Howard McCormick, Indiv. v. Allstate Ins. Co. and Amy Romero

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

03-1557

HOWARD MCCORMICK, ET AL.

VERSUS

ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY AND AMY ROMERO

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
PINEVILLE CITY COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 2-0210
HONORABLE PHILLIP TERRELL, JR., CITY COURT JUDGE

**********

MARC T. AMY
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Jimmie C. Peters, Marc T. Amy, and Elizabeth A. Pickett, Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Michael T. Johnson
Johnson & Siebeneicher, Inc.
Post Office Box 648
Alexandria, LA 71309
(318) 484-3911
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Allstate Insurance Company
Amy Romero

Richard A. Rozanski
Wheelis & Rozanski
Post Office Box 13199
Alexandria, LA 71315-3199
(318) 445-5600
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Allstate Insurance Company

Kenneth A. Doggett
Post Office Box 13498
Alexandria, LA 71315-3498
(318) 487-4251
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES:
Howard McCormick
Jennifer McCormick

AMY, Judge.

The instant appeal arose from an automobile accident that occurred in a parking

lot. The plaintiffs, claiming that they were injured as a result of the collision, filed suit

against the driver of the automobile that struck them and against her insurer, seeking

medical expenses and property and general damages. The defendants answered,

arguing that the plaintiffs were partially at fault in the accident. After a bench trial,

the trial judge determined that the defendant driver was solely responsible for the

accident and awarded the plaintiffs medical expenses and property and general

damages, accordingly. From this judgment, the defendants appealed suspensively.

For the following reasons, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

The accident from which the instant matter arose occurred between six o’clock

and six-thirty on the evening of November 16, 2001, in Pineville, Louisiana.

According to the record, after finishing dinner at Ryan’s, fifteen-year-old Jennifer

McCormick and her father, Howard, walked to their car, which was in a parking lot

shared between the restaurant and the nearby Wal-Mart. The record further indicates

that Amy Romero and her then-boyfriend, Donald Johnson, had finished eating at

Ryan’s at approximately the same time as the McCormicks. The record reflects that

as she was exiting the parking lot, and as the McCormicks were pulling out of their

parking space, Ms. Romero hit the McCormicks’ vehicle, damaging the right fender.

The collision also damaged the left front portion of Ms. Romero’s vehicle. The events

leading up to the accident formed the center of the controversy at trial and remain in

dispute on appeal.

Howard McCormick testified at trial that after he and his daughter finished

eating at Ryan’s, they decided to get gasoline at the nearby Wal-Mart. He noted that

his daughter had received a learner’s permit shortly before the date of the accident,

and she had asked to drive to the gas station. According to his recollection, after his

daughter had pulled out of the parking space by five or six feet, Mr. McCormick saw

that the defendant, Amy Romero, was driving towards them at a “fairly fast” rate of

speed, talking on her cellphone. Mr. McCormick stated that his daughter stopped the

car when she saw Ms. Romero coming.

On cross-examination, counsel for the defendants used Mr. McCormick’s

deposition, in which he stated that he and his daughter had not moved from their

parking space when Ms. Romero hit them, to impeach his trial testimony. In response,

Mr. McCormick maintained that as of trial, he recalled that they had moved five or six

feet out of the parking space when the collision occurred. Defense counsel further

pointed out that in Mr. McCormick’s deposition, he said that he did not see Ms.

Romero’s car until immediately before the accident; at trial, however, he said that he

saw her car from between thirty to fifty feet away. Mr. McCormick explained that he

is not a good judge of distances in terms of feet and that the inconsistencies in his

testimony could be a result of his age.

Miss McCormick likewise testified as to her recollection of the accident at trial.

She indicated that although she had not turned on her headlights after starting the car

and moving out of the parking space, the parking-lot lights were on, which were “very

bright;” as such, her vision was not impaired. She recalled that after she started the

car and moved approximately one-third out of her parking space, she saw Ms. Romero

coming up the traveling lane, and she stopped to let her pass, explaining that she did

not have time to back up. She posited that Ms. Romero could have maneuvered

around her using the empty parking spaces across from the McCormicks’ vehicle. Ms.

2

McCormick also testified that Ms. Romero was talking on the cellphone while driving

and was looking down towards the floor of her vehicle.

On cross-examination, Miss McCormick indicated that although a truck was

parked to her right, the direction from which Ms. Romero approached, the truck had

not kept her from seeing Ms. Romero. Miss McCormick indicated that she pulled up

past the truck in order to see around it, but she stopped to let Ms. Romero pass

because Ms. Romero had the right-of-way. Miss McCormick indicated that the

collision did not happen immediately thereafter; instead, there was a delay of “a

couple seconds.”

Ms. Romero testified that she was driving down the traveling lane of the

parking lot when the McCormicks pulled out of a space before she could go around

them. She testified that she had her headlights on.

Ms. Romero’s ex-boyfriend stated at trial that he was a passenger in Ms.

Romero’s car when the accident occurred, at which time she was talking on her

cellphone. Ms. Romero later denied this statement in her testimony, claiming that her

ex-boyfriend was on her cellphone at the time of the accident because his mother had

called about a medical emergency in the family. Ms. Romero indicated that she and

her boyfriend broke up sometime after the accident and that she has a restraining order

against him.

Mr. McCormick filed suit against Amy Romero and her insurer, Allstate,

individually and on behalf of Jennifer, his minor daughter, on April 22, 2002,

asserting damage to his vehicle and seeking medical expenses and general damages.

The matter proceeded to trial on May 28, 2003. The trial judge issued written reasons

for judgment on July 18, 2003, finding that Ms. Romero was solely at fault in the

accident. The trial judge further awarded Jennifer and Howard McCormick medical

3

expenses in the amounts of $1041 and $1356, respectively, and general damages in

the amounts of $12,000 and $9,000, respectively. In addition, Howard McCormick

was awarded $2,445.39 in property damages.

Allstate and Amy Romero perfected a suspensive appeal. They now assert the

following assignments of error:

1. The trial court erred in finding Allstate’s insured, Amy Romero, one-
hundred percent at fault for the accident, and

2. The trial court erred in assessing general damages in the amounts of
$9,000.00 and $12,000.00 for Howard McCormick and Jennifer
McCormick, respectively.

Discussion

Louisiana Civil Code Article 23151 provides a basis for recovery by persons

who suffer damages as a result of the acts of another. In the instant appeal, the

defendants wish to revisit the issue of tort liability according to notions of

comparative fault, claiming that the McCormicks were partially to blame for the

accident. Comparative fault is outlined in La.Civ.Code art. 2323 as follows:

A. In any action for damages where a person suffers injury, death,
or loss, the degree or percentage of fault of all persons causing or
contributing to the injury, death, or loss shall be determined, regardless
of whether the person is a party to the action or a nonparty, and
regardless of the person’s insolvency, ability to pay, immunity by statute,
including but not limited to the provisions of R.S. 23:1032, or that the
other person’s identity is not known or reasonably ascertainable. If a
person suffers injury, death, or loss as the result partly of his own
negligence and partly as a result of the fault of another person or persons,
the amount of damages recoverable shall be reduced in proportion to the

1
Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315 provides as follows:
A. Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges him by
whose fault it happened to repair it.
B. Damages may include loss of consortium, service, and society, and shall
be recoverable by the same respective categories of persons who would have had a
cause of action for wrongful death of an injured person. Damages do not include
costs for future medical treatment, services, surveillance, or procedures of any kind
unless such treatment, services, surveillance, or procedures are directly related to a
manifest physical or mental injury or disease. Damages shall include any sales taxes
paid by the owner on the repair or replacement of the property damaged.

4

degree or percentage of negligence attributable to the person suffering
the injury, death, or loss.
B. The provisions of Paragraph A shall apply to any claim for
recovery of damages for injury, death, or loss asserted under any law or
legal doctrine or theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability.
C. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraphs A and B, if a
person suffers injury, death, or loss as a result partly of his own
negligence and partly as a result of the fault of an intentional tortfeasor,
his claim for recovery of damages shall not be reduced.

In the leading case of Watson v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Insurance Co., 469

So.2d 967, 974 (La.1985), the Louisiana Supreme Court provided the following five

factors for trial courts’ consideration in allocating percentages of fault among parties

to a suit:

1) whether the conduct resulted from inadvertence or involves an
awareness of danger; 2) how great a risk was created by the conduct; 3)
the significance of what was sought by the conduct; 4) the capacities of
the actor, whether superior or inferior; and, 5) any extenuating
circumstances which might require the actor to proceed in haste without
proper thought.

On appeal, the trial court’s apportionment of fault is reviewed pursuant to the

manifest-error/clearly-wrong standard. Cleland v. City of Lake Charles, 02-805

(La.App. 3 Cir. 3/5/03), 840 So.2d 686, writ denied, 03-1380, 03-1385 (La. 9/19/03),

853 So.2d 644, 645.

As noted above, the McCormicks testified at trial that Amy Romero was talking

on a cellphone and was not looking down the traveling lane of the parking lot just

before she collided with their stopped vehicle. Miss McCormick stated that she had

not entirely pulled out of their parking space before stopping the vehicle; instead, she

pulled out enough to see around a truck that was parked nearby. In addition, Miss

McCormick testified that Ms. Romero could have avoided their vehicle by going

around it, as the parking spaces across from them were unoccupied. Ms. Romero,

5

however, claimed that she did not have enough time to avoid hitting the McCormicks’

car.

In Louisiana Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Regal Insurance Co., 01-

1446, p. 2 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/6/02), 809 So.2d 1280, 1282, a panel of this court

described the deference owed to the credibility determinations and findings of fact

made by trial courts, within the context of allocation of fault, as follows:

Even though an appellate court may feel its own evaluations and
inferences are more reasonable than those of the fact-finder, reasonable
evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact should not be
disturbed upon review where conflict exists in the testimony. Rosell v.
ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989); Arceneaux v. Domingue, 365 So.2d
1330 (La.1978). An appellate court should not substitute its opinion for
the conclusions made by the trial court, which is in a unique position to
see and hear the witnesses as they testify. In re A.J.F. Applying for
Private Adoption, 00-0948 (La.6/30/00), 764 So.2d 47. The trier of fact
is not disadvantaged by the review of a cold record and is in a superior
position to observe the nuances of demeanor evidence not revealed in a
record. Leal [v. Dubois, 00-1285 (La. 10/13/00)], 769 So.2d 1182;
Adkins v. Huckabay, 99-3605 (La.2/25/00); 755 So.2d 206.

When we review the trial court’s findings of fact pursuant to the standard of review

set forth in Cleland, above, and with deference to its credibility determinations

pursuant to Louisiana Farm Bureau, we find that the trial court was neither manifestly

erroneous nor clearly wrong in finding Ms. Romero to be solely at fault in the accident

at issue. The trial judge determined that the McCormicks’ explanation of the accident

was more credible than was Ms. Romero’s and that Ms. Romero was solely

responsible. The record supports such a conclusion. This assignment is without

merit.

6

General Damages

In reviewing an award for general damages, an appellate court must determine

whether the factfinder abused its discretion. Lavergne v. America’s Pizza Company,

LLC, 02-889 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/5/03), 838 So.2d 845. Whether an award is adequate

or inadequate “should be determined by the facts or circumstances particular to the

case under consideration.” Id. at 849 (quoting Youn v. Maritime Overseas Corp., 623

So.2d 1257, 1260 (La.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1114, 114 S.Ct. 1059 (1994).) An

appellate court should raise or lower an award that it has determined to be clearly

erroneous to the highest or lowest point reasonably within the trial court’s discretion.

Bowie v. Young, 01-175 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/20/02), 813 So.2d 562, writ denied, 02-

1079 (La. 6/21/02), 819 So.2d 335.

Mr. McCormick testified at trial that he had been injured in the accident but that

he had initially attempted to treat his pain with over-the-counter medications, such as

Tylenol. He commented that this was not very effective, so he consulted his family

doctor, who, in turn, instructed him to see a chiropractor. Mr. McCormick explained

that he began seeing Dr. Kelly Faircloth, chiropractor, approximately a month after

the accident. Dr. Faircloth’s deposition, admitted into evidence by the plaintiffs,

indicated that Mr. McCormick complained of lower-back pain that radiated into his

left hip and leg. Her initial diagnosis was traumatic lumbosacral sprain with

associated radiculitis and muscle spasms, complicated by osteoarthritis. She opined

that these injuries were consistent with the accident.

Dr. Faircloth performed intersegmental traction, diathermy, and manipulation

in an effort to allay Mr. McCormick’s pain. According to the record, Mr. McCormick

visited Dr. Faircloth twenty-three times between his initial visit and the end of March

2002, when he was released, at a cost of $1,356. In addition, the record further

7

reflects that Mr. McCormick was ninety-three years old at the time of trial, and, during

his testimony, he noted that his injuries had kept him from gardening, which was one

of his hobbies. In addition to medical expenses, the trial judge awarded Mr.

McCormick general damages of $9,000.00.

Miss McCormick indicated that as a result of the accident, she experienced pain

in her lower back. Like her father, she took over-the-counter pain relievers and found

that they were ineffective. She testified that she, too, began treatment with Dr.

Faircloth in January 2002. The record reflects that she visited Dr. Faircloth seventeen

times before her last treatment in early March 2002. Dr. Faircloth’s deposition

indicated that Miss McCormick complained of lower-back pain and pain in her left

elbow that radiated into her forearm. She was diagnosed with traumatic lumbosacral

sprain with associated muscle spasms, which Dr. Faircloth indicated were injuries

consistent with the accident. Like her father, Miss McCormick received treatments

of intersegmental traction, manipulation, and diathermy, at a total cost of $1,041.

Miss McCormick testified that she was not allowed to participate in physical

education at school but that her hobbies were otherwise unaffected by her injuries.

In addition to medical expenses, the trial judge awarded Miss McCormick general

damages in the amount of $12,000.00.

We find that, based upon the plaintiffs’ testimony and the medical evidence

adduced at trial, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in awarding Howard

McCormick general damages of $9,000.00 and Jennifer McCormick general damages

of $12,000.00. This assignment lacks merit.

8

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the ruling of the trial court is affirmed. All costs of

this proceeding are assigned to the defendants, Amy Romero and Allstate Insurance

Company.

AFFIRMED.

9