Employers Mutual Casualty Company v. Joseph T. Lofton and Natasha Starks Reversed; Reversed; Vacated; Remanded. Marcotte, J., concurs with reasons set forth by J. Ellender.

Judgment rendered May 22, 2024.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 55,630-CA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****
EMPLOYERS MUTUAL Plaintiff-Appellee
CASUALTY COMPANY

versus

JOSEPH T. LOFTON AND Defendants-Appellants
NATASHA STARKS

*****

Appealed from the
Shreveport City Court for the
Parish of Caddo, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 2018R07288

Honorable Emily Merkle, Judge

*****

D. F. JACKSON AND ASSOCIATES, LLC Counsel for Appellants,
By: Dorothy F. Jackson Sincere Client Care
Services, LLC and
Andrea Baxter, Agent

COOK, YANCY, KING & GALLOWAY Counsel for Appellee
By: Jordan B. Bird

*****

Before STONE, MARCOTTE, and ELLENDER, JJ.

MARCOTTE, J., concurs with reasons set forth by J. Ellender.

ELLENDER, J., concurs in the results and assigns reasons.

STONE, J.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This is a debt collection suit arising from the Shreveport City Court,

the Honorable Emily Merckle presiding. Employers Mutual Casualty

Company (“appellee”) is the plaintiff suing as subrogee regarding damages

it paid as a result of a motor vehicle collision. The appellee obtained a

default judgment against: (1) the tortfeasor-driver Joseph Lofton, an

uninsured motorist; and (2) Natasha Starks, who owned the vehicle that

Lofton was driving, but did not have liability insurance thereon.

Thereafter, the appellee filed a garnishment petition against Sincere

Client Care Services, LLC (the “appellant”), in its capacity as employer of

Natasha Starks. The record indicates that, on December 16, 2020, the

garnishment petition and garnishment interrogatories were served on Andrea

Baxter (“Baxter”) in her capacity as registered agent for appellant. The

record does not reflect the filing of any answer or responses to the

interrogatories until October 7, 2022, and March 1, 2023.

On February 5, 2021, the appellee filed a rule for judgment pursuant

to La. C.C.P. art. 2413 (hereinafter, “judgment pro confesso”) requesting the

entire amount of the underlying judgment plus fees and costs. Baxter

appeared at the hearing and stated that Natasha Starks did not earn enough to

legally garnish and obtained a continuance to allow her time to hire an

attorney. The trial court granted a lump sum judgment pro confesso against

the appellant for the full amount of the underlying judgment against debtor

Natasha Starks; this judgment was signed on May 3, 2021, and notice of it

was mailed to appellant on May 5, 2021. However, this judgment does not

name the appellee (or anyone else) as the party to whom the award is made.1

On August 4, 2021, the appellee filed a rule to examine the appellant

as judgment debtor under the judgment pro confesso, and service was made

on Baxter. The matter was set for hearing on December 8, 2021, and

nobody appeared on behalf of appellant. A warrant for Baxter’s arrest for

direct contempt of court was issued setting a cash bond in the amount of

$1,000. The warrant commands the city marshal to arrest Baxter to have her

“before our said court to answer to the charge Statute: C.C.P. 222

CONTEMPT OF COURT therein pending against [her]…on [January 19,

2022] and to post a CIVIL cash bond of $1,000.” It was not served on her

until over 9 months later, on September 1, 2022; served along with the arrest

warrant was an order resetting the contempt hearing date for October 26,

2022.2 Upon service of the warrant, Baxter posted the bond (apparently by

tendering a $1,000 check which was in possession of appellee’s attorney as

of the hearing on February 13, 2023).

On October 7, 2022, a letter was filed on behalf of the appellant

stating that Natasha Starks had been rehired by the appellant but had only

received one paycheck, which was not enough to be legally garnished and

had not returned to work since receiving that paycheck.

On October 13, 2022, over a year after the judgment pro confesso was

served, the appellant filed a motion to reopen and vacate the judgment pro

1 In this case, the judgment pro confesso does not name the party to whom relief is

granted, and therefore, lacks necessary decretal language; in the event it remains in effect
after due proceedings on remand, it must be amended. La. C.C.P. arts. 1918 & 1951.
2
Footnote 3 explains how the arrest warrant and bond were adjudicated on
October 26, 2022, but these decisions were later vacated and re-adjudicated.
2

confesso, which, ultimately, the trial court treated as a motion for new trial

and denied as untimely.3 In that same judgment, the trial court also granted

the appellee’s oral motion to forfeit the bond posted by Baxter. This

judgment was signed on February 22, 2023. On March 1, 2023, appellant

finally filed and served its responses to the garnishment interrogatories

(detailed infra). However, the appellant’s next filing was a notice of intent

to apply for supervisory writ and motion to set return date; we granted the

writ and docketed it as an appeal.

Appellant specifies three errors: (1) the trial court erred in applying

the deadline for motions for new trial because it had continuing jurisdiction

pursuant to La. R.S. 13:3923; that continuing jurisdiction gave the trial court

authority to reopen the garnishment proceeding; (2) the trial court should

have granted the motion to reopen garnishment; and (3) the trial court erred

in ordering the bond forfeited because there was no “formally urged” motion

and Baxter was present with counsel at the time.

DISCUSSION

Motion to vacate judgment pro confesso

As explained below, we find that the trial court committed prejudicial

legal error in holding that the appellant’s motion pursuant to La. R.S.

3
Judge Merckle allegedly signed an order setting hearing on the October 13,
2022, motion to vacate judgment for November 30, 2022; however, the record does not
contain such order, but merely contains returns reflecting October 19, 2022, service on
appellee and its attorney of an unspecified rule set for an unspecified date. However,
Judge Barber heard and denied the motion to vacate judgment on October 26, 2022, and
ordered the bond forfeited and applied to the debt; Judge Barber signed a judgment to
that effect on November 4, 2022; however, on November 10, 2022, Judge Barber signed
an order vacating the judgment pursuant to La. R.S. 13:4209. The matter was reset for
hearing before Judge Merckle, who signed a judgment denying the motion to vacate on
February 22, 2023. In that same judgment, Judge Merckle also ordered forfeiture of the
$1,000 bond posted by Baxter.
3

13:3923(A) was time-barred. From that point, our course is set by Evans v.

Lungrin, 97-0541 (La. 2/6/98), 708 So. 2d 731, 735:

[W]here one or more trial court legal errors interdict the
fact-finding process, the manifest error standard is no
longer applicable, and, if the record is otherwise complete,
the appellate court should make its own independent de
novo review of the record and determine a preponderance
of the evidence. A legal error occurs when a trial court
applies incorrect principles of law and such errors are
prejudicial…When such a prejudicial error of law skews
the trial court's finding of a material issue of fact and
causes it to pretermit other issues, the appellate court is
required, if it can, to render judgment on the record by
applying the correct law and determining the essential
material facts de novo. (Internal citations omitted).

Wage garnishment threshold

For each weekly paycheck of a judgment debtor, La. R.S.

13:3881(A)(1) exempts from garnishment an amount equal to thirty times

the federal minimum hourly wage in effect at the time the wages are

payable. From July of 2009 to present day, the federal minimum hourly

wage has been $7.25. 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a)(1). Accordingly, there can be no

wage garnishment when the debtor’s weekly earnings do not exceed

$217.50.

Judgment “pro confesso” under La. C.C.P. art. 2413

La. C.C.P. art. 2413 is titled “Effect of garnishee’s failure to answer.”

In relevant part, it states:

A. If the garnishee fails to answer within the delay
provided by Article 2412, the judgment creditor may
proceed by contradictory motion against the garnishee for
the amount of the unpaid judgment, with interest and
costs…The failure of the garnishee to answer prior to the
filing of such a contradictory motion is prima facie proof
that he has property of or is indebted to the judgment
debtor to the extent of the judgment, interest, and costs.
B. Judgment shall be rendered against the garnishee on
trial of the motion unless he proves that he had no
property of and was not indebted to the judgment debtor.
4

If on the trial of such motion, the garnishee proves the
amount of such property or indebtedness, the judgment
against the garnishee shall be limited to the delivery of the
property or payment of the indebtedness, as provided in
Article 2415. (Emphasis added).

Reopening of wage garnishment judgment pursuant to La. R.S. 13:3923

During the pendency of this case, there has been an amendment to La.

R.S. 13:3923 whereby paragraph (B) was added as underlined in the

following block quotation. This amendment was approved in June of 2022,

and became effective in August of 2022. In pertinent part, La. R.S. 13:3923

states:

A. …It shall not be necessary that more than one writ of
garnishment or one set of interrogatories be served in a
garnishment proceeding, but the court shall render
judgment for the monthly, semimonthly, weekly, or daily
payments to be made to the seizing creditor according to
the manner best suited to the circumstances, until the
indebtedness is paid. …The court, in its discretion, may
reopen the case upon the motion of any party concerned
for evidence affecting the proper continuance of the
garnishment judgment, and the court shall retain
jurisdiction to amend or set aside its garnishment
judgment at any time in its
discretion…[Additionally,][s]hould judgment by default
be taken against any party garnishee, he may obtain a
reopening of the case upon proper showing and within the
discretion of the court.
B. Nothing in this Section is meant to affect judgments
rendered pursuant to the Code of Civil Procedure Article
2413.

Paragraph (B) of La. R.S. 13:3923 became effective in August of

2022 and by its terms bars application of paragraph (A) to a judgment pro

confesso. However, recent Louisiana Supreme Court jurisprudence holds

implicitly that La. R.S. 13:3923(B) is not retroactive, i.e., does not apply to

judgments pro confesso rendered prior to August of 2022. After the

effective date of La. R.S. 13:3923(B), the Louisiana Supreme Court, in
5

Tower Credit, Inc. v. Williams, 22-01556 (La. 2/7/23), 354 So. 3d 659, 660,

declined to apply it to a judgment pro confesso which had been rendered

before the effective date. Instead, the court explicitly applied La. R.S.

13:3923(A) to the judgment pro confesso, stating in toto:

Writ granted. Based on the particular facts of this case
and considering La. R.S. 13:3923(A), that part of the
judgment pro confesso against Louisiana Fish Fry
Products, Ltd. representing the amount of the unpaid
judgment, with interest and costs, is vacated, and the
motion to re-open the garnishment proceeding is granted.
The matter is remanded to the district court for further
proceedings.

Id.

The facts and procedural history are recited in the First Circuit’s

opinion on the case. Tower Credit, Inc. v. Williams, 2022-0106 (La. App. 1

Cir. 9/16/22), 352 So. 3d 1029, 1032.4 The trial court denied the motion to

reopen and vacate judgment pro confesso, and the First Circuit affirmed that

decision. Citing La. R.S. 13:3923(A), the Louisiana Supreme Court

reversed the denial of the motion to reopen and vacate the judgment pro

confesso and vacated the judgment pro confesso.

In this case, we hold that La. R.S. 13:3923(B) does not apply because

such would constitute a retroactive application of substantive law, which is

constitutionally prohibited. This conclusion is necessarily implied by the

Supreme Court’s decision in Tower Credit, supra. “Generally, the

determinative point in time separating prospective from retroactive

4
The garnishee was alleged to be the employer of the judgment debtor. The
garnishee failed to answer the garnishment petition and interrogatories, which were
served November 6, 2020, and did not appear at the contradictory hearing on the rule for
judgment pro confesso. The creditor obtained a judgment pro confesso on October 6,
2021,4 notice of which was mailed to garnishee the following day. After receiving notice
thereof on October 13, 2021, the garnishee filed a motion to vacate the garnishment
judgment on October 22, 2021,
6

application of an enactment is the date the cause of action accrues. Once a

party’s cause of action accrues, it becomes a vested property right that may

not constitutionally be divested.” Cole v. Celotex Corp., 599 So. 2d 1058,

1063 (La. 1992). “Absent a conclusive expression of legislative intent

[regarding whether the new law is to be applied retroactively], we must

proceed to classify the amendment pursuant to LSA–C.C. Art. 6 as either

substantive, procedural or interpretive.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v.

Smith, 609 So. 2d 809, 817 (La. 1992). Regarding substantive legislation

and interpretive legislation, the court stated:

Substantive laws either establish new rules, rights, and
duties or change existing ones. Interpretive laws, on the
other hand, do not create new rules, but merely establish
the meaning that the interpretive statute had from the time
of its enactment. It is the original statute, not the
interpretive one, that establishes the rights and duties.

Id. “Procedural laws prescribe a method for enforcing a substantive right

and relate to the form of the proceeding or the operation of the laws.”

Rousselle v. Plaquemines Par. Sch. Bd., 633 So. 2d 1235, 1244 (La. 1994).

The Supreme Court’s decision in Tower Credit I, supra, necessarily

implies that the rendition of the judgment pro confesso is the point at which

the garnishee’s cause of action accrues under La. R.S. 13:3923(A), and La.

R.S. 13:3923(B) is substantive because it divests the garnishee of the right to

have the judgment revised or vacated. In light of La. R.S. 13:3923(A), the

trial court erred in holding that the motion to reopen the judgment pro

confesso was untimely.5

5
The appellee argues that Tower Credit I is distinguishable because, in the instant
case, the motion to vacate judgment pro confesso was filed after the expiration of new
trial delays, whereas, in Tower Credit I, the motion was filed within those delays. From
that premise, the appellee essentially argues that the Louisiana Supreme Court tacitly
reclassified the garnishee’s motion made pursuant to La. R.S. 13:3923(A) as a
(meritorious) motion for new trial and avoided contravention of newly enacted La. R.S.
7

The trial court did not reach the merits of the motion to reopen and

vacate the judgment pro confesso, and thus did not hold an evidentiary

hearing thereon. For that reason, the record is not complete, and we cannot

undertake de novo review of the merits of the motion to vacate. Evans,

supra. This matter must be remanded for a full evidentiary hearing on the

motion to reopen and vacate the judgment pro confesso.

Bond forfeiture

The appellant correctly points out that the forfeiture of a bond is

subject to the rules governing contempt proceedings, and in this case

forfeiture of the $1,000 civil cash bond was invalid because the contempt

procedure was not satisfied. The appellee does not respond to the

assignment of error regarding forfeiture of the bond.

La. C.C.P. art. 2456 sets forth the procedure for contempt for failure

of a judgment debtor to appear for judgment debtor examination:

If the motion and order have been served personally on the
judgment debtor, as provided by law or if service is
obtained pursuant to Article 1261, and the judgment
debtor refuses to appear for the examination or to produce
his books, papers, or other documents when ordered to do
so, or if he refuses to answer any question held pertinent
by the court, the judgment debtor may be punished for
contempt. (Emphasis added).

“Contempts of court are of two kinds, direct and constructive.” La. C.C.P.

art. 221. In relevant part, La. C.C.P. art. 222 defines direct contempt as

including “a contumacious failure to comply with a subpoena or summons,

proof of service of which appears of record.” (Emphasis added).

La. C.C.P. art. 223 allows punishment of direct contempt as follows:

13:3923(B) on that basis. That argument is without merit because the Supreme Court
explicitly invoked La. R.S. 13:3923(A) as authority for its ruling; furthermore, it vacated
the judgment pro confesso—it did not grant a new trial.

8

A person who has committed a direct contempt of court
may be found guilty and punished therefore by the court
forthwith, without any trial other than affording him an
opportunity to be heard orally by way of defense or
mitigation. The court shall render an order reciting the
facts constituting the contempt, adjudging the person
guilty thereof, and specifying the punishment imposed.
(Emphasis added).

La. C.C.P. art. 224 defines constructive contempt as “any contempt

other than a direct one,” and including “[w]ilful disobedience of any

lawful…order…of the court.” La. C.C.P. art. 225, in relevant part, sets

forth the procedure for punishing constructive contempt:

A. Except as otherwise provided by law, a person charged
with committing a constructive contempt of court may be
found guilty thereof and punished therefor only after the
trial by the judge of a rule against him to show cause why
he should not be adjudged guilty of contempt and
punished accordingly. The rule to show cause may issue
on the court’s own motion or on motion of a party to the
action or proceeding and shall state the facts alleged to
constitute the contempt…[A] certified copy of the motion,
and of the rule to show cause, shall be served upon the
person charged with contempt in the same manner as a
subpoena at least forty-eight hours before the time
assigned for the trial of the rule.
B. If the person charged with contempt is found guilty the
court shall render an order reciting the facts constituting
the contempt, adjudging the person charged with contempt
guilty thereof, and specifying the punishment imposed.

La. R.S. 13:4611 provides the authorized penalties for persons

adjudged guilty of contempt. It only allows a fine of up to $500 as

punishment for contempts such as failure to appear when subpoenaed. La.

R.S. 13:4611(d)(i). It also authorizes, “[f]or a deliberate refusal to perform

an act which is yet within the power of the offender to perform,

[punishment] by imprisonment until he performs the act.” La. R.S.

13:4611(c).

9

The plain language of La. C.C.P. art. 222 demonstrates that mere

failure to appear when subpoenaed is not contempt. Only contumacious

failure to comply with a subpoena is a direct contempt. To allow direct

contempt to be established automatically via non-appearance after proper

service would render the prima facie requirement of contumaciousness a

nullity and place the burden on the defendant to prove his or her non-

appearance was not contumacious. We refuse to allow such a construction of

penal legislation. The court did not have any evidentiary basis for deeming

Baxter’s non-appearance a contumacious failure to comply with a subpoena,

and this is fatal to the tacit adjudication of direct contempt under La. C.C.P.

222 (which is manifested in the forfeiture of the bond). Furthermore, the

arrest warrant does not satisfy the requirement of La. C.C.P. art. 222 that the

court issue an order reciting the facts constituting the contempt. This also is

fatal.

Willful disobedience of a subpoena is a constructive contempt subject

to the procedure set forth in La. C.C.P. art. 225(A). The court did not follow

the required procedure for constructive contempt, nor did it have evidence of

willfulness. These defects are likewise fatal. For these reasons, the trial

court’s implied adjudication of contempt against Baxter in contempt was

erroneous even if it were construed as a constructive contempt.

Furthermore, per the language of the arrest warrant, the cash bond that

Baxter posted was to secure her subsequent court attendance. She did

thereafter appear in court as required. Therefore, the bond could not have

been properly forfeited even if the contempt adjudication was proper.

Further yet, Sincere Client Care Services, LLC, is the garnishee and

debtor under the judgment pro confesso. Baxter is not named as a debtor
10

therein. Even if this were a valid judgment pro confesso, Baxter is not a

debtor thereunder, and her cash bond could not lawfully be forfeited toward

satisfaction of it.

CONCLUSION
The judgment denying the motion to reopen and vacate the judgment

pro confesso against Sincere Client Care Services, LLC, is REVERSED.

The judgment ordering forfeiture of Andrea Baxter’s cash bond is

REVERSED. The implied adjudication of contempt against Baxter as a

result of her noncompliance with the subpoena for the judgment debtor

examination is VACATED. This case is REMANDED for further

proceedings in accordance with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed

to the appellee, Employers Mutual Casualty Company.

11

ELLENDER, J., concurring.

I concur in the results. Additionally, the failure of the garnishee,

Sincere Client Care, to timely respond to garnishment interrogatories, and

make appearances at hearings, should have some consequences. On remand,

I believe the trial court should also consider whether Sincere Client Care is

responsible for reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred by the judgment

creditor, Employers Mutual, as provided for in La. C.C.P. art. 2413(C), and

be made to pay for the wages, salaries, and commissions, if any, that would

have been subject to seizure had Sincere Client Care timely responded to the

garnishment interrogatories.

1