Brokenburn, Inc. v. Cross Keys Bank and Bradley Bridges

Judgment rendered May 10, 2023.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 55,089-CA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

BROKENBURN, INC. Plaintiff-Appellant

versus

CROSS KEYS BANK AND Defendants-Appellees
BRADLEY BRIDGES

*****

Appealed from the
Fourth Judicial District Court for the
Parish of Ouachita, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 2019-0380

Honorable Alvin Sharp, Judge

*****

FISHMAN HAYGOOD, LLP Counsel for Appellant
By: Jason W. Burge
Kaja S. Elmer
H.S. Bartlett III

HAMMONDS, SILLS, ADKINS, Counsel for Appellees
& GUICE
By: Linda K. Ewbank
Jon K. Guice

*****

Before STEPHENS, MARCOTTE, and ELLENDER, JJ.

MARCOTTE, J.

This appeal arises from the Fourth Judicial District Court, Parish of

Ouachita, the Honorable Alvin R. Sharp presiding. Appellant-plaintiff,

Brokenburn, Inc., seeks review of the trial court’s ruling granting an

exception of no cause of action filed by defendants, Cross Keys Bank and

Bradley Bridges, and denying Brokenburn’s request to amend its petition.

For the following reasons we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

FACTS

On February 6, 2019, Brokenburn, Inc. (“Brokenburn”) filed a

petition for damages naming Cross Keys Bank (“Cross Keys”) and Bradley

Bridges (“Bridges”) as defendants. Bridges is Cross Keys’ Vice President of

Lending at its Monroe Branch; Brokenburn asserted that Cross Keys is

vicariously liable for his actions in this matter. The petition stated that

Brokenburn was a customer of Cross Keys, utilizing one of the bank’s

branches located in Monroe, Louisiana.

The petition stated that Brokenburn owns and manages commercial

real estate, and is managed and solely owned by Captain Jack Wyly, Jr.

(“Wyly”). As of July 2017, Brokenburn owned four income-producing

commercial properties in or near Monroe, Louisiana:

1) 111 Crosley Street and 101 Crosley Street, West Monroe,
Louisiana, and Lots 9 and 10 of Block 12 of Austin and Eby’s
First Northern Addition to the City of West Monroe (the “West
Monroe Property”);

2) a building at 4756 Pecanland Mall Road, Monroe, Louisiana
(the “Pecanland Mall Property”);

3) three apartments located at 1623, 1637, and 1713 Highway
80, Monroe, Louisiana (the “Apartments”); and

4) a building located at 10251 Prejean Highway, Lawtell,
Louisiana (the “Lawtell Property”) (collectively the
“Properties”).

Brokenburn acquired and owned the Properties using “like-kind” or

“1031” exchanges governed by Internal Revenue Code § 1031. A 1031

exchange occurs when an owner exchanges real property used for business

or held as an investment solely for other business or investment property that

is the same type or “like-kind.” Like-kind/1031 exchanges allow the newly-

acquired real property to retain the tax basis of the old property, and any

taxes on capital gains are deferred until the new property or subsequently

exchanged property is sold outside of a 1031 exchange. A like-kind/1031

exchange is subject to strict regulation under I.R.C. § 1031. To complete a

like-kind exchange, an owner has 45 days from the date of the sale to

identify potential new property for purchase, and 180 days to close on the

transaction, to take advantage of the benefits found in I.R.C. § 1031. The

petition stated that like-kind exchanges were a “critical component” of

Brokenburn’s business model, and it intended to continue acquiring property

using the like-kind exchanges at all relevant times.

The petition stated that Brokenburn established a banking relationship

with Cross Keys in early 2016. Bridges approached Wyly in order to

acquire Brokenburn’s business and service its capital needs. Wyly agreed to

transfer the debt on the West Monroe and Lawtell Properties to Cross Keys

from his previous bank. He informed Bridges that Brokenburn relied on

like-kind exchanges, and Bridges assured him that Cross Keys was familiar

with those types of transactions and could handle the company’s needs.

Brokenburn completed one like-kind exchange through Cross Keys,

acquiring the Pecanland Mall Property and the Apartments, prior to the
2

events which gave rise to the instant suit. On January 6, 2017, the Properties

were together subject to a mortgage note in favor of Cross Keys for

approximately $4,100,000. The Properties were valued at approximately

$8,000,000 and produced income “far greater” than the monthly mortgage

payments.

According to the petition, in late 2017, Cross Keys lost nearly

$2,800,000 that it loaned to a separate client who was going through a

Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The petition alleged that the loss to Cross Keys was

“devastating,” and its loan officers needed to reduce the bank’s risk portfolio

“following the collapse of one of its largest positions.” The petition stated

that, unbeknownst to Brokenburn, Cross Keys and Bridges sought to reduce

its risk by decreasing Brokenburn’s outstanding debt.

The petition stated that the largest of Brokenburn’s Properties was the

West Monroe Property, which was valued at $4,000,000, about half the total

value of the Properties combined. In late 2017, Brokenburn reached an

agreement to sell the West Monroe Property for $4,000,000, and Cross Keys

understood that Brokenburn’s interest in the sale was contingent upon it

being able to execute a like-kind exchange. Brokenburn was uninterested in

selling the West Monroe Property without a like-kind exchange, because the

tax liability would have “dwarfed” any profits derived from the sale.

In connection with the sale, Brokenburn and Cross Keys executed a

Collateral Release Agreement (“CRA”), in which Cross Keys agreed to

release its lien and mortgage on the West Monroe Property in exchange for

Brokenburn paying down $2,300,000 of debt with the proceeds of the sale.

The petition stated that Brokenburn was willing to pay the “significant”

3

premium in exchange for Cross Keys’ agreement to assist Brokenburn in

completing the like-kind exchange.

The petition highlighted the following language from the CRA as

pertinent:

The [CRA] specifically acknowledged that Brokenburn
“proposes to effect an IRC 1031 Tax Free Exchange with the
proceeds generated from the sale of the Property, and has
requested from Lender a release of its lien on the Property in
order to effect its sale and IRC 1031 exchange.” The [CRA]
provided further that “Lender covenants and agrees that subject
to its normal loan underwriting requirements, including
committee and board approval as applicable, it may make a like
sum available…either in the form of new or additional loans to
Borrower, or release of cash collateral, for the purpose of, and
solely for the purpose of acquiring a replacement property in
order to conclude Borrower’s planned IRC 1031 like-kind
exchange.” Although the [CRA] did maintain that “nothing in
this agreement shall require Lender to make any loans, release
any collateral, or otherwise provide funds to Borrower for the
purpose of allowing Borrower to conclude an IRC 1031
exchange,” it provided that Cross Keys covenanted to “act in
good faith at all times to achieve the intents and purposes
hereof.” In reliance on the [CRA], and specifically Cross Keys’
covenant to act in good faith to assist Brokenburn in the
execution of a like-kind exchange, Brokenburn went forward
with the sale of the West Monroe Property.

The petition stated that Cross Keys did not inform Brokenburn that it

was looking to reduce the outstanding debt the company owed to it, but

rather, through the CRA, it represented that it would act in good faith to

assist the company in completing a like-kind exchange. Brokenburn

asserted that Bridges worked with it to screen potential exchange property

and evaluate the value of each property identified by Brokenburn prior to the

sale of the West Monroe Property. Bridges traveled with Wyly to Gulfport,

Mississippi, to evaluate the financial merits of a property located there and

communicated conclusions and recommendations to him, positing that the

Gulfport property would be an acceptable property for the like-kind

4

exchange. Bridges also traveled without Wyly to Bossier City, Louisiana, to

view a potential property, and he later advised Wyly that that property would

be acceptable for a like-kind exchange. Bridges counseled Wyly to move

forward with purchasing the Bossier City property.

Brokenburn sold the West Monroe Property on December 8, 2017,

and the company had until January 22, 2018, to identify exchange property

to complete the like-kind exchange. The petition alleged that Cross Keys

did not warn Brokenburn that it was unwilling to assist in a like-kind

exchange. The two properties in Gulfport and Bossier City that Bridges and

Brokenburn identified were valued higher than the proceeds Brokenburn

received from the sale of the West Monroe Property. Brokenburn

transferred $2,300,000 to Cross Keys from the sale of the property to repay

debt as required by the CRA. The petition stated that Brokenburn and Cross

Keys were aware that without additional financing, Brokenburn could not

complete a like-kind exchange for either of the new properties.

Brokenburn identified properties in Gulfport and Bossier City as

acceptable properties for a like-kind exchange within the 45-day period, and

at that point, Brokenburn could only complete a like-kind exchange for those

properties. The petition stated that Brokenburn then attempted to move

forward with purchasing the two new properties, executing contracts to buy

the properties and wiring earnest money deposits.

The petition stated that, Brokenburn, “convinced” that the like-kind

exchange of the proceeds of the West Monroe Property was going forward,

“and without any warning by Cross Keys otherwise,” it saw an opportunity

to sell the Lawtell Property, on which Cross Keys held a mortgage. The

petition stated that, at that point, Brokenburn’s total debt to the bank was
5

less than 50% of the value of Brokenburn’s secured assets. Brokenburn

intended to include the proceeds of the Lawtell Property in the like-kind

exchange, and Bridges assured the company that Cross Keys would assist

with the like-kind exchange of the proceeds of the property and “urged

Brokenburn to liquidate the property.” The petition stated that Bridges was

aware that the Lawtell Property generated significant income for Brokenburn

and its ability to conduct normal business would be “greatly impaired” if the

Lawtell Property were not replaced with a commercial property generating

similar revenues. Brokenburn executed a purchase agreement to sell the

Lawtell Property for $1,050,000, “relying on Bridges’ assurance that Cross

Keys would assist with the like-kind exchange.”

The petition stated that Cross Keys never intended to assist

Brokenburn with the like-kind exchange, a fact of which Bridges was aware,

but did not disclose to the company. Cross Keys “reneged” on its agreement

to assist Brokenburn with the like-kind exchanges and forced it to repay the

vast majority of its outstanding debt to the bank. Bridges informed Wyly

that the bank would not extend Brokenburn any further credit. The petition

stated that Bridges cited a “long-existing minor tax lien” and Wyly’s

purported lack of liquid assets, of which Cross Keys was aware since the

start of its relationship with Brokenburn. Bridges refused to present

Brokenburn’s proposed financing request to the bank’s loan committee or

board.

The petition stated that after the purchase agreement for the Lawtell

Property was signed, Cross Keys demanded that Brokenburn use the

$800,000 of the proceeds of the sale to pay down its remaining debt to the

bank, making any like-kind exchange of the property impossible.
6

Brokenburn stated “no rational real estate developer would agree to sell an

income-producing property under an arrangement which would result in the

loss of that property, significant federal and state tax liability, no substitute

revenue, and a pre-tax recovery of only 25% of the purchase price.” The

petition stated that Cross Keys “commandeered” over 50% of the proceeds

from the sales of the West Monroe and Lawtell Properties, because

Brokenburn had no ability to close on $5,500,000 of the purchases with less

than $2,000,000 in proceeds.

The petition stated that Cross Keys insisted on retaining a mortgage

that was cross-collateralized to all Brokenburn’s assets, and Brokenburn

could not obtain financing at reasonable rates from any other bank.

Brokenburn was only able to close on the Gulfport property using an out-of-

town lender at an “exorbitant” interest rate with “exceedingly high” closing

costs. Brokenburn stated that had Cross Keys and Bridges revealed their

intentions in good faith to the company, as they were required to do under

the CRA, Brokenburn would have had multiple alternatives to protect itself,

which included retaining the West Monroe and Lawtell Properties, which

generated enough income to pay its outstanding debt to Cross Keys.

Brokenburn brought against Cross Keys claims of bad faith breach of

contract, negligence, and detrimental reliance. Brokenburn brought claims

of negligent or intentional misrepresentation against Cross Keys and

Bridges.

The petition stated that Brokenburn breached its contractual obligation

detailed in the CRA to act in good faith by: 1) failing to inform it timely

about the fact that it would not consider Brokenburn’s financing request or

otherwise assist in its like-kind exchange; 2) failing to submit its request for
7

financing to its normal loan underwriting requirements, as the bank did not

present its request to its loan committee; and 3) seeking to remove the

company’s debt with the bank and depriving Brokenburn of its right to

maintain its debt until maturity by misleading Brokenburn about its

intentions.

Brokenburn alleged negligence on the part of defendants for failing to

act in good faith, a specific duty listed in the CRA. Brokenburn asserted that

that duty included an obligation to inform Brokenburn of its willingness to

assist it in completing the like-kind exchanges. The petition stated that, in

the alternative, Cross Keys acted negligently by failing to inform

Brokenburn that Cross Keys would refuse to assist in a like-kind exchange

for reasons that predated the sale of the West Monroe Property or the

execution of the CRA.

The petition asserted a claim for detrimental reliance, as Brokenburn

claimed it relied on the representations of defendants that they would assist

in a like-kind exchange and would act in good faith. Brokenburn also made

a claim against defendants for negligent or intentional misrepresentation.

Brokenburn asserted that, since Wyly moved Brokenburn’s business to

Cross Keys, Bridges served more in the role of a trusted financial advisor

than a loan officer. The petition stated that Bridges inspected the Gulfport

property, performed financial analysis and other due diligence on that

property, and strongly recommended that Brokenburn purchase the property.

The petition asserted that Bridges “assumed complete control” over due

diligence with regard to the Bossier City property, by performing financial

analysis and providing his observations and conclusions to Brokenburn.

8

Bridges recommended that Brokenburn purchase the Bossier City property,

and Brokenburn relied on the recommendation.

The petition stated that based upon Brokenburn’s course of dealings

with Bridges and the good faith obligation in the CRA, it understood that

Bridges would protect its interests, would do nothing to intentionally cause

the company financial harm, and would be truthful, all of which defendants

did not do. Brokenburn asserted that Bridges knew that Cross Keys had no

intention of permitting the company to retain the proceeds from the sales of

its properties or to extend further credit and the company would be unable to

complete the like-kind exchanges as a result and be deprived of most of the

proceeds from the sales. The petition stated that alternatively, Bridges was

not aware of the bank’s intentions, but had a duty to determine the accuracy

of information he provided to Brokenburn. Brokenburn sought damages for

lost assets, lost income, excess interest payments, other compensatory

damages, costs, attorney fees, and all other reasonable damages.

Brokenburn attached a copy of the CRA to its petition, which included the

pertinent language stated above from the petition and was executed by Cross

Keys and Brokenburn on December 8, 2017.

On March 19, 2019, defendants filed exceptions and an answer to the

petition. Pertinent to this appeal, defendants specifically claimed that

plaintiff’s petition failed to allege sufficient facts to state a cause of action

under La. R.S. 6:1123, et seq., the Louisiana Credit Agreement Statute

(“LCAS”), as the CRA was not enforceable as a credit agreement. The

filing also stated that Bridges did not submit Brokenburn’s loan request to

Cross Keys’ loan committee, because the company lacked liquidity, in that it

had a tax lien on its properties and Wyly had a deficient balance in his
9

checking accounts with the bank. The answer alleged that Bridges promptly

informed Wyly of his decision not to present the loan to Cross Keys’ loan

committee. The answer stated that Bridges evaluated the Gulfport and

Bossier City properties to determine if they met the bank’s commercial loan

criteria, but he did not perform any financial evaluation on behalf of

Brokenburn or Wyly.

Brokenburn opposed the exception of no cause of action arguing the

claims in its petition arise under contract law and not the LCAS. The

company argued that it was not claiming that Cross Keys made an oral credit

agreement or that the CRA is a credit agreement under the LCAS.

Brokenburn argued that even if the LCAS applied to the CRA, all of its

claims arise from the written agreement as required under the LCAS.

Brokenburn stated that the CRA is in writing, expresses consideration, sets

forth the relevant terms and conditions, and is signed by the creditor and the

debtor. In the alternative, Brokenburn asked for leave to amend its petition.1

Defendants filed a reply arguing that Cross Keys’ decision not to

provide financing for Brokenburn’s purchase of its replacement property is

the sole cause of action alleged in its petition. Defendants stated that the

CRA specifically said that Cross Keys was not obligated to lend Brokenburn

funds to purchase its replacement property. Defendants argued that all of

Brokenburn’s allegations required a written credit agreement to state a cause

of action. Defendants also stated that Brokenburn’s allegations that it would

assist in a like-kind exchange of its Lawtell Property is not stated in the

1
Brokenburn attached exhibits to its opposition, which it argued were in support
of its request to amend its petition. In response, defendants filed a motion to strike the
exhibits. The motion to strike was deemed moot by the trial court.
10

CRA, which was specific to the West Monroe Property. Defendants asserted

that the LCAS bars a debtor from bringing any claim under any theory of

recovery, including breach of contract or good faith and fair dealing,

regardless of the theory of recovery asserted. Defendants asked that their

exception of no cause of action be granted and Brokenburn’s claims against

them be dismissed.

Following a hearing, on April 27, 2022, the trial court gave oral

reasons for granting defendants’ exception of no cause of action. The court

stated:

[T]he court is going to find that the exception of no cause of
action is sustained and granted as prayed for particularly based
on the fact that there was no written procedure mentioned for
the purpose to loan money-no written procedure or provision
relating to the loaning of money in this regard.

On June 29, 2022, the trial court signed a judgment granting

defendants’ exception of no cause of action, thereby dismissing plaintiff’s

claims with prejudice. The court also denied Brokenburn’s request to amend

its petition, stating “[T]he court is of the opinion that the grounds upon

which the exception was granted may not be cured by amendment.”

Brokenburn now appeals.

DISCUSSION

Brokenburn assigns two errors on appeal: 1) that the trial court erred

in granting defendants’ exception of no cause of action on the basis that

there was no written agreement to make a loan and Brokenburn did not make

any claims based on an oral agreement to make a loan; and 2) alternatively,

the trial court erred in not allowing Brokenburn to amend its petition.

Brokenburn asserts that it has not made a claim for failure to make a

loan, but rather has made claims based on the express obligations found in
11

the CRA. Brokenburn argues that there can be agreements between a lender

and borrower that are not credit agreements subject to the LCAS.

Brokenburn asserts that the CRA is not a credit agreement as defined

by the LCAS. Brokenburn maintains that all of its claims stem from the

express terms of the CRA which states that it is an agreement for Cross Keys

to subject Brokenburn’s request for financing for the like-kind exchange

properties to its normal underwriting requirements, present Brokenburn’s

request to the bank’s loan committee and board for review, and act in good

faith at all times to achieve the intent of effecting a 1031 tax free exchange.

Brokenburn lastly argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its

claim with prejudice and without the opportunity to amend. Brokenburn

asks that this court reverse the trial court’s ruling, finding that it stated a

cause of action in its petition, or alternatively remand the case to the trial

court with an order allowing it to amend its petition.

Appellees argue that Brokenburn’s ultimate theory of recovery is that

Cross Keys chose not to assist it in the like-kind exchange by declining to

offer a loan to Brokenburn and thereby financing its replacement property

under the CRA. Appellees state that the only action that Cross Keys took or

failed to take that could have resulted in alleged damages to Brokenburn was

its refusal to provide funds to the company through a new loan or release of

collateral. Appellees argue that under the CRA, Cross Keys had no

obligation to lend Brokenburn additional funds.

Appellees again state that the CRA does not meet with the LCAS

requirements for a valid credit agreement, and contains language expressly

stating that it is not an agreement requiring Cross Keys to make any loans or

extend credit to Brokenburn. Appellees also argue that any oral
12

representations made to Brokenburn by Bridges are likewise barred by the

LCAS.

Appellees further argue that Brokenburn has not stated a cause of

action against Bridges in his individual capacity, because at all times, and as

Brokenburn alleged in its petition, he was acting within the course and scope

of his employment. Appellees also argue that the trial court did not err in

declining to provide Brokenburn with an opportunity to amend its petition to

attempt to state a cause of action, because La. C.C.P. art. 934 provides that if

the grounds of the objection raised through the exception cannot be removed

the claim shall be dismissed. Appellees state that Brokenburn attaching

exhibits to its opposition to defendants’ exception is forbidden by La. C.C.P.

art. 931 and they should not be considered by this court. Appellees ask that

this court affirm the trial court’s ruling.

The peremptory exception of no cause of action is set forth in La.

C.C.P. art. 927(A)(5). It tests the legal sufficiency of the petition by

determining whether the law affords a remedy on the facts alleged in the

petition. Garsee v. Sims, 54,832 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/11/23), 355 So. 3d 1149;

Sharp v. Melton, 53,508 (La. App. 2 Cir. 5/20/20), 296 So. 3d 1135. The

purpose of the exception of no cause of action is not to determine whether

the plaintiff will prevail at trial but to ascertain if a cause of action exists.

Garsee v. Sims, supra.

A “cause of action,” when used in the context of the peremptory

exception of no cause of action, refers to the operative facts that give rise to

the plaintiff's right to judicially assert the action against the defendant. Id.

The exception is triable on the face of the petition, and for the purpose of

determining the issues raised by the exception, the well-pleaded facts in the
13

petition must be accepted as true. Fink v. Bryant, 01-0987 (La. 11/28/01),

801 So. 2d 346; Garsee v. Sims, supra. No evidence may be introduced at

any time to support or controvert the objection that the petition fails to state

a cause of action. La. C.C.P. art. 931.

The burden of demonstrating that the petition states no cause of action

is upon the mover. Wright v. Louisiana Power & Light, 06-1181 (La.

3/9/07), 951 So. 2d 1058; Garsee v. Sims, supra. All reasonable inferences

are made in favor of the nonmoving party in determining whether the law

affords any remedy to the plaintiff. Id.; Villareal v. 6494 Homes, LLC,

48,302 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/7/13), 121 So. 3d 1246. An exception of no cause

of action should be granted only when it appears beyond doubt that the

plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of any claim which would

entitle him to relief. If the petition states a cause of action on any ground or

portion of the demand, the exception should generally be overruled. Every

reasonable interpretation must be accorded the language used in the petition

in favor of maintaining its sufficiency and affording the plaintiff the

opportunity of presenting evidence at trial. Badeaux v. Southwest Computer

Bureau, Inc., 05-0612, 05-719 (La. 3/17/06), 929 So. 2d 1211; Garsee v.

Sims, supra.

An appellate court’s review of a trial court’s ruling sustaining an

exception of no cause of action is de novo, because the exception raises a

question of law, and the trial court’s decision is based only on the

sufficiency of the petition. Fink v. Bryant, supra. The essential question is

whether, in the light most favorable to plaintiff and with every doubt

resolved in plaintiff’s favor, the petition states any valid cause of action for

relief. Wright v. Louisiana Power & Light, supra.
14

The LCAS provides that a debtor shall not maintain an action on a

credit agreement unless the agreement is in writing, expresses consideration,

sets forth the relevant terms and conditions, and is signed by the creditor and

the debtor. La. R.S. 6:1122. The LCAS defines a “credit agreement” as “an

agreement to lend or forbear repayment of money or goods or to otherwise

extend credit, or make any other financial accommodation.” La. R.S.

6:1121(1). The statute further provides in § 1123:

A. The following actions shall not give rise to a claim that a
new credit agreement is created, unless the agreement satisfies
the requirements of R.S. 6:1122:

(1) The rendering of financial or other advice by a creditor to a
debtor.

(2) The consultation by a creditor with a debtor.

(3) The agreement of a creditor to take or not to take certain
actions, such as entering into a new credit agreement,
forbearing from exercising remedies under a prior credit
agreement, or extending installments due under a prior credit
agreement.

B. A credit agreement shall not be implied from the
relationship, fiduciary, or otherwise, of the creditor and the
debtor.

Appellees cite to Whitney Nat’l Bank v. Rockwell, 94-3049 (La.

10/16/95), 661 So. 2d 1325, Jesco Const. Corp. v. Nationsbank Corp., 02-

0057 (La. 10/25/02), 830 So. 2d 989, and Hovell v. Origin Bank, 20-01417

(La. 3/2/21), 311 So. 3d 340, in support of their position that Brokenburn

claims Cross Keys failed to lend it money based on an oral agreement.

In Whitney Nat’l Bank v. Rockwell, supra, the bank brought an action

on a promissory note and the borrower asserted a reconventional demand for

damages based on the claim that the lender breached a verbal agreement to

accept a forbearance and different payment scheme for the loan, claiming a

15

“breach of the covenants of good faith and fair dealing.” Id. at 1327. The

original promissory note was in writing with no additional written

provisions. The bank filed a motion for summary judgment on the

reconventional demand denying any written agreement to forbear or alter the

repayment terms on the note. The trial court denied summary judgment in

favor of the borrower. The court of appeal affirmed the part of the trial

court’s ruling denying the bank’s motion for summary judgment on the

reconventional demand. The Louisiana Supreme Court granted writs to

consider whether the borrower stated a cause of action in his reconventional

demand. Id.

The supreme court first reviewed the purpose of the credit agreement

statutes. The court stated:

These statutes were enacted primarily to limit the most frequent
lender liability claims—those which involve assertions of
breach of oral agreements to lend, to refinance or to forbear
from enforcing contractual remedies—by requiring a writing as
a prerequisite for a debtor to sue a lender and thus precluding
debtors from bringing claims based on oral agreements.
….

[La. R.S. 6:1123(A)(3)] in effect treats certain actions or
representations of creditors as if they were credit agreements
and requires that they be put in writing to be enforceable.

La. R.S. 6:1123(B) prevents a debtor’s pleading around the
prohibition against actions in contract, providing that “[a] credit
agreement shall not be implied from the relationship, fiduciary
or otherwise, of the creditor or the debtor.”

The Louisiana statute does not address, one way or the other,
any protection of unsophisticated borrowers or any exemption
based on fraud, misrepresentation, promissory estoppel or other
equitable theory.

Id. at 1331.

The court found that the lender’s alleged breach of the oral agreement

by demanding payment in full, as per the written note, was “exactly the
16

situation that the legislature contemplated in enacting the [LCAS].” Id. at

1332. As to the borrower’s alleged breach of covenants of good faith and

fair dealing, the court found that no specific facts were alleged in the

pleadings to support those claims. The court stated, “Under La R.S.

6:1123(B), a credit agreement cannot be implied merely from the

relationship between the creditor and the debtor, and a waiver of the written

contract cannot be implied from forbearance or failure to exercise rights

under the contract.” Id. at 1332-33.

In Jesco Const. Corp. v. Nationsbank Corp., supra, a borrower, Jesco,

brought action against a lender, BACF, alleging breach of contract,

detrimental reliance, negligent misrepresentation, unfair trade practices,

breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, promissory and equitable

estoppel, and breach of fiduciary duty. Jesco alleged that it sought to obtain

a loan from BACF, and after having completed much of the loan application

process, BACF orally indicated that the loan was approved, but the

application process was later terminated. Id.

The case was originally filed in the Civil District Court for the Parish

of Orleans, but was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern

District of Louisiana. There BACF filed a motion for summary judgment

alleging that because there was no written credit agreement as required by

the LCAS, the borrower’s theories of recovery were barred. The U.S.

District Court found that there was no written agreement within the meaning

of the LCAS, ruling that the borrower’s breach of contract claim was barred,

but the alternate theories of recovery were not barred. The lender appealed

the decision to the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, which certified the

following question to the Louisiana Supreme Court, “[W]hether the LCAS
17

precludes all action for damages arising from oral credit agreements,

regardless of the legal theory of recovery.” Id. at 990.

The supreme court answered in the affirmative. The court stated:

Jesco alleged in its petition breach of contract, detrimental
reliance, negligent misrepresentation, unfair trade practices,
breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, promissory
and equitable estoppel, and breach of fiduciary duty. The basis
for each and every one of these causes of action is the failure by
BACF to make a loan based upon an alleged oral credit
agreement. Therefore, each and every cause of action stated by
Jesco in its petition is barred by La. R.S. 6:1122.

As we stated in Whitney, the primary purpose of credit
agreement statutes is to prevent potential borrowers from
bringing claims against lenders based upon oral agreements.
To allow debtors to skirt the Louisiana Credit Agreement
Statute by bringing actions other than breach of contract, but
which are based upon oral agreements to lend money, would
thwart the intent of the legislature and render the entire statute
meaningless.

Jesco Const. Corp. v. Nationsbank Corp., supra at 992.

In Hovell v. Origin Bank, supra, the supreme court issued the

following in its brief opinion:

In this case, outside of the written loan documentation, the
plaintiff alleges that the defendant bank “was supposed to
obtain” additional collateral to secure a loan. He further alleges
the defendant “was negligent and breached its commitment to
acquire additional collateral” to secure the loan. Though the
petition attaches documents related to the sale and loan, the
petition does not attach any writing expressing the defendant’s
supposed agreement to secure additional collateral as described
above, and neither party argues that any such written agreement
exists.

The plaintiff’s allegations plainly constitute an action for
damages based upon an oral credit agreement, which is
expressly prohibited by statute. La. R.S. 6:1122. We therefore
reverse the decision of the court of appeal and reinstate the
judgment of the trial court, which granted the defendant’s
exception of no cause of action and dismissed plaintiff’s claims
with prejudice.

18

What Whitney Nat’l Bank v. Rockwell, supra, Jesco Const. Corp. v.

Nationsbank Corp., supra, and Hovell v. Origin Bank, supra, have in

common is that the supreme court found that the plaintiffs in those cases

raised claims based on alleged oral agreements that purportedly went

unfulfilled. Here, the CRA is a written agreement. Furthermore, Cross

Keys included the following specific language in the CRA: “[N]othing in

this agreement shall require Lender to make any loans, release any collateral,

or otherwise provide funds to Borrower for the purpose of allowing

Borrower to conclude an IRC 1031 exchange.” That language makes it clear

that Cross Keys did not intend for the CRA to be a credit agreement under

the LCAS as it does not lend or forbear repayment of money or goods or

otherwise extend credit, or make any other financial accommodation.

In addition, defendants’ argument suggests that the only possible

enforceable agreement between a lender and borrower is a written agreement

to loan money and any agreement to do otherwise is not actionable. Such a

result is illogical. Lenders and borrowers enter into agreements that do not

concern the lending of money, such as service agreements, purchase

agreements, and settlement agreements. See Durham, Inc. v. Vanguard

Bank & Tr. Co., 858 F. Supp. 617 (E.D. La. 1994) (where, as part of a

settlement agreement, the borrower executed a quitclaim deed in favor of the

lender and the court found that the settlement agreement was not a credit

agreement governed by the LCAS). Should this court adopt Cross Keys’

argument, the CRA, a written agreement the bank chose to execute, would

be rendered meaningless.

Since this court finds that the CRA is not a credit agreement within

the meaning of the LCAS, the law applicable to Brokenburn’s claims is that
19

of conventional obligations and negligence. Plaintiff’s claims of bad faith

breach of contract, negligence, detrimental reliance, and negligent or

intentional misrepresentation are cognizable under Louisiana law.2

Therefore, Brokenburn should be allowed to proceed with its case and no

amendment to its petition is required.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse the trial court’s

ruling granting the exception of no cause of action filed by defendants, Cross

Keys Bank and Bradley Bridges, and we remand for further proceedings.

Costs of the appeal are assessed to appellees.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

2
See La. C.C. arts. 1906, et seq. and 2315.
20