State of Louisiana v. Lance Andrew Johnston

Judgment rendered September 22, 2021.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 922,
La. C. Cr. P.

No. 53,981-KA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

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STATE OF LOUISIANA Appellee

versus

LANCE ANDREW JOHNSTON Appellant

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Appealed from the
Fourth Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Ouachita, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 15F2132

Honorable Marcus Lamar Hunter, Judge

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LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT Counsel for Appellant
By: Douglas Lee Harville

ROBERT S. TEW Counsel for Appellee
District Attorney

CARL D. WALKER
MARK K. WHITE
Assistant District Attorneys

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Before MOORE, GARRETT, and COX, JJ.

COX, J.

This criminal appeal arises from the Fourth Judicial District Court,

Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. A jury unanimously found defendant, Lance A.

Johnston (“Johnston”), guilty as charged of simple burglary of an inhabited

dwelling, in violation of La. R.S. 14:62.2. Johnston was sentenced to ten

years at hard labor and ordered to pay $500 in restitution. He now appeals

his conviction, alleging that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient

to convict him. For the following reasons, we affirm his conviction and

sentence.

FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On August 21, 2015, Jamie Varnell (“Varnell”) reported a burglary

that took place at her residence on 121 Elmwood Street in West Monroe,

Louisiana. Varnell told responding officers that she left home for

approximately ten minutes to run a short errand; when she returned, she

noticed a small, white, single cab pickup parked on her property. Unsure

why the truck was there, Varnell asked her mother, Melanie Carpenter

(“Carpenter”), who was on the phone with her at the time, if she had hired

anyone to work on the property that morning. After learning that her mother

hadn’t hired anyone, Varnell exited her vehicle. As she approached the front

door, a white male came out of the home.

Varnell asked the man why he was in her home, to which the

perpetrator only shrugged, walked toward her, stated that the door was

unlocked, and told Varnell to “please get in [her] car and leave.” As she

continued to question him, the man got physically close enough for Varnell

to place her hand on his chest to confront him. She asked her mother to call

the police. As she did this, Varnell stated that the perpetrator moved his arm

back as if to hit her, causing her to run away from him. As the man walked

to the truck, Varnell placed a call to the police, then attempted to take a

picture of the truck’s license plate. Varnell stated that before she was able to

take the picture, the man got out of the truck, bent the plate, and proceeded

to chase her around the yard before he got back into the truck and left.

Varnell reported that two of her daughter’s rings, her son’s class ring,

and $50 dollars were missing from the home. Ouachita Parish Sheriff’s

Office Investigator Everett Holloway (“Inv. Holloway”) spoke with Varnell

about the incident. He then provided other law enforcement agencies with

Varnell’s description of the perpetrator as a white male with a heavy Cajun

accent who drove a small, white, single cab pickup, similar to a Chevy S-10.

After Lincoln Parish officers reported that their officers had recently arrested

a man for burglary who fit the description, Inv. Holloway prepared a six-

person photographic lineup1 and Varnell was called in to view the potential

suspects; Varnell identified Johnston as the man she observed leaving her

residence. On June 23, 2016, Johnston was charged by bill of information

with simple burglary of an inhabited dwelling.

At trial, Varnell described her encounter with the perpetrator. Varnell

testified that she did not recognize the man who exited her home and had not

given him permission to be in her home. She stated that the man was

physically close enough to her that she was able to touch him and see him up

close such that she would never forget his face and eyes. Varnell then

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Inv. Holloway testified that the lineup procedure was developed through the
Sheriff Department’s Thinkstream Lineup system which, in sum, uses drivers’ license
photos to identify suitable matches from a database based on certain demographics and
personal characteristics to produce matches for a lineup.

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testified that after the encounter, she witnessed the perpetrator get into a

small, white pickup truck, which was similar to a Chevy S-10, and drive

away. Notably, at the photo lineup, Varnell testified that she immediately

recognized Johnston as the man who entered her home on August 21, 2015.

In support of Varnell’s testimony, Carpenter testified that she lived

next door to Varnell at the time of the incident and was able to see that a

small, white pickup truck, similar to a Chevy S-10, was parked at Varnell’s

home. Carpenter was on the phone with Varnell for the majority of the

confrontation and was able to hear Varnell question the man. Although she

was unable to see the perpetrator’s face because bushes and trees on the

property obstructed her view, Carpenter testified that she was able to see that

a man had chased Varnell around the yard.

Inv. Holloway further testified that after he spoke with Varnell on the

day in question, he reported Varnell’s description of the suspect to other law

enforcement agencies in the area and received information from Lincoln

Parish deputies that during their own investigation of a series of burglaries in

their jurisdiction, one of their officers had arrested a white male with a

Cajun accent, who drove a small white truck, although it was a 2002 GMC

Sonoma2 rather than a Chevy S-10. Inv. Holloway testified that he was able

to develop a photo lineup based on this information and that Varnell

identified Johnston as the perpetrator “pretty quickly.”

Johnston was found guilty as charged by a unanimous jury verdict.

On February 24, 2020, he filed a motion for judgment of acquittal or new

2
We note that the 2002 GMC Sonoma and the Chevy S-10 are visually similar in
appearance and make.

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trial. The motion was denied after the hearing. On August 20, 2020,

Johnston was sentenced to serve ten years at hard labor and ordered to pay

$500 in restitution. On September 4, 2020, Johnston filed a motion to

reconsider sentence, which was denied by the trial court. This appeal

followed.

DISCUSSION

In Johnston’s sole assignment of error, he asserts that there was

insufficient evidence presented at trial for the State to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that he, rather than another individual, was guilty of

committing the offense in question. In particular, he contends that under

State v. Burns, 44,937 (La. App. 2 Cir. 2/2/10), 32 So. 3d 267, the State

failed to “negate any reasonable probability of misidentification,” because

Varnell’s description was generic and incomplete. Although Varnell stated

that she was close enough to the perpetrator that she would never forget his

face, Johnston argues that she failed to provide any specific details about the

offender’s physical features. He notes that at the time of his arrest, he had

dark hair, was balding, and had a moustache, all of which Varnell could not

recall. Instead, Varnell only described the perpetrator as a “white male, with

a strong Cajun accent, who drove a white Chevy S-10.”

Johnston contends that because Varnell was placed in a disturbing

situation which transpired over a relatively short period of time, she lacked

both the time and ability to sufficiently recall any specific information about

the perpetrator for her to either positively identify or provide an accurate and

detailed identification of Johnston as the suspect. Johnston further argues

that a central part of Varnell’s description of the perpetrator was that the

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man drove a white Chevy S-10, whereas he, at the time of arrest, owned a

white GMC Sonoma. Johnston asserts that when Varnell claimed to have

attempted to take a picture of the truck’s license plate, she would have

noticed the GMC logo on the tailgate of the truck; instead, she and Carpenter

consistently described the vehicle in question as a Chevy S-10.

Johnston argues that Varnell’s generic description of the perpetrator,

as well as a lack of physical evidence such as DNA or fingerprints within

Varnell’s home, was insufficient to convict him as the person responsible for

the offense. He argues his conviction should be reversed.

In contrast, the State argues that the testimony presented at trial

sufficiently established that Johnston was the perpetrator Varnell confronted

on August 21, 2015. Specifically, the State argues that Varnell never

wavered in identifying Johnston as the perpetrator. The State notes that

Varnell directly confronted the perpetrator during daylight hours and even

touched him. Further, Varnell, according to Inv. Holloway, was able to

quickly identify Johnston as the man she confronted a week after the

incident occurred.

Importantly, at trial, Varnell testified that after the incident, she would

never be able to forget the perpetrator’s face and thereafter, was able to

identify Johnston during trial. Finally, the State contends that the

inconsistencies in Varnell’s and Carpenter’s description of the vehicle they

observed at the property and the actual vehicle Johnston owned at the time

of the offense, are minor and not fatal to the identification of Johnston as the

perpetrator. We agree.

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The standard of appellate review for a sufficiency of the evidence

claim in a criminal case is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979);

State v. Tate, 01-1658 (La. 5/20/03), 851 So. 2d 921, cert denied, 541 U.S.

905, 124 S. Ct. 1604, 158 L. Ed. 2d 248 (2004). The Jackson standard, now

legislatively embodied in La. C. Cr. P. art 821, does not afford the appellate

court with a means to substitute its own appreciation of the evidence for that

of the fact finder. State v. Pigford, 05-0477 (La. 2/22/06), 922 So. 2d 517;

State v. Steines, 51, 698 (La. App. 2 Cir. 11/15/17), 245 So. 3d 224, writ

denied, 17-2174 (La. 10/8/18), 253 So. 3d 797.

The Jackson standard also applies in cases involving both direct and

circumstantial evidence. An appellate court which reviews the sufficiency

of the evidence in such cases must resolve any conflict in the direct evidence

by viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution.

When the direct evidence is viewed as such, the facts established by the

direct evidence and inferred from the circumstances established by that

evidence must be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of every essential element of

the crime. State v. Sutton, 436 So. 2d 471 (La. 1983).

Likewise, if a case rests essentially upon circumstantial evidence, that

evidence must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. La. R.S.

15:438; see also, State v. Mingo, 51, 647 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/27/17), 244 So.

3d 629, writ denied, 17-1894 (La. 6/1/18), 243 So. 3d 1064. The appellate

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court will review the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution

and determine whether an alternative hypothesis is sufficiently reasonable

that a rational juror could not have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. State v. Calloway, 07-2306 (La. 1/21/09), 1 So. 3d 417; State v.

Garner, 45,474 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/18/10), 47 So. 3d 584, writ not cons., 12-

0062 (La. 4/20/12), 85 So. 3d 1256.

In the absence of any internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict

with physical evidence, the testimony of the witness, if believed by the trier

of fact, alone, is sufficient support for a requisite factual conclusion. State v.

Elkins, 48,972 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/9/14), 138 So. 3d 769, writ denied, 14-

0992 (La. 12/8/14), 152 So. 3d 438; State v. Wiltcher, 41,981 (La. App. 2

Cir. 5/9/07), 956 So. 2d 769. Where there is conflicting testimony

concerning factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a

determination of the credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the

weight of the evidence, not its sufficiency. State v. Allen, 36, 180 (La. App.

2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So. 2d 622, writ denied, 02-2595 (La. 6/27/03), 847 So.

2d 1255. The appellate court neither assesses the credibility of witnesses nor

reweighs evidence. State v. Smith, 94-3116 (La. 10/16/95), 661 So. 2d 442.

Rather, the reviewing court affords great deference to the jury’s decision to

accept or reject the testimony of a witness in whole or in part. State v.

Gilliam, 36,118 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/30/03), 827 So. 2d 508, writ denied, 02-

3090 (La. 11/14/03), 858 So. 2d 422.

Moreover, in a case where a defendant claims he was not the person

who committed the offense, the Jackson standard requires that the

prosecution negate any reasonable probability of misidentification. State v.

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Green, 38, 335 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/12/04), 873 So. 2d 889, writ denied, 04-

1795 (La. 11/24/04), 888 So. 2d 227; State v. Powell, 27,959 (La. App. 2

Cir. 4/12/96), 677 So. 2d 1008, writ denied, 96-1807 (La. 2/21/97), 688 So.

2d 520. Positive identification by one eyewitness or victim may suffice to

support a conviction. State v. Hughes, 05-0992 (La. 11/29/06), 943 So. 2d

1047, 1051; State v. Green, supra. La. R.S. 14:62.2 provides:

A. Simple burglary of an inhabited home is the unauthorized
entry of any inhabited dwelling, house, apartment, or other
structure used in whole or in part as a home or place of abode
by a person or persons with the intent to commit a felony or any
theft therein, other than as set forth in R.S. 14:60.

After a review of the record, we conclude that there was sufficient

evidence of Johnston’s identity as the perpetrator to support his conviction

of simple burglary of an inhabited dwelling. The crux of Johnston’s

argument is that he was misidentified as the perpetrator of this offense, in

part, because Varnell’s description of the suspect was generic and lacked

any specific details which might otherwise identify him as the perpetrator

and the stress of the situation prevented her from accurately gathering such

information. However, at trial Varnell testified that the incident took place

during the daytime and that she was able to observe the perpetrator as he

exited her home. Although Johnston dismisses Varnell’s ability to

accurately recall any details about the perpetrator because of how short the

incident was, we note that Varnell was not only able to repeatedly question

the man exiting her home as he walked slowly toward her, but that she also

physically interacted with him.

Importantly, Varnell testified that during the encounter, the

perpetrator got physically close enough to her for her to be able to put her

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hands on his chest to push him away from her, that the perpetrator

threatened and attempted to hit her while she was near him, that he chased

her around the yard, and that she watched him get out of his truck, bend the

license plate and then leave. Although Carpenter’s view of the incident was

obstructed by bushes and trees, she was able to see the vehicle parked on the

property and that the perpetrator chased Varnell around the yard. It is

because of the intensity of the situation that Varnell stated that she would

never be able to “forget his eyes and his face.”

Although Johnston dismisses Varnell’s ability to accurately recall any

details about the perpetrator because of how short the incident was, the jury

was convinced that Varnell, as she stated at trial, had enough time to

accurately see and later identify Johnston as the perpetrator, and we agree.

Moreover, Varnell, as corroborated by Inv. Holloway, was able to identify

Johnston in the photo lineup “almost immediately” and “without hesitation”3

almost a week after the incident occurred, and later identify him in open

court years after the incident occurred. Finally, in addressing the

discrepancies between the vehicle Varnell and Carpenter described and the

one Johnston actually owned, we first note that the visual differences

between a Chevy S-10 and a GMC Sonoma are minimal.

Although Johnston asserts that when Varnell went to the back of the

truck, she would have seen the GMC logo on the tailgate, yet continued to

identify the vehicle as a Chevy S-10, we highlight that Varnell’s actual

testimony regarding the vehicle is not that the vehicle was a Chevy S-10, but

3
The record further indicates that Varnell testified that when she first saw
Johnston in photo lineup, she “hundred percent thought” the man she identified was the
person she encountered on August 21, 2015.

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that it was similar to it. Specifically, Varnell testified that when she first

saw the truck, she though it was a “meter reader” vehicle, which she

“assumed were all S-10’s.” Rather than stating that the vehicle she observed

on the day in question was in fact a Chevy S-10, Varnell simply compared

the vehicle to one which she was familiar with because she was not an

expert with vehicles.

In convicting Johnston for the offense, the jury found that Varnell’s

testimony, as corroborated by both Carpenter and Inv. Holloway, was

sufficient evidence to identify Johnston as the perpetrator. Considering the

physical encounter Varnell had with Johnston and her ability to identify him

a week and then years after the incident occurred, we find no reason to

overturn Johnston’s conviction and sentence. Therefore, this assignment is

without merit.

CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, Johnston’s conviction and sentence

are affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

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