State of Louisiana v. Juwan Wells

Judgment rendered December 14, 2022.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 922,
La. C. Cr. P.

No. 54,890-KA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

STATE OF LOUISIANA Appellee

versus

JUWAN WELLS Appellant

*****

Appealed from the
Twenty-Sixth Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Bossier, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 239,577

Honorable Michael Owens Craig, Judge

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LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT Counsel for Appellant
By: Holli Ann Herrle-Castillo

JOHN SCHUYLER MARVIN Counsel for Appellee
District Attorney

ROBERT RANDALL SMITH
RICHARD RUSSELL RAY
Assistant District Attorneys

*****

Before MOORE, STEPHENS, and ROBINSON, JJ.

STEPHENS, J., dissents with written reasons.

ROBINSON, J.

Juwan Wells, who pled guilty to vehicular homicide, appeals his

conviction and sentence. We affirm both.

FACTS

On March 7, 2021, Wells, who was significantly intoxicated, drove

his vehicle westbound on Highway 162, a two-lane road in Bossier Parish.

His vehicle was traveling 70 mph in a 55-mph zone. Other motorists

observed Wells’ vehicle veer into the opposing lane of travel several times

and actually travel in the opposing lane of travel for approximately one mile.

An approaching Uber driver moved his vehicle to the shoulder to avoid a

head-on collision with Wells’ vehicle, but Wells also moved his vehicle to

the shoulder of the opposing lane of travel and struck that vehicle, in which

Melissa Lawrence was a passenger. Unfortunately, Ms. Lawrence died of

her injuries from the accident. She was survived by a 9-year-old daughter

and a 19-year-old daughter.

Blood drawn at the hospital where Wells was brought for emergency

treatment for his injuries revealed that his blood alcohol content was

0.21g%. Tetrahydrocannabinol was also present in his system. Wells was

charged with committing vehicular homicide (La. R.S. 14:32.1), first degree

vehicular negligent injuring (La. R.S. 14:39.2), and reckless operation of a

vehicle (La. R.S. 14:99).

On September 23, 2021, Wells pled guilty to committing vehicular

homicide in violation of La. R.S. 14:32.1(B). The remaining charges were

dismissed. The parties stipulated that his blood alcohol level was over

0.15% but less than 0.20% even though his level was actually higher when it

was measured at the hospital where he was taken for treatment following the

accident.

La. R.S. 14:32.1 provides, in relevant part:

A. Vehicular homicide is the killing of a human being caused
proximately or caused directly by an offender engaged in the
operation of, or in actual physical control of, any motor vehicle,
aircraft, watercraft, or other means of conveyance, whether or
not the offender had the intent to cause death or great bodily
harm, whenever any of the following conditions exist and such
condition was a contributing factor to the killing:
(1) The operator is under the influence of alcoholic beverages
as determined by chemical tests administered under the
provisions of R.S. 32:662.
(2) The operator’s blood alcohol concentration is 0.08 percent
or more by weight based upon grams of alcohol per one
hundred cubic centimeters of blood.
.....
(4) The operator is under the influence of alcoholic beverages.
.....

B. Whoever commits the crime of vehicular homicide shall be
fined not less than two thousand dollars nor more than fifteen
thousand dollars and shall be imprisoned with or without hard
labor for not less than five years nor more than thirty years. At
least three years of the sentence of imprisonment shall be
imposed without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of
sentence. If the operator’s blood alcohol concentration is 0.15
percent or more by weight based upon grams of alcohol per one
hundred cubic centimeters of blood, then at least five years of
the sentence of imprisonment shall be imposed without benefit
of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. If the offender
was previously convicted of a violation of R.S. 14:98, then at
least five years of the sentence of imprisonment shall be
imposed without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of
sentence. The court shall require the offender to participate in a
court-approved substance abuse program and may require the
offender to participate in a court-approved driver improvement
program. All driver improvement courses required under this
Section shall include instruction on railroad grade crossing
safety.
C. Whoever commits the crime of vehicular homicide shall be
sentenced as an offender convicted of a crime of violence if the
offender’s blood alcohol concentration, at the time of the
offense, exceeds 0.20 percent by weight based on grams of
alcohol per one hundred cubic centimeters of blood.

2

When setting the post-conviction bond, the trial court reminded Wells

that he remained under the bond conditions of not operating a motor vehicle

or consuming any alcohol or illegal drugs. Wells violated his bond

conditions in November of 2021.

Sentencing was held on December 16, 2021. Wells’ mother and

Lawrence’s brother testified at the hearing. The trial judge noted that he

had reviewed the presentence investigation report. Letters submitted by

family members and others were also considered. The trial judge recognized

that Wells was a first-felony offender, had strong family support, and was

only 24 years old when the homicide occurred.1 However, he also

recognized that Wells had a blood alcohol content of 0.21g% and that his

decisions resulted in the death of a person. The trial judge considered that

mitigating factors were diminished because Wells had violated his bond

condition not to drive when he was ticketed for driving a vehicle without

valid plates. Wells also violated his bond conditions because he was in

possession of marijuana when he was stopped.

The trial judge initially sentenced Wells to 20 years at hard labor, with

the first 5 years to be served without benefits. However, when the judge was

made aware that Wells had pled guilty without the offense being considered

a crime of violence under La. R.S. 14:32.1(C), he modified Wells’ sentence

so that he was to serve 25 years at hard labor, with the first 5 years to be

served without benefits.

On January 07, 2022, Wells filed a motion to reconsider sentence. He

contended his sentence was excessive in light of his age and his lack of a

1
Wells’ date of birth is June 6, 1997, making him 23 years old at the time of the
offense.
3

criminal history before his arrest in this matter. Regarding the violations of

his bond conditions, he acknowledged that he used extremely poor

judgment.

At the hearing on the motion to reconsider sentence held on February

28, 2022, Wells’ counsel again mentioned Wells’ lack of a prior felony, his

young age, and his children. In denying the motion, the trial judge stated

that he had considered that Wells had violated his bond conditions as well as

everything mentioned in the PSI report, including his lack of a criminal

history, his social history, and his age.

Wells contends on appeal that his guilty plea was invalid and that his

sentence is excessive.

DISCUSSION

Guilty plea

In a felony case, the court shall not accept a plea of guilty or nolo

contendere without first addressing the defendant personally in open court

and informing him of the nature of the charge to which the plea is offered,

the mandatory minimum penalty provided by law, if any, and the maximum

possible penalty provided by law. La. C. Cr. P. art. 556.1(A)(1). Any

variance from the procedures required by art. 556.1 which does not affect

substantial rights of the accused shall not invalidate the plea. La. C. Cr. P.

art. 556.1(E).

Wells contends that his guilty plea was invalid because he pled guilty

without being advised of the maximum sentence that he could have received

for the offense. Although the minimum sentence was referred to during the

colloquy, Wells contends there is no way to determine the sentencing range

that his trial counsel explained to him. Wells argues he was a stranger to the
4

criminal justice system and unfamiliar with the nuances of guilty pleas and

plea deals, making it imperative for the trial court to abide by La. C. Cr. P.

art. 556.1 to avoid violating his rights. Thus, he maintains that his guilty

plea was neither knowingly nor voluntarily made and must be vacated.

In State v. Robertson, 53,970 (La. App. 2 Cir. 6/30/21), 322 So. 3d

937, Robertson pled guilty to DWI, fourth offense. At the guilty plea

hearing, the trial court did not advise Robertson of the sentencing range, and

the sentencing range was not stated in the Boykin transcript. However,

Robertson answered in the affirmative when the court asked him if his

attorney had explained the sentencing range to him. Robertson argued on

appeal that the trial court’s failure to advise him of the minimum and

maximum penalties was not harmless error and that it violated La. C. Cr. P.

art. 556.1. Rejecting that argument and finding the trial court’s failure to

state the potential sentencing exposure on the record to be harmless error,

this Court stated:

Even though “advice with respect to the defendant’s sentencing
exposure may facilitate the taking of a voluntary guilty plea, [it]
does not form part of the core Boykin requirements for the entry
of a presumptively valid guilty plea.” State v. Anderson, 98-
2977 (La. 3/19/99), 732 So. 2d 517; State v. Burford, 39,610
(La. App. 2 Cir. 5/11/05), 902 So. 2d 1190, writ denied, 05-
1573 (La. 1/27/06), 922 So. 2d 545.

In State v. Demease, 33,047 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/5/00), 756 So.
2d 1264, writ denied, 00-1488 (La. 5/25/01), 792 So. 2d 750,
this court determined that the trial court’s failure to inform the
defendant of the sentencing consequences or exposure before he
pled guilty to the predicate offense did not result in
constitutional infirmity. This court stated that while advice as to
a defendant’s sentencing exposure may facilitate the taking of a
voluntary guilty plea, it never formed part of the court’s core
Boykin requirements for the entry of a presumptively valid
guilty plea. Thus, there was no constitutional infirmity as to the
failure to inform the defendant of sentencing consequences or
exposure. Id., citing State v. Anderson, supra.

5

State v. Robertson, 53,970 at pp. 7-8, 322 So. 3d at 942.

At the guilty plea hearing, the trial judge questioned Wells as follows

regarding his understanding of the sentencing range:

THE COURT: He’s explained to you the minimum and
maximum penalties associated with the offense of Vehicular
Homicide under paragraph -- B, you said?

MR. JOHNSON: It’s 32.1, Subsection B, Your Honor.

THE COURT: All right. Which is - - there’s gonna be
stipulated that the blood alcohol content was greater than 1.5
grams per body weight but less than 2.0; he’s explained those
sentencing parameters to you?

MR. WELLS: Yes, sir.

Following this Court’s reasoning in State v. Robertson and

recognizing that Wells acknowledged in court that his attorney explained the

sentencing range to him, we conclude that any error committed by the trial

court in this instance was harmless error.

We note that La. C. Cr. P. art. 556.1 was amended in 2021 by Act 271

to add subparagraph (A)(5), which states, in part:

A. In a felony case, the court shall not accept a plea of guilty or
nolo contendere without first addressing the defendant
personally in open court and informing him of, and determining
that he understands, all of the following:

.....

(5) That if he pleads guilty or nolo contendere, he may be
subject to additional consequences or waivers of constitutional
rights in the following areas as a result of his plea to be
informed as follows:
(a) Defense counsel or the court shall inform him regarding:
(i) Potential deportation, for a person who is not a United States
citizen.
(ii) The right to vote.
(iii) The right to bear arms.
(iv) The right to due process.
(v) The right to equal protection.
(b) Defense counsel or the court may inform him of additional
direct or potential consequences impacting the following:
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(i) College admissions and financial aid.
(ii) Public housing benefits.
(iii) Employment and licensing restrictions.
(iv) Potential sentencing as a habitual offender.
(v) Standard of proof for probation or parole revocations.
(c) Failure to adhere to the provisions of Subsubparagraphs (a)
and (b) of this Subparagraph shall not be considered an error,
defect, irregularity, or variance affecting the substantial rights
of the accused and does not constitute grounds for reversal
pursuant to Article 921.

.....

La. C. Cr. P. art. 921 states that a “judgment or ruling shall not be

reversed by an appellate court because of any error, defect, irregularity, or

variance which does not affect substantial rights of the accused.”

Citing the language in art. 556.1(A)(5)(c), Wells contends that the

trial court’s failure to advise the defendant of any one of the requirements in

subparagraphs (A)(1) through (A)(4) is an error affecting the substantial

rights of the accused and constitutes grounds for recusal. We disagree

insofar as subparagraph (A)(1) is concerned.

First, we note that a reference to substantial rights is also stated in

subparagraph (E) of art. 556.1: “Any variance from the procedures required

by this Article which does not affect substantial rights of the accused shall

not invalidate the plea.” Second, as noted earlier, this Court stated in

Robertson that the failure of the trial court to advise a defendant of the

sentencing range before taking a guilty plea is harmless error when the

defendant acknowledges in court that his attorney had advised him of the

sentencing range.

Wells’ argument on this issue is without merit. His guilty plea was

valid.

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Excessive sentence

Wells contends that his sentence is excessive for him. He notes that

the trial court considered his lack of a felony record, strong family support,

and his young age. He also notes that the trial court believed he was 24

years old at the time of the crime, when he was actually 23 years old at that

time.

Wells argues that the fact that someone died from his actions should

not be considered an aggravating factor since a death is a required element

of vehicular homicide. Wells further argues that while his driving against

court orders showed poor judgment on his part, it was an isolated incident

that does not show he is incapable of rehabilitation or needs a 25-year

sentence to grasp the seriousness of his offense.

Wells asks this Court to take judicial notice of the scientific and

medical research showing that the rational part of the brain does not fully

develop until the age of 25 or older. Wells also asks this Court to compare

his sentence to the sentences imposed in similar cases. He particularly notes

cases where the defendant received a lesser sentence for vehicular homicide

despite having a prior criminal history. He argues that his sentence is

grossly out of proportion to the underlying crime when compared to other

sentences reviewed by this Court as well as other appellate courts in

Louisiana.

A reviewing court imposes a two-prong test to determine whether a

sentence is excessive. First, the record must show that the trial court took

cognizance of the criteria set forth in La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. The trial court

is not required to list every aggravating or mitigating circumstance so long

as the record reflects adequate consideration of the guidelines of the article.
8

State v. Smith, 433 So. 2d 688 (La. 1983); State v. Boehm, 51,229 (La. App.

2 Cir. 4/5/17), 217 So. 3d 596. The court shall state for the record the

considerations taken into account and the factual basis therefor in imposing

sentence. La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1(C). The articulation of the factual basis

for the sentence is the goal of art. 894.1, not rigid or mechanical compliance

with its provisions. Where the record clearly shows an adequate factual

basis for the sentence, resentencing is unnecessary even where there has not

been full compliance with art. 894.1. State v. Fontenot, 49,835 (La. App. 2

Cir. 5/27/15), 166 So. 3d 1215.

The defendant’s personal history (age, family ties, marital status,

health, employment record), prior criminal record, seriousness of the

offense, and the likelihood of rehabilitation are important elements to

consider. State v. Jones, 398 So. 2d 1049 (La. 1981); State v. Boehm, supra.

There is no requirement that specific matters be given any particular weight

at sentencing. State v. Boehm, supra.

Second, a sentence violates La. Const. art. I, § 20, if it is grossly out

of proportion to the seriousness of the offense or nothing more than a

purposeless and needless infliction of pain and suffering. State v. Dorthey,

623 So. 2d 1276 (La. 1993). A sentence is considered grossly

disproportionate if, when the crime and punishment are viewed in light of

the harm done to society, it shocks the sense of justice. State v. Weaver, 01-

0467 (La. 1/15/02), 805 So. 2d 166.

A trial court has wide discretion to sentence within the statutory

limits. Absent a showing of manifest abuse of that discretion, a sentence

will not be set aside as excessive. On review, an appellate court does not

9

determine whether another sentence may have been more appropriate, but

whether the trial court abused its discretion. State v. Boehm, supra.

The trial court considered mitigating and aggravating factors as set

forth in La. C. Cr. P. art. 894.1. Wells’ sentence is five years less than the

maximum sentence. The portion of his sentence to be served without

benefits is the statutory minimum. Wells also received a benefit from his

plea agreement in that two other charges were dismissed. Although not

specifically mentioned by the trial judge at sentencing, we note that the PSI

report reflects that Wells was arrested in Caddo Parish in 2016 for simple

assault. He pled guilty as charged and was given a six-month suspended

sentence as well as six months of probation. We also note that Melissa

Lawrence was not the only person injured in the accident as the Uber driver

also suffered injuries. Finally, we note that Ms. Lawrence’s husband was

killed in a work-related accident in 2018. Her daughters were left orphaned

because of Wells’ decision to drive while impaired. For the foregoing

reasons, Wells’ sentence does not shock the sense of justice. The trial judge

did not abuse his discretion in the sentence that he rendered.

DECREE

Juwan Wells’ conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.

10

STEPHENS, J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent in the opinion penned by my learned brethren.

While I recognize the importance of continuity in following existing

caselaw, I point out that we are a civil law state, not a common law state.

In La. C. Cr. P. art. 556.1, the legislature clearly stated that the trial court

shall not accept a guilty plea unless it has first personally informed the

defendant of the maximum and minimum sentences for the offense. The

legislature was uncharacteristically clear and unambiguous in its intent and

mandate.

The majority has understandably elected to follow State v. Guzman,

99-1753 (La. 5/16/00), 769 So. 2d 1158, wherein the Supreme Court

inexplicably decreed that legislative mandates are apparently merely

suggestions to be adhered to when convenient. However, even accepting

Guzman as the law of the land, it is clearly distinguishable from this case.

First, Guzman only addressed the failure of the trial court to advise the

defendant of the minimum sentence, not both the minimum and maximum

sentences. Also, it involved an enhanced penalty for subsequent offenses,

not the offense itself. To suggest that a failure of the trial court to advise the

defendant of the maximum sentence for the offense to which he/she is

pleading, constitutes harmless error is disingenuous at best. I would note

also that the supreme court itself, in State v. Guzman, 99-1753, p. 11 (La.

5/16/00), 769 So. 2d 1158, 1165, citing U.S. v. Johnson, 1 F. 3d 296, 303, n.

31 (5th Cir. 1993), acknowledged that “the determination of harmless error

was a fact sensitive inquiry and that what might be harmless error in one

case may not be in another case.”

For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
1