at Brentwood Hospital during one of the then five-year-old child’s

hospitalizations. DCFS did not change its recommendation in this case from

reunification to adoption until September 2018, after it had exhausted all of

the resources it had at its disposal in its efforts to help P.V. and J.M.E. make

significant measurable progress toward achieving reunification, specifically

by addressing and attempting to correct the conditions that caused R.W.H.V.

to be in foster care.

The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that J.M.E.’s behavior

has not changed, as well as the court’s determination that P.V. has not

demonstrated an ability or willingness to parent R.W.H.V. independently. In

fact, it appears from the record that J.M.E. has consistently refused to

acknowledge or accept that it was primarily her actions that led to DCFS’s

involvement with this family or the extreme detrimental impact her behavior

has had on her grandson. Instead, J.M.E. has attempted to depict herself as a

misunderstood victim of DCFS and the numerous medical providers

involved in this case. The record further shows that R.W.H.V. has done well

in his current placement, where he is experiencing academic success and

enjoying new friendships at school, and he has benefited from the structure

and stability of his foster home. We find no error in the trial court’s
12

conclusion that reunification was no longer the appropriate permanent plan

for R.W.H.V.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the trial court

changing the permanent case plan goal in this matter from reunification to

adoption is affirmed. Costs are assessed to appellant, J.M.E.

AFFIRMED.

13