John Blalock v. Kenneth W. Lord

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

05-0939

JOHN BLALOCK D/B/A
THE BEST LITTLE DOORHOUSE IN TOWN

VERSUS

KENNETH LORD D/B/A KENNETH LORD
INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION

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APPEAL FROM THE
THIRTY-FIFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT,
PARISH OF GRANT, NO. 10,417,
HONORABLE ALLEN KRAKE, DISTRICT JUDGE

************

JIMMIE C. PETERS
JUDGE

************

Court composed of Jimmie C. Peters, J. David Painter and James T. Genovese,
Judges.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART; AMENDED IN PART;
REVERSED IN PART; AND CASE REMANDED.

Randall B. Keiser
Keiser Law Firm, P.L.C.
3700 Jackson Street, Suite 102
Alexandria, LA 71315-2358
(318) 443-6168
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE:
John Blalock

Lewis O. Lauve, Jr.
Bussey & Lauve, L.L.C.
Post Office Box 307
Alexandria, LA 71309-0307
(318) 449-1937
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Kenneth Lord

PETERS, J.

Kenneth W. Lord d/b/a Kenneth Lord Installation and Construction (hereinafter

“Lord”)1 appeals two separate judgments rendered in a suit filed against him by John

Blalock d/b/a The Best Little Doorhouse in Town (hereinafter “Blalock”). The first

judgment, dated February 28, 2000, denied Lord leave to file a reconventional

demand against Blalock and a third-party demand against Blalock’s brother, Charles

Blalock. The second judgment, dated December 21, 2004, awarded Blalock damages

in contract against Lord in the amount of $55,899.23 with interest and costs. Blalock

has answered the appeal, asserting that the trial court erred in failing to award him

general damages, attorney fees, and treble damages based on an alleged violation of

the provisions of the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act (hereinafter “LUTPA”).

For the following reasons, we amend the December 21, 2004 judgment by

reducing the money judgment awarded to Blalock, and we affirm the trial court’s

denial of Blalock’s demands for additional damages and attorney fees. We further

reverse the February 28, 2000 judgment prohibiting Lord from filing his

reconventional and third-party demands, grant Lord leave to file the demands, and

remand the matter for further proceedings associated with these demands.

DISCUSSION OF THE RECORD

This litigation arises from the interpretation and enforcement of a package of

contracts entered into on January 2, 1989, between Blalock on the one hand, and Lord

and Charles Blalock2 on the other. In 1992, Charles Blalock transferred his interest

1
In all pleadings and in the final judgment rendered in the case, Kenneth Lord is treated as
appearing in two capacities, first as Kenneth Lord, individually, and second as Kenneth Lord d/b/a
Kenneth Lord Installation and Construction. The designation of Lord and his business as two
separate entities was inappropriate. A person doing business under a trade name is the proper
defendant against whom to enforce an obligation created by or arising out of the doing of such
business. La.Code Civ.P. art. 736.
2
The wives of these three parties were also parties to some of the contracts in the package,
but they played no active roles in the dispute and did not testify at the trial. To simplify the

in the contracts to Lord, and, on December 12, 1994, Blalock filed the instant suit,

naming Lord as a defendant.

In the years preceding 1989, Blalock was in the business of selling and

installing doors. He sold the doors and insulation under the business name “The Best

Little Doorhouse in Town” and installed the doors and insulation under the business

name “Professional Installations.” Both businesses operated out of the same physical

location in Alexandria, Louisiana, and Lord and Charles Blalock worked for him on

the Professional Installations side of the business.

The contracts came into existence because Blalock began exploring ways to

remove himself from the labor side of the businesses, with an ultimate goal of

retirement. To this end, he conceived the idea of selling Professional Installations to

Lord and his brother as the first phase of his planned eventual retirement. When Lord

and Charles Blalock agreed with the general concept, Blalock asked his CPA, Bruce

Melder, and his then attorney, Mark Watson, to structure the necessary transactions

to provide him income over a number of years, taking into consideration the

appropriate tax consequences.

To that end, Watson prepared six separate documents for execution by the

parties. These included one document designated as a “Sale and Mortgage,” one

designated as an “Agreement,” two designated as a “Pledge,” one designated as a

“Lease,” and one designated as a “Contract of Employment.” To understand the

issues involved in this litigation, one must be aware of the salient features of these

documents.

Sale and Mortgage

description of the contracts, we refer to the parties as only Blalock, Lord and Charles Blalock.

2

An unsigned copy of this document is attached to Blalock’s petition as an

exhibit.3 The document recites that Blalock sold and conveyed to Lord and his

brother all right, title and interest in Professional Installations. The transfer

specifically included the goodwill of the business and further describes in detail

seventeen movables belonging to Professional Installations, including various

specialized installation tools, four used vehicles, and a trailer. The recited

consideration is $35,000.00 “and other good and valuable consideration.” The

document further states that the buyers paid $30,000.00 of the recited consideration

and provided a $5,000.00 promissory note bearing ten percent per annum interest for

the balance. The promissory note is described as payable in monthly payments over

a period of ten years. Although unsigned, the copy includes signature lines for

Blalock as the “Seller” and Lord and Charles Blalock as the “Buyer.”

Agreement

The copy of this document found in the record was signed by Blalock, Lord,

and Charles Blalock on January 2, 1989. In the text of the Agreement, the three men

declared that on that same date they “executed a cash sale and mortgage conveying

title” from Blalock to Lord and Charles Blalock to all of his “rights, title and interest,

including Good Will, to the name Professional Installations” as well as the same

movable property described in the Sale and Mortgage. The Agreement restates the

consideration as being that described in the Sale and Mortgage and explains that the

“other consideration” referred to in the Sale and Mortgage consists of an agreement

by the purchasers to pledge up to $5,000.00 of their equity in their personal

3
The designation “Sale and Mortgage” as the descriptive title of this instrument was because
a clerk’s form for the document was used to prepare it. No mortgage copy was produced, and there
was no testimony at trial that a mortgage was either executed or contemplated.

3

residences as security for the balance due on the $35,000.00 purchase price and the

following agreement:

So long as JOHN BLALOCK remains living, then on January 1,
1994, JOHN BLALOCK, d/b/a BEST LITTLE DOOR HOUSE, agrees
to convey all the assets (excluding real estate), and liabilities of BEST
LITTLE DOOR HOUSE, including improvements thereon, and cash on
hand, to CHARLES ROY BLALOCK; ELIZABETH ANN BLALOCK;
KENNETH WAYNE LORD; and DEBRA ALFORD LORD, according
to the following terms and prices, contingent upon the borrowers
complete and total repayment of the financed portion of the sale of
PROFESSIONAL INSTALLATIONS and, further, provides that the
lease entered into on even date between purchasers and sellers has, also,
been paid in full. On January 1, 1994, the price for this sale will be
TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND AND NO/100 ($200,000.00)
DOLLARS. Thereafter, the sale price will increase at an annual
percentage rate of 6%, compounded annually.
In the event of JOHN BLALOCK’S death, the parties agree that
borrowers may exercise the option to purchase BEST LITTLE DOOR
HOUSE at any time prior to and including January 1, 1994 at a price of
TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND AND NO/100 ($200,000.00)
DOLLARS. After January 1, 1994, the price will increase at an annual
percentage rate of six percent (6%), compounded annually.

Blalock signed the agreement as “Seller,” and Lord and Charles Blalock each signed

as “Buyer.”

Pledges

The individual Pledges referred to in the Agreement appear in the record and

recite the same terms set forth in the Agreement. That is to say, Lord and Charles

Blalock each pledged $5,000.00 of the equity in their respective homes to secure the

payment of the promissory note mentioned in the Sale and Mortgage and in the

Agreement. Lord and Charles Blalock executed these document on January 2, 1989.

Lease

By the Lease, Blalock leased Lord and his brother one-third of the physical

space comprising the commercial premises occupied by his two businesses. The

Lease has a term of twelve years beginning January 2, 1989; provides for a monthly

4

rent of $750.00 for the first ten years and $625.00 during the last two years; and

includes a default clause which provides that in the event the lessees fail to pay the

rent on time, the lessor could accelerate the remaining installments, terminate the

lease, and collect a twenty-five percent attorney fee based on the amount of unpaid

rent. It also includes a clause which ties it to the Contract of Employment described

hereafter by providing that if the Contract of Employment is cancelled, such action

will automatically “render this Lease invalid.” Blalock signed this lease as “Lessor,”

and Lord and Charles Blalock each signed it as “Lessee.”

Contract of Employment

The Contract of Employment designates Blalock as an employee of

Professional Installations and Lord and Charles Blalock as its new owners. In

describing Blalock’s employment obligations, the contract provides that he would

solicit jobs for Professional Installations, which in turn would serve as the “exclusive

installer of all doors, garage doors, etc.” sold by Blalock through The Best Little

Doorhouse. With regard to compensation, it provides:

Employer agrees to pay Employee, as a fee for rendering such services:
(a) 25% of the gross amount received on all
insulation jobs procured;
(b) 35% of the gross amount received on all other
jobs procured by Employee and accepted by
Employer . . . .

The Contract of Employment further provides that, in the event Blalock began doing

business in any other name, the employment contract would be automatically

reformed to include the new business and that if he stopped doing business or sold

The Best Little Doorhouse, the employment contract would be “null and void.” The

signatures of Blalock, Lord, and Charles Blalock appear at the end of this document.

5

Watson appears as the notary on all of five of the documents that were

admittedly signed on January 2, 1989. Immediately after January 2, 1989, Lord and

Charles Blalock paid a $30,000.00 bank note owed by Blalock,4 took possession of

the leased premises and the equipment described in the Sale and Mortgage and

Agreement, and began doing business side by side with Blalock in his Alexandria

business location. However, despite using The Best Little Doorhouse telephone

number on their business stationary, Lord and Charles Blalock never used the name

“Professional Installations” in their business. Instead, they did business as K & C

Construction until Lord purchased Charles Blalock’s interest in 1992. Thereafter,

Lord operated his business as Kenneth Lord d/b/a Kenneth Lord Installation and

Construction.

Neither Lord nor Charles Blalock exercised the option available to them on

January 1, 1994.5 This litigation arises because, on October 20, 1994, Blalock

unilaterally terminated the entire relationship between himself and Lord by writing

Lord a letter, the text of which is set forth in full as follows:

For the best interest of The Best Little Doorhouse in Town, John W.
Blalock and all concerned parties, your services, contract and agreement,
either implied or not, are hereby terminated as of October 20, 1994.

Your lease on part of the building at 3219 Masonic Drive in Alexandria,
LA, will expire on October 20, 1994. You are hereby instructed to
remove all your personal effects from these premises immediately.

The trade name, Professional Installation [sic], will remain in the
possession of John W. Blalock. Any and all advertising will also remain
in possession of John W. Blalock. The telephone number, (318) 445-
9132, is to be removed, at once, from all stationery, checks, business

4
The parties agreed at trial that the payment of this bank note satisfied the $30,000.00 down
payment of the purchase price as described in the various documents at issue.
5
Blalock does not dispute the fact that, on January 1, 1994, both Lord and his brother had
timely complied with all payment terms owed by them under the package of contracts entered into
on January 2, 1989.

6

cards, handout literature or any other business paraphernalia in your
possession and shall not be used by you in any way, shape or form.

In addition, your balance on the promissory note is $2,649.23. I hereby
demand its balance in full on October 20, 1994. In lieu of this payment
of $2,649.23, the trade of the insulation machine, trailers, hoses in good
workable condition, etc. would be accepted as full payment of said
promissory note.

If, in the future, your services are required, they will be procured on a
job-by-job basis.

On the date that this letter was written, Lord was still current on the payments on the

promissory note as well as the rent due under the Lease.

Upon receipt of the letter, Lord immediately vacated the leased premises, and,

by correspondence dated October 21, 1994, Blalock’s attorney advised Lord that

Blalock would refund him $250.00, being the balance of the October rent which Lord

had timely paid on the first of the month. The letter also acknowledged that Blalock

owed Lord $2,798.08 under the terms of the Contract of Employment6 and, at the

same time, made formal demand on Lord for unspecified amounts allegedly due

Blalock under the Contract of Employment for payments received by Lord on jobs

procured by Blalock from the inception of the agreement through its termination. It

further acknowledged that Blalock would not resume use of the Professional

Installations name “from this date forward”7 and that “the promissory note is not due

and exigible at this time and [he] is content to accept monthly payments according to

the terms of the note and pledge agreement.” Thereafter, Lord ceased making any

payments to Blalock, either under the Lease or pursuant to the promissory note.

6
Under their arrangement, Blalock collected payment for the total price of the jobs he
procured and Lord installed. He then retained what was due him and sent Lord the balance. As of
October 20, 1994, Blalock held $2,798.08 that belonged to Lord.
7
This letter seemingly reversed Blalock’s position he had taken the day before. On October
20, Blalock had declared that the trade name, Professional Installations, would “remain” in his
possession.

7

Blalock filed suit against Lord on December 12, 1994, seeking to recover the

balance due on the $5,000.00 promissory note, the accelerated balance due under the

Lease, and sums due under the Contract of Employment,8 as well as general and

special damages, penalties and attorney fees under LUTPA. On June 15, 2004, or

over nine years after suit was filed and over fifteen years after confection of the

contracts at issue, this matter went to trial.

At trial, Blalock testified that he took action to dissolve the business

relationship because that relationship had begun to deteriorate soon after Lord

purchased Charles Blalock’s interest in 1992 and became unacceptable when Lord

advised him that he was not going to exercise the option to purchase The Best Little

Doorhouse because he construed that portion of the package of contracts as an

agreement to purchase, not an option to purchase. Blalock testified that he became

more dissatisfied when he learned that Lord was installing doors sold by others, an

action he believed to be contrary to the implied understanding of the parties despite

the fact that nothing in any of the contracts prohibited Lord from installing doors sold

by others.

Blalock maintained in his testimony that the sale price of Professional

Installations was $140,000.00, not $35,000.00 as recited in the Sale and Mortgage.

He explained that the $105,000.00 difference between the two amounts was the

amount he expected to receive from the rental of the business premises over the

twelve-year period. Blalock testified that he was paid $30,000.00 initially, that he has

received $2,350.77 in principal payments on the $5,000.00 note and $51,750.00 in

rent payments through October 20, 1994, for a total of $84,100.77. Thus, according

8
At trial, Blalock offered no evidence to substantiate the claim for compensation under the
Contract of Employment and has apparently abandoned that claim on appeal.

8

to his calculations, Lord owed him the principal balance of the promissory note, or

$2,649.23, and the balance of the rent for the twelve-year lease, or $53,250.00, for a

total of $55,899.23. Additionally, Blalock asserted that Lord’s actions violated

LUTPA and that he was entitled to general damages, treble damages in the amount

of $167,697.69 (three times $55,899.23), and attorney fees of $41,924.42 (twenty-five

percent of $167,697.69). The demand for LUTPA treble damages and attorney fees

was based on the argument that Lord did “‘off the book’ jobs in derogation of the

arrangement expressed in the documents” and that he used The Best Little

Doorhouse’s phone number (which was also the phone number for Professional

Installations) in the conduct of his “off the book” or competing business.

Lord disagreed with Blalock’s interpretation of the effect of the package of

contracts and suggested that the documents should be interpreted as written.

According to Lord, the Sale and Mortgage together with the Pledges represented the

sale of Professional Installations and the other documents were merely additional

contracts relating to the business relationship. By those two documents, according

to Lord, he purchased the name, movable assets, and goodwill of Professional

Installations, and nothing else. However, because he did not consider there to be any

goodwill in Professional Installations, he chose not to do business in that name.

Lord further acknowledged that the remaining documents were designed to

provide Blalock with a steady flow of income while, at the same time, providing Lord

with a workplace and a steady flow of installation business generated by Blalock. He

rejected Blalock’s assertion that there was any implied contract prohibiting him from

installing doors other than those sold by The Best Little Doorhouse. The provision

9

in the Lease requiring termination if the Contract of Employment was terminated,

according to Lord, was placed in the document for his protection.

The testimonial contribution of the remaining witnesses concerning the actual

sale price was ambivalent. Charles Blalock testified by deposition, and his memory

of the entire matter was less than sharp.

Melder testified that, as Blalock’s certified public accountant, he structured the

overall transaction such that Blalock would receive an income over a period of twelve

years and suggested that the Lease doubled as a lease and also as part of the payoff

of the purchase price. He acknowledged that Blalock paid no taxes on the $35,000.00

sale price because that amount represented the exact net book value of the equipment

belonging to Professional Installations. He further acknowledged that, at the time of

the transfer, Professional Installations was not making any money. The rent,

according to Melder, was “what bridged the gap” and represented the value of the use

of the building and the right to be Blalock’s exclusive installer.

Watson testified that he prepared the documents on the concepts generated by

Melder and described the package of transactions as “a sale disguised as a lease.” He

suggested that Blalock never intended to lease space to Lord for him to use to

compete with The Best Little Doorhouse. However, he acknowledged that the

specific issue was not addressed by the package of contracts.

TRIAL COURT’S REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

In reasons for judgment, the trial court found it to be “undisputed that the

parties enjoyed some type of business relationship until [Blalock] unilaterally

terminated any and all such relationships by the letter drawn by his hand on October

20, 1994.” The trial court saw the issue as being “whether the four documents . . .

10

signed on January 2, 1989 . . . were actually all structured as a ‘real’ sale or as a

lease.” (Emphasis added.) In addressing that issue, the trial court concluded “that the

intent of all parties involved in the drafting and signing of the four original

documents of January 2, 1989 as well as all future impressions and understanding

thereto by the parties was to duly SALE [sic] Professional Installations.” Having

reached that conclusion, the trial court awarded Blalock judgment against Lord in the

amount of $55,899.23 as the unpaid portion of the purchase price. However, the trial

court rejected Blalock’s claim for general damages, LUTPA damages, and attorney

fees.

ISSUES ON APPEAL

On appeal, Lord assigned several errors, including the trial court’s refusal to

allow him to file a reconventional demand against Blalock and a third-party demand

against Charles Blalock. Lord’s remaining assignments of error as well as Blalock’s

assignments of error found in his answer to the appeal relate to the judgment on the

merits.

We find that the merit assignments raised by Lord pose the following

questions:

(1) Did the parties execute the Sale and Mortgage?

(2) What was the sale price of Professional Installations?

(3) When did the sale take effect?

The merits issues raised by Blalock in his answer to the appeal likewise pose

three questions:

(1) Is Blalock entitled to attorney fees?

(2) Is Blalock entitled to general damages?

11

(3) Is Blalock entitled to LUTPA damages?

OPINION

ON THE MERITS

The standard of review governing our consideration of issues of fact is well

settled. An appellate court may not set aside a trial court’s finding of fact in the

absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d

840 (La.1989). In order to reverse a fact finder’s determination of fact, an appellate

court must review the record in its entirety and meet the following two-part test: (1)

find that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the finding and (2) further

determine that the record establishes that the fact finder is clearly wrong or manifestly

erroneous. Stobart v. State, Through Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 617 So.2d 880

(La.1993). On review, an appellate court must be cautious not to reweigh the

evidence or to substitute its own factual findings just because it would have decided

the case differently. Ambrose v. New Orleans Police Dep’t Ambulance Serv.,

93-3099, 93-3110, 93-3112 (La. 7/5/94), 639 So.2d 216. However, the supreme court

clarified in Ambrose that its purpose in Stobart was not “to mandate that the trial

court’s factual determinations cannot ever, or hardly ever, be upset.” Id. at 221.

Recognizing that great deference should be accorded to the fact finder, the court of

appeal and the supreme court nonetheless have a constitutional duty to review facts.

Id. “To perform its constitutional duty properly, an appellate court must determine

whether the district court’s conclusions were clearly wrong based on the evidence or

are clearly without evidentiary support.” Hornsby v. Bayou Jack Logging, 04-1297,

p. 8 (La. 5/6/05), 902 So.2d 361, 367. “Where documents or objective evidence so

contradict the witness’s story, or the story itself is so internally inconsistent or

12

implausible on its face, that a reasonable fact finder would not credit the witness’s

story, the court of appeal may well find manifest error or clear wrongness even in a

finding purportedly based upon a credibility determination.” Rosell, 549 So.2d at

844-45.

ISSUES RAISED BY LORD

(1) Did the parties execute the Sale and Mortgage?

In its reasons for judgment, the trial court did not consider the Sale and

Mortgage. Thus, the trial court obviously concluded that it had not been signed and

therefore was not a part of the package of contracts entered into on January 2, 1989.

We find that the trial court erred in reaching this conclusion.

The record establishes that, although Blalock testified at trial that he did not

recall signing it, it was he who attached a copy of the Sale and Mortgage to his

original petition with the other documents. Additionally, he had testified in a

deposition taken four years before trial that it had been executed. Lord testified that

all of the parties did sign it, while Charles Blalock simply could not remember.

Despite this conflicting testimony, the Agreement, which was unquestionably

executed by all the parties, was an affirmation of the Sale and Mortgage. It stated

that “[o]n this date [Blalock, Lord, and Charles Blalock] have executed a cash sale

and mortgage conveying title.” Furthermore, it repeated the significant language of

the Sale and Mortgage, including the consideration of the sale and a full itemized

description of the things sold. Affirmation of the sale in the Agreement leaves no

doubt that there was in fact a contract executed according to the terms and conditions

as recited in the Sale and Mortgage. Thus, the documents, objective evidence, and

other testimony so contradict Blalock’s testimony that it cannot be credited. See id.

13

(2) What was the sale price of Professional Installations?

We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the documents executed on

January 2, 1989, were a package. However, the trial court erred when it concluded

that it was only a package sale, as the documents envisioned both a sale and other

consequences.

On appeal, Blalock argues that it was the understanding of all parties involved

that the payments and obligations under the documents were made in exchange for

the sale of Professional Installations. However, this argument ignores the effect of

the Sale and Mortgage as well as the Contract of Employment.9 Having concluded

that the Sale and Mortgage was in fact a part of that package, we must reevaluate the

package of contracts and determine the impact that the document has on the

interpretation of the package.

Contracts have the force of law between the parties, and the courts are bound

to interpret them according to the common intent of the parties. La.Civ.Code arts.

1983 and 2045. If the words of the contract are clear, unambiguous, and lead to no

absurd consequences, the court need not look beyond the contract language to

determine the true intent of the parties. La.Civ.Code art. 2046. In Armand v. Belt,

01-0051, pp. 2-3 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/16/01), 799 So.2d 507, 508, writ denied, 01-1764

(La. 10/5/01), 798 So.2d 970, we stated that contractual relations between parties

must be evaluated by applying the interpretive rules of contracts as found in the

Louisiana Civil Code and further stated:

The interpretative purpose is to determine the common intent of the
parties. La.Civ.Code art. 2045. In attempting to determine that common
intent, we may not seek a different interpretation “[w]hen the words of

9
Blalock’s brief does not discuss how the payments and obligations under the Contract of
Employment figured into the “exchange for the Sale.”

14

a contract are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences.”
La.Civ.Code art. 2046. Words within a contract “must be given their
generally prevailing meaning.” La.Civ.Code art. 2047. However, if
words of a contract are susceptible of different meanings, we must
interpret them in the manner that “best conforms to the object of the
contract.” La.Civ.Code art. 2048. A single provision of [a] contract
“must be interpreted in light of the other provisions so that each is given
the meaning suggested by the contract as a whole.” La.Civ.Code art.
2050. We are required to interpret a doubtful provision “in light of the
nature of the contract, equity, usages, the conduct of the parties before
and after the formation of the contract, and of other contracts of a like
nature between the same parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2053. Additionally,
where the doubt created by a contract provision cannot be removed, we
must interpret that provision against the party who furnished it.
La.Civ.Code art. 2056.

An appellate court’s review of questions of law is simply to determine whether

the trial court was legally correct or legally incorrect in its determination. Citgo

Petroleum Corp. v. Frantz, 03-0088 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/4/03), 847 So.2d 734, writ

denied, 03-1911 (La. 10/31/03), 857 So.2d 484. The question of ambiguity in a

contract is a matter of law, and the correct standard for review is that which is

appropriate for review of legal error. Morin v. Foret, 98-0120 (La.App. 3 Cir.

4/14/99), 736 So.2d 279, writ denied, 99-2022 (La. 10/29/99), 748 So.2d 1165.

Applying these rules of interpretation to the package of contracts at issue, we

first note that the Sale and Mortgage states that Lord and Charles Blalock purchased

the business enterprise owned by Blalock and operated by him as Professional

Installations. Specifically, they purchased the name and goodwill of that business

enterprise as well as certain movables belonging to Blalock and used by him in that

business. It further describes the sale price as $35,000.00 “and other good and

valuable consideration.” The contemporaneously executed Agreement recites that the

other good and valuable consideration referred to in the Sale and Mortgage consisted

of only two things, the Pledges and the option to purchase The Best Little Doorhouse.

15

The remaining documents comprising the package of contracts make no mention of

any other consideration associated with the transfer of ownership. Thus, the language

of the package of contracts clearly and unambiguously establishes the purchase price

of Professional Installations as $35,000.00. This purchase price was a reasonable

price given the testimony of Melder concerning the net book value of Professional

Installations’ movable property and its financial difficulties at the time and

considering Lord’s testimony that the goodwill of Professional Installations had no

real value. Thus, this interpretation of the package of contracts leads to no absurd

conclusions.

The remaining documents were equally clear and unambiguous in their intent.

The two Pledges satisfied a portion of the “other good and valuable consideration”

requirement of the Sale and Mortgage as elaborated on in the Agreement by providing

security for the unpaid amount of the purchase price. The Lease provided Lord and

Charles Blalock with work space in which to operate their newly acquired business,

and the Contract of Employment gave Blalock a percentage of the revenue Lord and

Charles Blalock earned by installing doors, insulation, or other things sold by Blalock

through his remaining business, The Best Little Doorhouse.

Nevertheless, Blalock contended that the Lease was a disguised part of the sale

and that it represented an additional $105,000.00 of the sale price. In other words,

Blalock contended that the Lease was a simulation.

“A contract is a simulation when, by mutual agreement, it does not express the

true intent of the parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2025. There are two types of

simulations: absolute and relative. In an absolute simulation, which is sometimes

called a pure simulation or non-transfer, the parties do not intend that their contract

16

will have an effect between them. La.Civ.Code art. 2026. When the parties intend

their contract to produce effects between them that are different from those recited in

their contract, it is a relative simulation. La.Civ.Code art. 2027. “A relative

simulation produces between the parties the effects they intended if all requirements

for those effects have been met.” La.Civ.Code art. 2027.

While not specifically calling it such, it appears that the trial court found that

the Lease was a relative simulation as it concluded that the effect the parties intended

differed from that recited in the instrument. That is to say, the effect was not the lease

of the building space but an additional part of the sale of Professional Installations.

We say that it appears that the trial court reached this conclusion because there exists

no other explanation for allowing the Lease to be unilaterally cancelled by Blalock

while at the same time requiring Lord to continue to make the monthly payments for

the next seven years.

Generally, “[t]estimonal or other evidence may not be admitted to negate or

vary the contents of an authentic act or an act under private signature.” La.Civ.Code

art. 1848. However, such evidence may be admitted to prove that such an act is a

simulation. Id. Thus, the trial court properly admitted parol evidence and considered

it for that purpose. The issue of whether an act is simulated is an issue of fact.

Ridgedell v. Succession of Kuyrkendall, 98-1224 (La.App. 1 Cir. 5/19/99), 740 So.2d

173. Because a resolution of the simulation dispute depended on factual findings, the

standard of our review of this issue is that of manifest error. Pelican Outdoor Adver.,

Inc. v. Eugene, 01-94 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/24/01), 786 So.2d 184, writ denied, 01-1518

(La. 8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1214.

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Everyone involved in planning, preparing, and implementing the package of

contracts at issue understood that Blalock’s ultimate plan was to retire. Of the five

witnesses who testified concerning the Lease, Watson testified that he prepared the

document on the concepts generated by Melder. Charles Blalock made no comment

with regard to his intent, and Melder testified that it was intended to be both a lease

and sale. Thus, the testimonial evidence regarding this issue came down to

essentially that of the parties, Blalock and Lord. Blalock said it was a simulation, and

Lord said it was not.

The testimony on the issue does not stand alone in the record, and we find that

the other documentary evidence contradicts Blalock’s testimony and establishes that

the Lease was not a disguised sale but rather it was exactly what its title indicated—a

lease.

“A lease is a synallagmatic contract by which one party, the lessor, binds

himself to give to the other party, the lessee, the use and enjoyment of a thing for a

term in exchange for a rent that the lessee binds himself to pay.” La.Civ.Code art.

2668. A sale is a contract whereby a person transfers ownership of a thing to another

in return for a price in money. La.Civ.Code art. 2439. “The thing, the price, and the

consent of the parties are requirements for the perfection of a sale.” Id. As

previously stated, the package of contracts does establish that Blalock sold

Professional Installations to Lord and Charles Blalock. The same package of

contracts establishes that Blalock leased one-third of the commercial premises in

Alexandria. Based on the clear and unambiguous language of the package of

contracts, the thing he sold was not the same as the thing leased.

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When the trial court allowed Blalock to cancel the Lease and at the same time

recover the full future balance owed under the Lease as a disguised purchase price,

it was tantamount to a finding that Lord’s occupancy of the Alexandria premises for

over five years was a gratuity. Such a finding was inconsistent with the objective

facts. Not only did the parties effectively treat the Lease as a lease of the premises

for over five years, but also after Blalock wrote Lord the October 20, 1994 letter

ordering him to vacate the premises, he continued to treat it as a lease because the

next day his attorney wrote Lord and informed him that Blalock had agreed to refund

the unearned part of the October rent which Lord had paid at the first of the month.

This very act was inconsistent with Blalock’s trial testimony and present argument

that the transaction was a sale disguised as a lease.

Furthermore, Melder testified that the Lease “doubled” as a lease and as a sale.

This was an apt layman’s description because it was wholly a lease, and at the same

time it provided Blalock with what Melder testified was a “bridge[]” over the “gap”

that was desirable as income for the years following a reduction of his work

responsibilities.

Finally, and even assuming the Lease language to be ambiguous (and we do not

construe it as such), it must be kept in mind that Blalock furnished the text. By

substituting its own definitions for the essential provisions of the contracts between

the parties, the court violated the contrary instructions of La.Civ.Code art. 2056 to

construe doubt against the party who furnished the text. See Terra Cotta’s Cafe, LLC

v. Poole, 05-191 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/1/05), 904 So.2d 918.

Simply stated, this lease was not a simulation. It was meant to produce effects,

and it expressed the true intent of the parties. Louisiana Civil Code Article 2025

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requires a “mutual agreement” of the parties to the contract to create a simulation, and

Blalock failed to prove such an agreement and, in doing so, failed to establish that the

purchase price of Professional Installations was anything more than the $35,000.00

stated in the Sale and Mortgage and Agreement. Therefore, the trial court erred in

concluding that the Lease payments were part of the purchase price.

The trial court correctly found, however, that Lord owed the balance of the

price, as he did not pay the installments on the note after October 1, 1994. The trial

court correctly found that the date of maturity was accelerated and the principal

balance, $2,649.23, became due.

(3) When did the sale take effect?

The trial court found that the parties intended that the name and property of

Professional Installations would be conveyed to Lord after the terms of the sale were

fulfilled, i.e., after the purchase price had been fully paid. In other words, the trial

court concluded that the package of contracts effected a conditional sale. This

conclusion is error as a matter of law.

In Louisiana, “[o]wnership is transferred between the parties as soon as there

is agreement on the thing and the price is fixed, even though the thing sold is not yet

delivered nor the price paid.” La.Civ.Code art. 2456. Once the parties have agreed

on the thing and the price, the sale is complete. Hewitt v. Safeway Ins. Co. of La., 01-

0115 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/6/01), 787 So.2d 1182. Because Louisiana does not

recognize the common law conditional sales contract for movable property, the

parties cannot validly agree that the seller will retain title to the object until payment

of the purchase price. Id.; see also Montz v. Theard, 01-0768 (La.App. 1 Cir.

2/27/02), 818 So.2d 181. The same would hold true even if the Lease had been a

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disguised sale. See Howard Trucking Co. v. Stassi, 485 So.2d 915 (La.), cert.

denied, 479 U.S. 948, 107 S.Ct. 432 (1986), a case in which the court found that a

series of documents styled as leases of vehicles and oilfield equipment was actually

a prohibited conditional sales agreement with the result that the leases amounted to

a sale and title passed at the time of the sale. Thus, we find that the sale was effective

January 2, 1989, and title to the property sold passed on that date.

ISSUES RAISED BY BLALOCK

The trial court rejected Blalock’s demands for damages in tort as well as

damages and attorney fees under LUTPA. In doing so, the trial court concluded that

the damages were both “unsubstantiated” and “mainly attributable” to Blalock’s

unilateral termination of the “working relationship” between himself and Lord.

(1) Is Blalock entitled to attorney fees?

Blalock complains on appeal that the trial court erred in not awarding him

$13,312.50 as attorney fees on the amount awarded under the Lease contract.10 We

find no merit in this assignment of error.

As we have already discussed, the Lease was just that, a lease. Blalock’s

unilateral termination of the Lease precludes him from recovering attorney fees.

Louisiana Civil Code Article 2013 provides that “[w]hen the obligor fails to perform,

the obligee has a right to the judicial dissolution of the contract or, according to the

circumstances, to regard the contract as dissolved.” These circumstances gave Lord

the right to regard the contract of lease as dissolved. Lord’s acquiescence in the

10
The amount of attorney fees Blalock asks for on appeal is different from that requested in
the trial court. In his post-trial memorandum in the trial court, Blalock asked for treble damages
under LUTPA of $167,697.69 (three times $55,899.23) and attorney fees of $41,924.42 (twenty-five
percent of the treble damages demand).

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eviction manifested the exercise of that right. Thus, the trial court did not err in

rejecting Blalock’s claim for attorney fees.

(2) Is Blalock entitled to general damages?

As we have previously discussed, the only failure on the part of Lord was his

failure to continue to pay the balance on the $5,000.00 obligation, and that failure is

not a delict giving rise to general damages. Thus, this assignment has no merit.

(3) Is Blalock entitled to LUTPA damages?

Blalock’s stated legal ground relative to this claim is that LUTPA declares

unfair methods of competition as well as unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the

conduct of any trade or commerce to be unlawful. He asserts that Lord secretively

engaged in a business which directly competed with The Best Little Doorhouse

operation. Specifically, he asserts that Lord created Kenneth Lord Installation and

Construction to act in competition with The Best Little Doorhouse and that he

funneled jobs referred to Professional Installations through his business to avoid

paying Blalock the percentage due under the Contract of Employment.

We find no error in the trial court’s rejection of the LUTPA claim. We have

noted that the trial court rejected the claim for LUTPA damages for the dual reasons

that it was unsubstantiated and that any damages were caused by Blalock’s own initial

unilateral action. Without agreeing that Lord’s actions, if proved, might have been

an unfair trade practice, we will rest our decision that this assignment has no merit on

our agreement with the trial court that the LUTPA claim was unsubstantiated, i.e., the

plaintiff failed to prove the factual basis alleged.

Blalock asserted in his pleadings that between December 1993 and October

1994, Lord had failed to pay him $22,609.50 under the Contract of Employment.

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However, Blalock presented no evidence of this specific amount at trial and has

basically abandoned this claim on appeal. Instead, on appeal, he ignores the lack of

proof on this claim and suggests that the LUTPA treble damages should be based on

the $55,899.23 trial court award which related to the business sale issue. He bases

this on the argument that Lord’s conduct in running a competing business resulted in

his not receiving the scheduled payments for the purchase of Professional

Installations through the Lease. He claims that operating the competing business was

an unfair trade practice and that the damage resulting from the unfair trade practice

was the cessation of the Lease and his entitlement to the amount awarded by the trial

court.

We have already addressed the trial court error in awarding the damages that

Blalock now asserts represents his entitlement to LUTPA treble damages. We further

note that Blalock and Lord were never in competition. Lord did not sell doors, and

Blalock did not install doors. Further, there was no contractual provision that

forbade Lord from installing doors sold by others. In fact, there is no evidence that

Lord’s installation of products of Blalock’s competitors hurt Blalock’s business in

any manner. Under the clear and unambiguous language of the Contract of

Employment, Blalock was entitled to only the stated percentage on jobs procured by

Blalock for Lord. This assignment is without merit.

THE PROCEDURAL ISSUE

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 1033 sets the delay for filing

incidental actions, such as reconventional and third-party demands, and provides:

An incidental demand may be filed without leave of court at any
time up to and including the time the answer to the principal demand is
filed.

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An incidental demand may be filed thereafter, with leave of court,
if it will not retard the progress of the principal action, or if permitted by
Articles 1066 or 1092.

An incidental demand that requires leave of court to file shall be
considered as filed as of the date it is presented to the clerk of court for
filing if leave of court is thereafter granted.

In the present case, La.Code Civ.P. arts. 1066 and 1092 are not applicable.

From a reading of La.Code Civ.P. art. 1033, it is clear that, unless otherwise

permitted, an incidental demand may be filed after answer only if leave of court is

first obtained and the filing will not retard the progress of the principal action.

Herb’s Mach. Shop, Inc. v. John Mecom Co., 426 So.2d 762 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ

denied, 430 So.2d 98 (La.1983). A court has broad discretion in deciding whether

to allow an incidental demand to be filed. Volume Shoe Corp. v. Armato, 341 So.2d

611 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1977).

Lord sought leave of court to file the reconventional demand and third-party

demand in February 2000, or long after answer had been filed. In the reconventional

demand, he requested an award of damages against Blalock for lost installation

business as a result of Blalock’s breach of the Contract of Employment by providing

him no installation work after October 20, 1994; for judgment against Blalock for the

$2,798.08 for work performed and admittedly owed by Blalock; and for the refund

of $250.00 for the prepaid rent for October 1994, which Blalock at one point

acknowledged was due. Lord argued in the trial court that he took this action after

learning from Blalock’s January 2000 deposition that he [Blalock] planned to expand

his lost income damages claim to cover an additional percentage not included on the

invoices and also to include invoices dating not just from December 1993 but all the

way back from January 2, 1989. Because this period would have included a time

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when Charles Blalock was involved, Lord also sought permission to file a third-party

demand against him.

Blalock opposed the filings, arguing in the trial court that the matter had been

pending for more that five years and the proposed filings were a delay tactic. The

trial court denied Lord’s request for leave to file these incidental demands, and,

although written reasons were requested, the trial court provided none. Because Lord

satisfied the first requirement by seeking leave of court to file the incidental actions,

this court must assume that the trial court concluded that the filings would retard the

progress of the principal demand.

Although the litigation had been pending for over five years, it does not appear

from the record that Lord caused the delay in bringing it to trial. Allowing these

pleadings would not have delayed the progress of the principal action, as time has

never been a substantial factor in this litigation. At the time Lord sought leave of

court, trial was set for March 21, 2000. However, Blalock had filed a motion for a

continuance of that trial date two weeks before the hearing on Lord’s motion. The

court granted the motion for continuance and set a new trial date in August of 2000,

as a second fixing. As the record reflects, the trial was not conducted until 2004.

Allowing Lord to file his incidental actions would not have retarded the

progress of the principal action nor would it have prejudiced Blalock. Blalock’s

indebtedness to Lord for $2,798.08 was admitted in Blalock’s own petition. Whether

the Lease was a simulated sale was the major issue in the main demand, and it was

likewise an issue in determining Blalock’s possible liability raised in the

reconventional demand. It would have served judicial economy to have allowed the

reconventional demand, and allowing the third-party demand would have injected no

25

additional issue into the case. For these reasons, on remand Lord should be allowed

to file his incidental demands.

DISPOSITION

For all the reasons assigned above, that portion of the trial court judgment

granting John Blalock a judgment against Kenneth Lord in the amount of $55,899.23

is amended to grant him judgment in the amount of $2,649.23. We further amend the

trial court judgment to provide that the costs of the proceedings in the trial court are

taxed equally between John Blalock and Kenneth Lord. The trial court judgment

denying Kenneth Lord leave of court to file a reconventional demand against John

Blalock and a third-party demand against Charles Blalock is reversed, and leave of

court is granted. The matter is remanded to the trial court for the filing of these

incidental demands and for further proceedings with regard to these demands. We

affirm the balance of the trial court judgment and tax all costs of this appeal to John

Blalock.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART; AMENDED IN PART; REVERSED
IN PART; AND CASE REMANDED.

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