Pamela Dunlap v. Community Bank of Lousiana

Judgment rendered June 5, 2024.
Application for rehearing may be filed
within the delay allowed by Art. 2166,
La. C.C.P.

No. 55,695-CA

COURT OF APPEAL
SECOND CIRCUIT
STATE OF LOUISIANA

*****

PAMELA DUNLAP Plaintiff-Appellant

versus

COMMUNITY BANK OF Defendant-Appellee
LOUISIANA

*****

Appealed from the
Forty-Second Judicial District Court for the
Parish of DeSoto, Louisiana
Trial Court No. 83,713

Honorable Amy Burford McCartney, Judge

*****

COLVIN, SMITH, McKAY & BAYS Counsel for Appellant
By: James Henry Colvin Jr.
J. Clayton Caraway

THE COHN LAW FIRM, LLC Counsel for Appellee
By: David Maxwell Cohn
Bartley Paul Bourgeois

JOSEPH WILLIAM HENDRIX Counsel for Intervenor-
Appellees,
Jason Nash and
The Succession
of Victoria M. Lee
*****

Before ROBINSON, HUNTER, and ELLENDER, JJ.

HUNTER, J.

Plaintiff, Pamela Dunlap, appeals a trial court ruling in favor of

defendant, Community Bank of Louisiana, finding no cause of action and

dismissing plaintiff’s lawsuit with prejudice. For the following reasons, we

affirm.

FACTS

On or around November 7, 2003, Mr. Robert Lee (hereinafter “Mr.

Lee”) opened a traditional money market account with Community Bank of

Louisiana (hereinafter “Community Bank”).1 On or around February 1,

2017, Mr. Lee opened what is commonly referred to as a “50 & Free

Legacy” checking account with Community Bank.2 Over the next two years,

Mr. Lee opened four certificates of deposit (hereinafter “CDs”) at

Community Bank. On March 4, 2021, Mr. Lee went to the Community Bank

location in Gloster, Louisiana,3 with one of his three daughters, namely

Pamela Dunlap (hereinafter “Ms. Dunlap” or “Plaintiff”), with the alleged

intention to donate the aforementioned accounts to her.4 The following year,

Mr. Lee passed away on January 9, 2022.

On January 9, 2023, Ms. Dunlap filed a petition against Community

Bank alleging during the March 4, 2021, meeting, Mr. Lee expressed to

Community Bank’s branch manager, Shelley Elliot (hereinafter “Ms.

1
Mr. Lee had multiple accounts at Community Bank. At issue herein is the
money market account ending in 0013.

2
The “50 & Free Legacy” checking account is the account ending in 8972.
3
Desoto Parish
4
Pg. 9 of the first supplemental and amending petition provides: Mr. Lee and his
wife, Victoria Lee, each maintained separate accounts in their own names. Upon
information and belief, they agreed that each was free to dispose of the money from their
separate accounts as they pleased, thus treating the funds as separate property.

Elliot”) ,5 his desire to donate the checking accounts to Ms. Dunlap. In the

alternative, plaintiff alleged Mr. Lee communicated his desire to execute a

Payable on Death (hereinafter “POD”) provision, whereby upon his death,

the funds in the accounts would be disbursed to Ms. Dunlap.

Ms. Dunlap asserts the balances of the accounts at issue were donated

to her “in March of 2021,” and she accepted the purported donations.

Plaintiff went on to assert if this purported donation was not properly made,

and the POD was improperly executed, then Community Bank (a) failed to

set up, advise, and/or otherwise ensure Mr. Lee fully and legally donated the

sums to Ms. Dunlap, (b) failed to advise Mr. Lee regarding the requirements

for setting up a POD account in favor of Ms. Dunlap, (c) failed to properly

communicate the appropriate means to accomplish Mr. Lee’s desires, and/or

(d) failed to ensure Mr. Lee amended account agreements to accomplish the

POD status as Mr. Lee directed. According to Ms. Dunlap, Community

Bank’s negligent misrepresentations to both her and Mr. Lee breached a

duty owed to both accounts.

Before serving the original petition, Ms. Dunlap filed her amended

petition. In the amended petition, she alleged Mr. Lee, on multiple

occasions, verbally expressed to Ms. Elliot his specific desire and intent

Community Bank pay the funds of the four CD accounts to Ms. Dunlap

upon his death. Ms. Dunlap also alleged Community Bank breached its duty

to aid Mr. Lee and/or negligently misrepresented to him the funds in the

CDs would be paid to Ms. Dunlap upon his death. Furthermore, she asserted

Community Bank’s negligent misrepresentations to Mr. Lee and Ms. Dunlap

5
The record provides two different spellings of the representative’s last name
(Elliott and Elliot). This opinion will refer to the representative as Ms. Elliot.
2

breached the duty owed to both as the CDs will now be included in at least

one succession, rather than Ms. Dunlap being the sole owner/beneficiary of

the CDs.

In response to the original petition and the amended petition,

Community Bank filed a peremptory exception of no cause of action. After a

hearing held on May 4, 2023, the trial court ruled in favor of Community

Bank by sustaining the exception of no cause of action. Pursuant to the

judgment, Ms. Dunlap filed a second supplemental and restated petition.6

Again, Community Bank filed an exception of no cause of action.

Following a hearing, the trial court sustained the exception and dismissed

Ms. Dunlap’s lawsuit with prejudice.

Ms. Dunlap appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The appellate court standard of review of a judgment sustaining an

exception of no cause of action is de novo. Fluid Disposal Specialties, Inc. v.

UniFirst Corp., 53,014 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/25/19), 316 So. 3d 1222, aff’d on

reh’g, 53,014 (La. App. 2 Cir. 6/3/20), 316 So. 3d 1252. The peremptory

6
Ms. Dunlap stated Ms. Elliot provided account agreements for Mr. Lee and Ms.
Dunlap to execute, adding Ms. Dunlap as an additional “account owner” of the two
checking accounts. Therefore, Ms. Dunlap became a “customer” of Community Bank,
and the funds were now owned by Ms. Dunlap. After Mr. Lee passed away, Ms. Dunlap
went to Community Bank where Ms. Elliot filed out deposit slip forms for Ms. Dunlap,
and the funds from the checking accounts were transferred to Ms. Dunlap as Mr. Lee
intended. Additionally, Ms. Elliot verbally confirmed to Ms. Dunlap Mr. Lee wanted Ms.
Dunlap to have both accounts (referring to the two checking accounts and the four CD
accounts).
Ms. Dunlap further alleged since the incident transpired, Community Bank has
changed its policy regarding the type of account Mr. Lee requested on March 4, 2021.
Specifically, Ms. Elliot informed Ms. Dunlap Community Bank now requires the type of
account requested by Mr. Lee be designated as a “pay on death” account. Ms. Dunlap
claims the balance of all six of the accounts were donated to her and accepted by her in
March of 2021. However, Ms. Dunlap was informed the sums may not have been
properly donated by Mr. Lee in March of 2021. Thus, Community Bank failed to have
Mr. Lee amend the existing account agreements related to the accounts.
3

exception of no cause of action is designed to test the legal sufficiency of a

petition by determining whether a party is afforded a remedy in law based on

the facts alleged in the pleading. Id. All well-pleaded allegations of fact are

accepted as true and correct, and all doubts are resolved in favor of

sufficiency of the petition so as to afford litigants their day in court. Id. The

burden of demonstrating that a petition fails to state a cause of action is upon

the mover. Id. The sufficiency of a petition subject to an exception of no

cause of action is a question of law, and a de novo standard is applied to the

review of legal questions; this court renders a judgment based on the record

without deference to the legal conclusions of the lower courts.

La. C.C.P. art. 931 provides: no evidence may be introduced at any

time to support or controvert the objection that the petition fails to state a

cause of action.

DISCUSSION

Ms. Dunlap contends the trial court erred in failing to recognize this

Court’s ruling in Succession of McKnight, 33,802 (La. App. 2 Cir. 10/4/00),

768 So. 2d 794, writ denied, 00-3072 (La. 2/9/01), 785 So. 2d 822. Ms.

Dunlap argues the facts in her petition are essentially the same facts and

essentially the same setting as McKnight.

In McKnight, a bank customer attempted to make changes to her

existing account before her death to name another party as the beneficiary on

a “pay on death” account under La. R.S. 6:314(A).7 After the death of the

7
La. R.S. 6:314(A) provides: Upon the death of a depositor who has deposited a
sum in any bank account evidencing an intention that upon the death of the depositor, the
funds shall belong to one or more named beneficiaries of the depositor, the bank may pay
the deposit, together with the dividends or interest accruing thereto, to the named
beneficiaries for whom the deposit was made. The depositor shall give to the depository
bank an affidavit in authentic form stating the names of one or more beneficiaries. The
4

bank customer, the beneficiary ultimately filed a lawsuit against the bank,

claiming negligence. Specifically, the plaintiff claimed she incurred

damages because the bank’s negligence in establishing the requested POD

account thwarted her status as beneficiary on the account. This court

recognized and upheld the pleaded cause of action for negligent

misrepresentation, affirming the tort damages against the bank. This Court

stated:

Generally, a bank is not deemed to act as a fiduciary to its
customers or to third parties. However, in some instances a
party’s assumption of a contractual duty may create a corollary
tort duty in favor of a third-party person. Smith v. State Dept. of
Public Safety, 620 So. 2d 1172 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1992). Thus,
once Citizen Bank assumed responsibility to instruct the
decedent concerning the distribution of the account funds after
her death, and in effect agreed to distribute such funds to the
plaintiff, the Bank owed a duty of reasonable care in advising
decedent as to the method for achieving the intended result in
favor of the plaintiff. The trial court was presented with
evidence which supported its determination that the decedent’s
intent was to open a jointly-owned money market account and,
upon her death, to disburse the funds in the account to the
plaintiff. Id. at 798.

According to La. R.S. 6:1124, financial institutions are not fiduciaries

of their bank customers or third parties in the absence of specific, written

agreement by the financial institution to perform in that capacity.

La. C.C. art. 2315 provides: Every act whatever of man that causes

damage to another obliges him by whose fault it happened to repair it. To

prevail on a negligent misrepresentation claim, there must be a legal duty on

the part of the defendant to supply correct information; there must be a

breach of that duty; and the breach must have caused damages to the

plaintiff. Simmons, Morris & Carroll, LLC v. Cap. One, N.A., 49,005 (La.

bank may conclusively rely on this affidavit for the disbursal of funds. Upon receiving a
death certificate, the bank may disburse funds to the named beneficiaries.
5

App. 2 Cir. 6/27/14), 144 So. 3d 1207, writ denied, 14-1900 (La. 11/14/14),

152 So. 3d 886.

In the present case, both Mr. Lee and Ms. Dunlap had an in-person

meeting with Ms. Elliot (Community Bank manager) to make certain

requested changes to Mr. Lee’s accounts. Mr. Lee and Ms. Dunlap then

executed the account agreements provided by the manager. Pursuant to the

agreements, Ms. Dunlap was included as an additional owner of the two

checking accounts. Ms. Dunlap did not allege, and the record does not

establish, Mr. Lee executed any documents which purported to create a POD

concerning the disbursement of the account upon death. These facts differ

from McKnight, where a revised signature card was executed for the account

and the area on the signature card designated “Ownership Desired,” with the

box next to the words “Joint—With Survivorship” were marked.

Furthermore, the record is devoid of an agreement by Community

Bank establishing POD accounts. In McKnight, the bank took steps to

establish a POD account; however, Citizens Bank failed to comply with the

decedent’s instructions.8 Contrarily, in the instant case, Community Bank

possessed no agreement stating “in the event of the death of one tenant, the

balance in the account passes directly to the surviving tenant instead of the

estate of the deceased tenant” as stated in McKnight. Herein, the record only

states Ms. Dunlap was added as an additional “account owner” of the two

checking accounts.

8
The plaintiff in McKnight was not within the degree of kinship required by the
statute to create a valid trust. Consequently, the decedent’s transaction with the bank did
not form either a valid donation inter vivos or donation mortis causa because it failed to
meet the statutory requirements. Thus, the funds in the money market account were
declared property of the decedent’s estate.

6

The Louisiana Supreme Court opined “a bank and depositor have a

debtor-creditor relationship with no independent duty of care imposed on the

bank except where a fiduciary relationship is created.” Greene v. Gulf Coast

Bank, 593 So.2d 630, 632 (La. 1992). Essentially, without an express,

written agreement to the contrary, a bank has no duty to protect its customer

“from himself.” Bank One, NA v. Dunn, 40,718 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/12/06),

927 So. 2d 645, 648, writ denied, 06-1121 (La. 9/22/06), 937 So. 2d 385.

Based on the allegations set forth in her petition, Ms. Dunlap is

presumed to own the funds of the two checking accounts, pursuant to La.

R.S. 6:317;9 and Ms. Dunlap released Community Bank when she received

funds from the checking accounts according to La. R.S.6:312(A).10 Although

Ms. Dunlap believes her father attempted to donate the funds in the checking

accounts to her, as a joint account holder, she had the power to withdraw the

funds any time she wished. Community Bank owes no duty to Ms. Dunlap

to protect her from herself.11

9
Pursuant to La. R.S. 6:317, a bank may conclusively rely on any application,
agreement, or signature card used to establish a deposit account as establishing ownership
of any and all funds and other credits deposited therein, and may consider and treat any
and all funds on deposit in such an account as belonging to and the sole and exclusive
property of the depositor or depositors name on the account application, agreement or
signature card, unless otherwise notified or directed by such depositor or depositors.
10
Pursuant to La. R.S. 6:312(A), When a deposit is made in any bank under the
names of two or more persons payable to any one of such depositors, that deposit or any
part of it or any interest or dividend on it may be paid to any one of such depositors,
whether the other depositor or depositors be living or not, and the receipt or acquittance
of the person paid is a full release and discharge of the bank as to any heir, legatee,
creditor, or other person having rights or claims to funds of such deceased depositor for
any payment made; nor shall any bank paying any such depositor in accordance with the
provisions of this Section thereby be liable for any estate, inheritance, or succession taxes
that may be due this state.
11
Even if Ms. Elliot created POD accounts for the two checking accounts; Ms.
Dunlap will have to account for those funds according to La. R.S. 6:312(A) and La. R.S.
6:314(A) as seen in the intervention in this case.

7

As to the CDs, Mr. Lee was the sole owner of those accounts and the

record does not provide any notarized language within the formality

requirement for donation mortis causa.12 Therefore, we find Ms. Dunlap’s

petition fails to state a valid cause of action.

Based on our review of the record under the current circumstances,

even if the allegations set forth in plaintiff’s petition are true, we find a

verbal agreement to create POD accounts is not enforceable. Believing no

enforceable agreement existed regarding the accounts from Community

Bank to Ms. Dunlap, we hold the trial court did not err sustaining the

exception of no cause of action.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed. Costs

of this appeal are assessed to plaintiff, Pamela Dunlap.

AFFIRMED.

12
A donation mortis causa is an act to take effect at the death of the donor by
which he disposes of the whole or a part of his property. La. C.C. art. 1469. A disposition
mortis causa may be made only in one of the two forms of testaments authorized by law,
olographic and notarial. La. C.C. arts. 1570 and 1574. The formalities for the execution
of a testament must be observed or the testament is absolutely null. La. C.C. art. 1573.
8