State of Louisiana In the Interest of H.W.

Judgment rendered January 10, 2024.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 55,528-JAC

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

STATE OF LOUISIANA
IN THE INTEREST OF
H.W.

*****

Appealed from the
Caddo Parish Juvenile Court
Parish of Caddo, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 165,791

Honorable Don Weir, Judge Pro Tempore

*****

CINC APPELLATE PROJECT Counsel for Appellant,
By: The Harville Law Firm, LLC C.Y., Mother; B.W.,
By: Douglas Lee Harville Presumed Father

KIMBERLY S. SMITH Counsel for Appellee,
State of Louisiana, DCFS

CHILD ADVOCACY PROGRAM Counsel for Appellee,
By: Reneé Paula Coté H.W., Child
Dana M. Rausch

*****

Before STONE, ROBINSON, and MARCOTTE, JJ.

ROBINSON, J.

In this termination of parental rights matter, both parents appeal a

judgment terminating their parental rights and freeing their daughter for

adoption.

We affirm the judgment.

FACTS

On November 21, 2021, a pregnant CY, who was traveling from

Kansas, stopped in Shreveport for an emergency C-section. CY gave birth

that date to a daughter, HY. After both mother and baby tested positive for

amphetamines through a urine test, a report of a drug-affected newborn was

received by the Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services

(“DCFS”) on November 22.

On November 29, 2021, an affidavit in support of an instanter order

was submitted by DCFS. CY, who lived in Kansas, had been on her way to

bring her 13-year-old daughter to her sister in St. Landry Parish when she

had the emergency delivery. CY explained that she had taken her brother’s

Adderall the prior month. She then stated that her boyfriend, BW, had

abused meth around her. Hospital staff expressed concern that CY had left

the hospital several times to obtain drugs. CY told the affiant that she had

last smoked marijuana two months earlier, and that she had smoked

something from a pipe at the end of October. CY was not sure if BW was

HY’s father. CY was eventually arrested in Opelousas on an outstanding

warrant from Kansas for failing to appear.

An emergency instanter order was issued on November 23, 2021. An

instanter order followed on November 29. CASA was appointed on behalf

of HY on December 2, 2021.

A hearing was held on December 1, 2021. Attorneys were appointed

to represent CY, BW, and HY. BW was still believed to be the father at the

time. The court found that HY was still in need of care and continued

custody was still necessary.

On January 7, 2022, the State of Louisiana filed a petition for

adjudication of HY as a child in need of care. The allegations mirrored

those in the affidavit in support of the instanter order.

A hearing was held on January 12, 2022, and an adjudication date was

set for February 9. HY was in a foster home at the time.

At the adjudication hearing on February 9, 2022, HY was adjudicated

a child in need of care as to her mother. CY, who was in jail in Louisiana at

the time, suggested to the court that another man, PB, may be the father.

The court set an adjudication hearing for the father on March 23. A case

plan goal of reunification for CY was approved.

A hearing encompassing a disposition review as to CY and an

adjudicating hearing as to the father was held on March 23, 2022. HY was

adjudicated a child in need of care as to her father. CY testified that she

believed PB was the father even though BW had tried to sign the birth

certificate. CY was living in Kansas at the time. The court approved the

existing case plan, but modified it to have a dual goal of reunification and

guardianship.

A review hearing was held on June 16, 2022. The court heard

testimony from Rashona Maxie, a child care specialist with DCFS, as well

as from CY. The court approved a singular case plan goal of reunification.

The court ordered that CY receive domestic violence counseling as a

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principal priority in her case plan. The court found that HY continued to be a

child in need of care.

At a hearing on July 14, 2022, it was revealed that DNA testing

showed that PB was HY’s father. PB testified at the hearing. The court

approved a case plan goal of reunification. The court ordered a hair test of

the father within the next week. The court also ordered a home study of

him.

A permanency and case review hearing was held on November 17,

2022. The court heard testimony from Maxie and from Chad Stewart, a

child protection specialist with the Kansas Department of Family and

Children (“DFC”). The court approved a case plan goal of adoption,

although that did not preclude reunification or DCFS’s obligation to work

with the parents to achieve reunification. HY was continued in custody.

A preconference hearing was held on December 1, 2022. The court

ordered that its disposition, case, and jurisdiction were deemed subordinate

to a Kansas court having subject matter jurisdiction over child abuse and

neglect. DCFS was to surrender jurisdiction and physical custody of HY

upon a request from DFC.

On December 2, 2022, DCFS filed a motion for reconsideration.

DCFS maintained that DFC intended to bring a child in need of care

proceeding there. DCFS further maintained that bringing a new action in

Kansas would delay permanency for HY, and that the Louisiana court was in

a superior position to make future rulings. DCFS asked the court to

reconsider and recall its December 1, 2022, orders and to maintain

jurisdiction as it was in the best interest of HY, including her need for

permanency.
3

A hearing on the motion for reconsideration was held on December 5,

2022. The court heard testimony from Maxie, CASA supervisor Larry

Brown, the foster parents, and Janet Barnes, the Assistant Regional Director

of Programs at DFC. The court granted the motion to reconsider. The

December 1 order was modified to state that the court’s judgment and

disposition would not be subordinate to other jurisdictions.

The child in need of care proceeding had been filed under docket

number 165791 with the caption “State of Louisiana in the Interest of

[HW].” On March 7, 2023, and under a new docket number of 168396, the

State filed a petition for involuntary termination of CY’s and PB’s parental

rights. The petition had the caption, “State of Louisiana in the Interest of

[HY].” The alleged grounds for termination were La. Ch. C. arts. 1015(5)(b)

and (c) and 1015(6).

Termination hearing

The termination hearing was held on July 6, 2023. The court heard

testimony from the parents, the foster mother, the foster grandmother, and

PB’s father. The court found that there was a lack of substantial compliance

with the case plan and no reasonable expectation of significant improvement

in the parents’ condition or conduct in the near future. Accordingly, the

court ruled that the State had proved its case, that the parental rights of CY

and PB should be terminated, and that HY was freed for adoption.

On July 24, 2023, the court rendered a judgment terminating the

parental rights of CY and PB pursuant to La. Ch. C. arts. 1015(5)(b) and (c)

and 1015(6). HY was certified freed for adoption. The docket number on

the judgment was 168396.

4

Reasons for judgment

The trial court provided extensive written findings of fact and reasons

for judgment in which it summarized the witnesses’ testimony.

PB was 30 years old, and he learned that HY was in foster care in

March of 2021. PB has ten children, all of whom live primarily with their

mothers. He has no direct custody of any of his children.

When PB was asked what he needed to do under his case plan, he

stated that he needed to keep a job, stay in contact, get a home study

completed, pay his child support, maintain suitable housing, and submit to

drug screens. He acknowledged that he had not completed his case plan.

PB testified that he was working on paying back child support for his

children in Kansas. He has paid no child support to HY’s foster parents. He

lived in four different places in 2022 and 2023. He claimed that he

completed a parenting class at a church, but could not recall the name of the

church.

He explained that he missed a drug screen on May 8 because he had to

immediately return to Wichita to seek medical treatment for an older

daughter who had broken her arm. He also testified that he was told that his

hair follicle tests were insufficient or appeared altered.

PB denied a history of drug use, but later testified that he was

convicted of methamphetamine possession in 2012. He also later testified

that that conviction was from 2018. PB claimed that his probation for that

conviction was revoked when he left Kansas without permission to attend a

relative’s funeral. He was released from prison on January 5, 2021. When

he was asked if he had completed a substance abuse relapse prevention

program, his response indicated it was more than once.
5

The court found PB’s testimony to be entirely lacking in credibility.

The court also reiterated that none of PB’s ten children were in his custody,

he lived in four different places in the last two years, he made zero

contributions to the foster parents, and he participated in around only 50% of

the scheduled video visitations with HY.

Given PB’s admissions, the court found that he exhibited a pattern of

behavior which led to the inescapable conclusion that there was absolutely

no reasonable expectation of significant improvement in his conduct in the

future or at any time.

The court found the evidence just as damaging for CY. She has four

other children besides HY. They live in Kansas, and she has custody of

none of them. When CY was asked to explain why HY was removed from

her care, she testified that as she was changing HY before they were

discharged, HY’s tag fell off, and the hospital staff “freak[ed] out” about

putting the tag back on. She disputed that HY tested positive for drugs.

When she was later asked if she understood why HY was in foster care, she

answered that it depended on who was asked and when you asked them.

Then when she was asked why her kids in Kansas were in foster care, she

replied that she did not feel comfortable answering that question. She added

that DFC did what it wanted.

CY denied to the court that she had any substance abuse issues despite

admitting to drug use. She has used marijuana, Xanax, Percocet, morphine,

cocaine, and methamphetamine. The most recent methamphetamine use was

in March of 2022. When asked if she had ever used ecstasy, she denied it

and said she felt like it was none of the attorney’s business. She was

6

surprised that she listed ecstasy use on her self-assessment at Recovery

Unlimited, a drug treatment program.

She testified that she had tested positive for amphetamines on one

drug screen since HY has been in foster care. She also testified that when

her kids in Kansas were removed in December, she had a positive hair

follicle test for amphetamine. She did not submit to two opportunities for

drug testing on May 8, 2023. She was kicked out of treatment at Recovery

Unlimited because she missed a day.

CY claimed that she did not know until May that she was supposed to

contribute to HY’s care. Nevertheless, she has made no contributions to her

care. She attended a few parenting classes with the Mental Health

Association of Kansas, but felt they wanted too much from her while

providing too little. She signed up for another parenting class but never

started because she lost her car.

CY testified that it would not surprise her if DFC said that she was not

doing what she needed to do there, and that they had trouble with drug

screens for her. She claimed that she provided DCFS with proof that she

had completed some portion of her case plan regarding the parenting class.

She also said that she had complied with drug treatment until she was kicked

out. She was not sure if she sent reports of the status of her case completion

in Kansas to DCFS.

CY thought it was in HY’s best interest to be returned to her. She

considered herself to be a great mother. Although she thought drug use was

relevant to the determination of whether someone should be allowed to keep

their child, she added that she does not think it determines that someone is

7

incapable of keeping a child because addiction is something that people

cannot get rid of whenever it is a real problem.

HY’s foster mother testified that CY made only 8 of 14 recent video

visitations. She also testified that PB’s participation was about the same.

She noted that neither one tried calling her to reschedule any missed video

visits. CY acknowledged not making all video visits with HY, but claimed

that the foster parents did not answer her visitation calls for four weeks in a

row.

The court reflected that there should be no expectation of reformation

or any likelihood of reformation when a parent shows a long history of drug

abuse while continuing to deny a drug problem. In addition, the failure to

cooperate with authorities in addressing a child’s needs also suggests that no

reasonable expectation of reformation exists, and that it is unlikely that the

parents will reform. Finally, reformation of a parent in the context of a

parental rights termination means more than mere cooperation with agency

authorities. A showing of significant indication of reformation is required.

The court considered that between CY and PB, they have 14 children

and have custody of none. The court believed it would be unfathomable to

think it would be in HY’s best interest to be in the custody of either parent.

The court characterized CY and PB as living in “an alternate reality of

mendacity and denial, never taking responsibility for their shortcomings as

parents.” The court found: (1) they both failed to complete their case plans;

(2) they both failed to financially contribute to HY’s care; (3) they both

consistently failed to make video visits with HY; and (4) they both have

serious drug issues notwithstanding their testimony to the contrary. The

8

court did not think it would be logical to expect them to reform their patterns

of conduct without facing their addictions.

Appeal

On August 3, 2023, CY and BW1 filed a motion for suspensive appeal

under docket number 165791, which is the child in need of care proceeding.

The motion states it is for all errors to be assigned concerning the

termination of parental rights and all other matters heard on July 6, 2023.

DISCUSSION

CY and PB argue on appeal that the court erred or was manifestly

erroneous in terminating their parental rights because DCFS failed to prove

by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) CY and/or PB had not

substantially complied with their case plans; (2) there was no reasonable

likelihood of compliance in the near future and that DCFS had engaged in

reasonable efforts to reunify HY with CY and/or PB; (3) there was a six-

month consecutive failure by CY and/or PB to provide parental

contributions that was not based on poverty and/or DCFS’ failure to offer

reasonable services to them; (4) CY and/or PB did not communicate with

HY for any period of six consecutive months when they knew HY was in

DCFS custody; and (5) it was in HY’s best interest to terminate the parental

rights of CY and/or PB.

The State contends that the court lacks jurisdiction to review the

termination judgment because the appeal was actually taken from the

judgment in the child in need of care proceeding.

1
Naming BW as an appellant was in error. Although there was speculation
initially that BW may be the father, PB was proven to be the father.
9

Jurisdiction over this appeal

The State argues that this Court lacks jurisdiction because, while a

timely motion to appeal was filed under the child in need of care proceeding,

which was docket number 165791, no motion to appeal was filed under the

suit for the parental rights termination, which was docket number 168396.

Therefore, the State contends the judgment in the parental rights termination

case became final and unassailable.

Appellate counsel’s confusion over docket numbers is understandable.

The State points out in its brief that by local rule, terminations of parental

rights proceedings and child in need of care proceedings are filed under

separate docket numbers and maintained in separate suit records. We note

that while the termination judgment has docket number 168396, the written

reasons for judgment lists docket numbers 165791 and 168396. That was

because upon terminating the parental rights, the court then conducted a

brief permanency hearing. Although the written reasons were filed after the

motion for appeal, we mention it to illustrate the potential confusion. We

also note a July 31, 2023, email in the record from the State’s attorney which

stated that the minutes show that the termination under docket number

168396 was rendered in error under docket number 165791 in the child in

need of care proceeding. She added that “it gets confusing for everyone

since they have different docket numbers.”

Based upon the lack of any demonstrated prejudice to any party, the

clear intention of the parents to appeal the termination judgment, and most

importantly, what is at stake for the parents, we conclude that under these

circumstances, the appeal is maintained.

10

Merits of the appeal

The termination of parental rights involves a two-pronged inquiry.

First, the State must establish the existence of at least one ground for

termination under La. Ch. Code art. 1015. If a ground for termination is

found, then the trial court must determine whether the termination is in the

best interest of the child. State in Interest of C.F., 17-1054 (La. 12/6/17),

235 So. 3d 1066.

The termination of parental rights is a severe and terminal action.

State ex rel. B.H. v. A.H., 42,864 (La. App. 2 Cir. 10/24/07), 968 So. 2d 881.

Parents have a natural, fundamental liberty interest to the continuing

companionship, care, custody, and management of their children warranting

great deference and vigilant protection under the law, and due process

requires that a fundamentally fair procedure be followed when the state

seeks to terminate the parent-child legal relationship. State ex rel. D.L.R.,

08-1541 (La. 12/12/08), 998 So. 2d 681; State ex rel. K.G., 02-2886 (La.

3/18/03), 841 So. 2d 759. In a termination of parental rights case, the

interests of the parent must be balanced against the child’s interest, but the

child’s interest is paramount. State in Interest of C.F., supra.

As noted earlier, the grounds for termination listed in the petition were

La. Ch. C. arts. 1015(5)(b) and (c) and 1015(6). The judgment also stated

that termination was pursuant to the above provisions. Article 1015 was

amended by Act 271 of 2023, which had an effective date of June 9, 2023.

Act 271 renumbered art. 1015, such that subparagraph (5) is now

subparagraph (4), and subparagraph (6) is now subparagraph (5). Thus, at

the time of the July 2023 termination hearing, La. Ch. C. art. 1015 stated, in

relevant part:
11

The grounds for termination of parental rights are:

(4) Abandonment of the child by placing him in the physical
custody of a nonparent, or the department, or by otherwise
leaving him under circumstances demonstrating an intention to
permanently avoid parental responsibility by any of the
following:
.....
(b) As of the time the petition is filed, the parent has failed to
provide significant contributions to the child’s care and support
for any period of six consecutive months.
(c) As of the time the petition is filed, the parent has failed to
maintain significant contact with the child by visiting him or
communicating with him for any period of six consecutive
months.

(5) Unless sooner permitted by the court, at least one year has
elapsed since a child was removed from the parent’s custody
pursuant to a court order; there has been no substantial parental
compliance with a case plan for services which has been
previously filed by the department and approved by the court as
necessary for the safe return of the child; and despite earlier
intervention, there is no reasonable expectation of significant
improvement in the parent’s condition or conduct in the near
future, considering the child’s age and his need for a safe,
stable, and permanent home.

The petitioner bears the burden of establishing each element of a

ground for termination of parental rights by clear and convincing evidence.

La. Ch. C. art. 1035(A).

The parents initially argue that this Court should apply a de novo

review because the trial court did not consider all relevant legal standards.

We find no merit in this argument. An appellate court reviews a trial court’s

findings as to whether parental rights should be terminated according to the

manifest error standard. State ex rel. K.G., supra.

We first turn to the parents’ argument that the court erred or was

manifestly erroneous when it terminated their rights because DCFS failed to

show by clear and convincing evidence that (1) any 6-month consecutive

failure by CY and/or PB to provide parental contributions was not based on

12

poverty and/or DCFS’ failure to offer reasonable services to them, and (2)

CY and/or PB failed to communicate with HY for any period of six

consecutive months when they knew HY was in DCFS custody.

Those are grounds for termination under art. 1015(4)(b) and (c).

There is a separate ground for termination in art. 1015(5), which is that there

was no substantial parental compliance with a case plan and despite earlier

intervention, no reasonable expectation of significant improvement in the

parent’s condition or conduct in the near future. That was the basis for the

trial court’s decision to terminate their parental rights.

As noted below, the failure to contribute to the costs of the child’s

foster care and the failure to communicate with the child can be evidence of

lack of parental compliance with the case plan.

In its written reasons for judgment, the trial court referred to the

following provisions in La. Ch. C. art. 1036(C) and (D):

C. Under Article 1015(6), lack of parental compliance with a
case plan may be evidenced by one or more of the following:
.....
(2) The parent’s failure to communicate with the child.
.....
(4) The parent’s failure to contribute to the costs of the child’s
foster care, if ordered to do so by the court when approving the
case plan.
.....
(6) The parent’s lack of substantial improvement in redressing
the problems preventing reunification.
(7) The persistence of conditions that led to removal or similar
potentially harmful conditions.
(8)(a) The parent’s failure to provide a negative test result for
all synthetic or other controlled dangerous substances, except
for any drug for which the parent has lawfully received a
prescription, at the completion of a reasonable case plan.

D. Under Article 1015(6), lack of any reasonable expectation of
significant improvement in the parent’s conduct in the near
future may be evidenced by one or more of the following:
(1) Any physical or mental illness, mental deficiency, substance
abuse, or chemical dependency that renders the parent unable or
13

incapable of exercising parental responsibilities without
exposing the child to a substantial risk of serious harm, based
upon expert opinion or based upon an established pattern of
behavior.
.....
(3) Any other condition or conduct that reasonably indicates
that the parent is unable or unwilling to provide an adequate
permanent home for the child, based upon expert opinion or
based upon an established pattern of behavior.

We also note that when ruling from the bench, the court stated that it

can “terminate parental rights when there’s been a lack of substantial

parental compliance with the case plan and when there is no reasonable

expectation of significant improvement in the parent’s condition or conduct

in the near future. I find those to exist, those two factors in Article 1015(5).”

The parents argue that DCFS did not establish by clear and

convincing evidence that either one of them was not in compliance with

their case plans, or that any failure to do so was due to their intention to

disobey their case plans or abandon HY and their parental obligations to her.

The parents maintain that they testified about their efforts to comply

with the case plan despite the economic hardships they faced. They further

maintain they attended required programs and attempted to make support

payments in spite of their financial difficulties and housing instability. The

parents emphasize on appeal that no DCFS caseworker, social worker,

supervisor, or contractor testified at trial, nor was there testimony from any

expert or medical provider.

In summary, the parents contend that their testimony established that

they complied with and were trying to comply with their case plans and that

they wanted to regain custody of their daughter.

The parents further argue that DCFS failed to show by clear and

convincing evidence that there was no reasonable likelihood of compliance
14

in the near future and that DCFS had engaged in reasonable efforts to

reunify them with HY. They contend that DCFS presented no evidence it

made any efforts, much less reasonable efforts, to assist them in removing

any obstacles to reunification. They argue that the failure to offer evidence

or testimony from DCFS personnel precluded the State from meeting its

substantial burden. In support of its argument, the parents cite the following

language from State ex rel. A.T., 06-0501, pp. 9-10 (La. 7/6/06), 936 So. 2d

79, 85:

Unlike the other grounds listed in La. Ch. C. art. 1015,
termination under La. Ch. C. art. 1015(5) may only be ordered
“after affirmative efforts have been attempted by the state to
reunite the family by providing rehabilitative services, if
needed, to the parent.” Lucy S. McGough and Kerry Triche,
Louisiana Children’s Code Handbook, p. 522 (2006).

PB testified that he did not know HY was in foster care until CY was

released from jail. He is 30 years old and has ten other children who

primarily live with their mothers. His oldest child is 13. There are no

formal custody orders for any of his children. He and CY were expecting

another child.

PB testified that once he found out that he was a father, he contacted

DCFS and inquired about what needed to be done in order to bring HY

home. He acknowledged receiving a case plan, and that there were specific

things expected of him. He understood that his case plan required him to

make contributions to HY’s care, maintain a stable place to live, and submit

to drug screens.

PB, who works as an independent contractor, was paying back child

support for his other kids at the time of trial. He was supposed to contribute

$25 a month for HY’s care but never made any of the payments. At first, he

15

expressed that he wanted to contribute to HY’s care, but did not know how

to make the payments. He stated that nonpayment was not because he was

unable to make contributions. However, he later explained that only

recently was he able to get back on his feet, he had other kids and a lot

happening, and money was tight. His monthly gross income is $2,200 to

$2,500.

PB lived in four different places over the past two years. After his

house caught on fire in August of 2022, he moved in with his father. He

later moved to another residence, and then on May 1, 2023, he moved into

his current residence, which is an apartment in Wichita with two bedrooms

and two baths. A home study has been requested since July of 2022.

He denied a history of drug use, and said he was unaware if CY had a

history of drug use. He also denied that CY’s kids in Kansas were taken into

custody because of her drug use. His understanding of how HY came into

foster care is there was a false test scenario.

PB stated that he last used illegal drugs when he was 18 or 19. At

first, PB testified that he pled no contest to possession of paraphernalia in

2012 after being originally charged with possession of methamphetamine.

He described his drug charge as him being in the wrong place at the wrong

time, and he was not using meth when he was arrested. Later, he claimed he

was convicted of possession of opiates in 2018, so he was wrong about it

happening in 2012. His probation was revoked when he left Kansas without

permission to attend a relative’s funeral. He was released from prison on

January 5, 2021.

PB claimed that nobody with DCFS explained why it wanted to drug

test him. He stated that DCFS first asked for a drug test in July of 2022. He
16

testified that he did a hair follicle test for DCFS, but was told the test looked

insufficient or altered. He missed two drug screen appointments in

Louisiana on May 8, 2023. He explained that he missed the first one when

he overslept. Then while visiting HY, he learned that he had to return to

Kansas immediately to authorize medical treatment for an older daughter

who had broken her arm. PB claimed that he has submitted to drug tests that

he arranged himself on the 10th of every month since January of 2022, but

has not provided the results to DCFS because he is waiting on them. His

most recent tests were on May 10 and June 10.

He and CY began doing the video visits together after he had phone

problems. The video visits are twice a week for 15 minutes. He missed two

visits in the last month because of work, and he explained that to DCFS. He

obtained a new cell phone that week. Prior to that, he was without one for

two to three months. He has seen HY in person three times.

PB testified that he maintained contact with his former caseworker,

Maxie. He has not maintained as much contact with his current caseworker,

Moore, because of phone issues. PB acknowledged that he has not

completed his case plan. He claimed that DCFS has not let him know what

he has remaining on his case plan, but he believed that he has done

everything on his case plan except for his home study. He asked the court

for additional time to complete his case plan.

PB testified that he completed a domestic violence counseling

treatment plan, even though he was unaware it was part of his case plan until

recently. It was a one-day class in Wichita. He also testified about

completing a substance abuse relapse prevention program three months

earlier. It was once a week for 20 weeks, and he did it with CY to help her.
17

He went even though he denied drug issues because he wanted to cover all

his bases in getting HY back. PB testified that he completed a parenting

class, but he could not remember the name of the church where he took it. It

was once a week for 12 weeks, and he believed that he sent the certificate to

his case worker.

PB also testified that he was provided with certificates when he

completed the domestic violence counseling treatment program and the

substance abuse relapse prevention program. He added that he sent the

certificates to Maxie, but then stated that if he had not sent them yet or if

they had not received them, it was because he lacked an adequate phone. He

did not bring the certificates to court because he already gave them to his

attorney and was unaware that he needed to bring them to court.

CY, who is 32, has four other children besides HY. Her daughters are

8 and 14, and her sons are 9 and 13. Her kids in Kansas were removed from

her care by DFC and are with their grandmother. She was due to give birth

again on October 1.

When CY was questioned about her understanding of what happened

when HY was removed, she said that when they were getting ready to be

discharged from the hospital, a tag fell while she was changing HY, and they

came in “freaking out about put the tag back on.” She was then told that

they did not know if HY could leave with her, but nobody could tell her

why. She added that two days after she left the hospital, Jasmine McDuffy

with DCFS called her and said HY had tested positive for drugs.

Not long thereafter, she called the police to report that BW had stolen

her car, but she ended up being arrested for a warrant out of Kansas. She

participated by video for a hearing in January of 2022. She was released
18

from jail in Louisiana on February 19, 2022. After she was released from

jail, she went to her sister’s home in Melville, Louisiana, for a few days

before returning to Shreveport and trying to visit HY, but was told that she

could not see HY. She stayed in Louisiana for five to six days before going

back to Kansas.

Around three weeks later, she returned to her sister’s home in Melville

for five days. She claimed that she did not visit with DCFS during those

five days because McDuffy did not return her phone calls until the end of

March. CY claimed she was not given the opportunity to visit HY when she

stayed with her sister those five days.

CY testified that she received her case plan when Maxie became her

caseworker in May of 2022. She acknowledged that when HY was

adjudicated a child in need of care, which happened on February 9, 2022, it

was explained to her that certain things were going to be asked of her, and

that those things were going to be in a case plan.

CY testified that she has lived on and off with her brother in his house

for the past three or four years. His home has four bedrooms, and he lives

there with his girlfriend. She claimed that she had gotten a house in

November or December of 2022, but was scammed. She stayed with her

grandmother for a few weeks in January of 2023 after her kids were

removed. There were a few periods when she was homeless; during those

times, she most often stayed in hotel rooms, or with friends. She was

homeless for two weeks during the summer of 2023, then after school started

in August, she lived in a hotel for two months. CY acknowledged that

during the times that she was homeless, she could have returned to her

brother’s home, but she wanted to be in her own space with her kids.
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CY testified that until May of 2022, she was unaware that she was

supposed to make contributions to HY’s care. She has made no

contributions. In the past, she has delivered newspapers, and worked at

Hallen Solutions and at a Wendy’s. At the time of trial, she was employed

as a virtual assistant, but it was not a fulltime job. She would get a side job

whenever she needed money.

CY has seen HY twice in person since her birth, with those visits

occurring at the end of January and on May 8, 2023. Video visits started in

May of 2022. She has not made all video visits because she was working a

couple of times, and sometimes the foster parents did not answer the phone.

She claimed that in the fall of 2022, there was a four-week period when the

foster parents did not answer the phone. On one occasion she called the

original foster parents by mistake. She was not able to have three video

visits recently because the foster parents had lost power.

CY testified that it was part of her case plan to submit to a substance

abuse assessment and obtain treatment if recommended, submit to a mental

health evaluation and obtain treatment if recommended, obtain safe and

stable housing, and participate in visitations. She claimed that when she

received her case plan was the first time that she learned that she could visit

HY.

CY testified that submission to random drug screens was not

originally a part of her case plan, and that she was not asked to submit to

random drug screens until the last time that she was in court.

CY denied having any substance abuse issues. She thought she

voluntarily submitted to drug screens at Recovery Unlimited, and had tested

positive for amphetamines and possibly marijuana. She claimed that after
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she was tested a couple of weeks before her kids were removed in Kansas,

DFC workers told the Louisiana court that her hair test was positive even

though her urine screen was clean. CY expressed disbelief that her test was

positive because she had last used drugs in March of 2022. She maintained

that DFC lied to the court and to DCFS about her sobriety.

CY maintained that while she has used drugs in the past, in her

opinion, she has never had a drug problem. She first smoked marijuana at

the age of 14, and last smoked it in March of 2022. When asked if she had

ever used ecstasy, she said she felt like she should say it was none of the

attorney’s business, and then said no. She did not remember putting down

that she had used ecstasy on her self-assessment at Recovery Unlimited. She

first used Xanax when a freshman or sophomore, and last used it in her

teenage years. She also admitted to using Percocet and morphine. She last

used cocaine seven to eight years ago. She last used methamphetamine in

March of 2022. She denied using meth when she was pregnant with HY, but

first used it in 2021 prior to HY’s conception. She said she was never a

meth user.

CY acknowledged that she was kicked out of Recovery Unlimited

after missing two days and then being late on a third day. She explained she

missed one of those days after she lost her car. She did not complete

treatment at Recovery Unlimited.

CY testified that when DFC became involved with her family in

Kansas in December of 2022, methamphetamine was not spoken about as a

problem for her. She acknowledged that she had two opportunities to submit

to a drug screen in Louisiana on May 8, 2023. She slept through the first

appointment that day because she and PB had driven to Louisiana overnight.
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Asked why she did not submit to the second drug screen even though the

judge had ordered it, she replied that she could either leave with PB or be

left behind. In addition, at that time, she had not seen her kids in Kansas for

a week.

CY testified that she was told in Kansas that she needed to undergo a

clinical assessment and take parenting, budget, and nutrition classes, but she

has never received a formal case plan there.

It would not surprise CY if DFC said she was not doing what she

needed in Kansas because they had just gotten ahold of her the last week. It

also would not surprise her if DFC said it had problems with drug screens

from her. DFC has not asked her for a drug screen except for when they

were in Louisiana and she missed court in Kansas because their car had

broken down.

According to CY, she went to a few parenting classes with the Mental

Health Association of Kansas in the beginning of 2022, but “it was too much

that they wanted from me and too little that they were doing for me.” She

tried to do another parenting class online, but Maxie told her that it would

not count. She signed up for another parenting class, but never started it

because she lost her car. She did an online parenting class in the beginning

of 2023. CY stated that she sent proof to Maxie in February of 2023 that she

had completed the second online parenting class.

CY testified that she completed a parenting class with a sexual abuse

recovery center in Wichita in January or February of 2023. She also stated

that she completed a domestic violence counseling treatment plan in Kansas.

She added that she completed a substance abuse relapse prevention program

through First Step Forward Recovery Counseling in January or March of
22

2023. She received certificates for all three programs. She had two modules

left in a budget and nutrition program.

CY claimed that she set up mental health counseling with a counselor

who she assumed performed a mental health assessment. She had scheduled

one earlier, in September of 2022, but had stopped it because she thought the

lady was weird. She had a clinical assessment scheduled in Kansas, and she

thought it could be done over the phone.

CY contended that she tried to work with DFC before her kids were

removed. She had sought out DFC’s family preservation services at the

beginning of the year and was told that she did not need to do it because she

was already doing everything.

When CY was asked if she understood why HY was in foster care, she

replied that it depended on whom you asked and when you asked them, and

she got something different. Asked if she disagreed with the whole thing,

she replied that she did not have anything solid to agree or disagree with.

Asked if she understood why her kids in Kansas were in custody, she replied

that she did not feel comfortable answering because it was going to get a

little testy. She then added that DFC did what it wanted.

When CY was questioned about providing proof to DCFS that she had

completed any portion of her case plan, she replied that she sent something

about her parenting class at the beginning of 2023, she complied with drug

treatment until she was kicked out, she did not remember about proof of

stable housing, and she has not paid for HY’s care.

CY testified that she spoke with Moore a couple of times about the

status of her case plan completion in Kansas. She claimed that Moore told

her that DFC was saying that she had completed nothing on her case plan, so
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she told Moore what she had done there, and Moore asked her to send copies

of what she had done. Questioned about whether she sent the reports to

Moore, CY replied that she was unsure. She gave an unclear response when

asked if she brought the certificates to court. CY testified that she told

Maxie that she had completed her substance abuse treatment program.

When Maxie told her that she had not done it yet, she told Maxie that she did

not understand because she sent the certificate to Maxie several times. CY

believed that either Maxie or Moore knew she completed the protective

parenting program.

CY testified that it was her intention to complete the case plan in

order to address the issues that caused the initial removal. She was trying to

do that in Kansas to the best of her ability. She thought being in Kansas

made it difficult to comply with her case plan in Louisiana.

She believed it would be in HY’s best interest to be returned to her.

When questioned by the court about why she believed that, she replied: “I

don’t believe that she should have been removed from me to begin with. I

don’t believe that Louisiana has more ability to determine what’s best for

her than I do. I’ve got a handful of reasons. I don’t know which ones you

really would want to hear.” She considered herself a great mom because she

had great kids.

When CY was asked by the court if she thought that drug use is

relevant to the question of whether someone should be allowed to keep their

child, she answered: “I think, yes, it should and could be a factor. I also

think that it doesn’t determine that somebody is incapable of keeping a child

because addiction is definitely a thing that people can’t get rid of whenever

it’s a real problem. And people also take prescription medication way worse
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in some instances.” Asked by the court if that was a yes or no, she replied

that it was both.

The basic obligations under the case plan given in May of 2022 were:

(1) maintain safe housing adequate to meet their child’s basic needs; (2) pay

$25 per month in parent contributions by money orders that were to be

mailed; and (3) maintain regular contact with the child while in foster care in

accordance with the visitation plan.

PB and CY failed to meet even these basic obligations. Their housing

was scattershot and unreliable. PB lived in four places in two years. CY

chose to live in hotels at times instead of with her brother.

In support of their argument addressed earlier that the State failed to

establish any consecutive six-month failure by either of them to provide

parental contributions, the parents cite a footnote from State ex rel. A.T.,

supra, where the Supreme Court stated that poverty, and thus lack of

support, cannot be the sole reason for terminating parental rights; rather,

there must be willful neglect in the failure of a parent to support his or her

children. While that statement was in reference to La. Ch. C. art.

1015(4)(b), where an intention to permanently avoid parental responsibility

can be demonstrated by the parent failing to provide significant

contributions to the child’s care and support for any period of six

consecutive months, we understand the policy behind the Supreme Court’s

statement.

However, it was not poverty, but drug use, that led to the removal, and

it is drug use which remains the primary impediment to reunification. In

particular, we note CY’s refusal to admit that she has a drug problem and the

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impact it has on raising children. PB was also not forthright about CY’s

drug problem.

The parents also argue that keeping jurisdiction in Louisiana placed a

significant burden on reunification efforts through visitation. While we

recognize the impact distance would have on in-person visits, we also note

the failure of CY and PB to take full advantage of video visits.

Those video visits were scheduled for 5:00 p.m. on Tuesdays and

Fridays. They lasted 15 minutes. MS, the foster mother, testified that since

the last court date in May, CY attended 8 of 14 video visits. PB is usually

on the visits when CY calls, so his participation rate was around the same.

Before May, they were participating in about 75% of video visits. MS could

not recall times when she found out that CY had unsuccessfully tried to

reach her.

MS testified that she may have missed one call because they were at

the hospital, but other than that, she had her phone alarm set for 4:55 p.m.

every Tuesday and Friday. MS stated that CY and PB were not taking

advantage of every opportunity for video visits, and they never tried to

reschedule when they had to miss. She added that her cell phone worked

when they had no power in June of 2023, and while service was spotty then,

she did not have a missed call.

CY and PB complain about the lack of testimony from DCFS

witnesses. However, we note that the trial court took judicial notice of the

judgments from the child in need of care proceeding. The judgment from

the hearing on February 9, 2022, states that the court found that DCFS has

made reasonable efforts to prevent removal and to reunify the family, with

the efforts including timely preparing and furnishing an individualized case
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plan in clear language that identifies specific tasks which if completed are

reasonably calculated to permit reunification of the family. This same

language was repeated in the judgments from the hearings on June 16, 2022,

and November 17, 2022.

This Court is not only disturbed by the parents’ attitudes about drug

use, but it is also disturbed by their lack of responsibility, which is best

evidenced by their relationships with their other children. PB has ten other

children, and he effectively has custody of none, regardless of the absence of

any formal custody decrees. CY has four other children, and all were

removed from her custody. PB and CY were expecting another child at the

time of trial.

CY’s and PB’s established patterns of behavior concerning both drug

use as well as their lifestyles in general demonstrated there is no reasonable

expectation of significant improvement in CY’s or PB’s condition or

conduct in the near future.

The State presented clear and convincing evidence of the La. Ch. C.

art. 1015(5) ground for termination.

Best interest

The parents argue that the testimony from the foster mother and her

mother was insufficient to meet the State’s high burden of proving that

termination of her parents’ rights was in the best interest of HY. We

disagree.

MS and her husband were a respite placement initially. HY has been

living with her family on a fulltime basis since October of 2022. She

described HY as doing great. HY has bonded with their family, and it is

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their desire to adopt HY. MS’s mother, LU, testified that HY is happy,

content, and well-adjusted.

HY has been in foster care for basically her entire life. It is the only

life that she knows. She is entitled to a family setting that is permanent and

which meets her physical and emotional needs. The State presented clear

and convincing evidence that terminating CY’s and PB’s parental rights was

in HY’s best interest.

Based on the evidence presented, we conclude that the trial court was

not manifestly erroneous in terminating CY’s and PB’s parental rights and

freeing HY for adoption.

CONCLUSION

The judgment terminating CY’s and PB’s parental rights and freeing

HY for adoption is AFFIRMED. Costs of this appeal are assessed to CY

and PB, with each to pay one-half of the appeal costs.

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