L.E.P.S. v. R.G.P.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

CA 08-1349

L.E.P.S.

VERSUS

R.G.P.

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CATAHOULA, NO. 19,698
HONORABLE JOHN RAY JOYCE, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

SHANNON J. GREMILLION
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, John D. Saunders, Marc T. Amy, J. David
Painter, and Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.

Cooks, J., concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns written reasons.

Painter, J., dissents and assigns written reasons.

REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT
WITH THIS OPINION.

Richard L. Fewell Jr.
Law Office of Richard Fewell
1315 Cypress St.
West Monroe, LA 71291
(318) 388-3320
Counsel for Defendant/Appellee:
R.G.P.

James Edward Paxton
Attorney at Law
P. O. Box 97
St. Joseph, LA 71366
(318) 766-4892
Counsel for Defendant/Appellee:
R.G.P.

Paul A. Lemke
Attorney At Law
P. O. Box 595
Harrisonburg, LA 71340
(318) 744-5431
Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant:
L.E.P.S.

GREMILLION, Judge.

The plaintiff, L.E.P.S., appeals the judgment of the trial court in favor

of the defendant, R.G.P., naming him the primary domiciliary custodial parent of their

triplet daughters.1 For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

L.E.P.S. and R.G.P. married in April 1988 and divorced in May 1997.

Of that union, triplet daughters were born to L.E.P.S. in 1992, via in vitro

fertilization. Although the girls are not R.G.P.’s biological children, he is their legal

father. Following the divorce, R.G.P. and L.E.P.S. were granted joint custody of the

girls with L.E.P.S. being designated the primary domiciliary parent.

In October 1997, R.G.P. filed a motion to amend custody urging that he

should be named the primary domiciliary parent. In November 1997, L.E.P.S. filed

a rule for contempt and to modify custody urging that R.G.P.’s visitation should be

suspended for a variety of reasons including that the children were primarily cared

for by R.G.P.’s parents, R.P. and R.G.P., Sr. In February 1998, L.E.P.S. filed a rule

for contempt against R.G.P., Sr. for refusing to appear at a deposition. Thereafter, a

joint motion to dismiss the rule for contempt was filed following R.G.P., Sr.’s

appearance and deposition.

In November 1998, L.E.P.S. married R.F. In September 2002, L.E.P.S.

filled a rule for contempt and to fix interim child support and motion to refix hearing

on motion to compel concerning the girls’ child support award. In December 2002,

R.G.P. filed a motion to request additional visitation. L.E.P.S. divorced R.F. in June

2001. Of that union, one child was born in 2000.

1
Pursuant to Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 5-2, we use initials throughout to
protect the identity of the minors.

In November 2003, R.G.P. filed an objection to relocation of child,

urging that L.E.P.S. not be allowed to move the triplets to Slidell, Louisiana.

L.E.P.S. responded with a rule for sanctions. The record includes a “Notification of

Move” signed by R.G.P. in July 2003, detailing the move and noting that “both

parties waive the restriction in the May 29, 1997 Joint Custody Implementation Plan

of not being allowed to cohabitate with persons of the opposite sex.” L.E.P.S.

admitted that she was moving to Slidell to cohabitate with a man to whom she was

not yet married. L.E.P.S. later married J.S. in November 2006.

In February 2007, R.G.P. filed an objection to relocation of minor

children urging that L.E.P.S. not be allowed to move the children to Otterberg,

Germany. He further requested that he be named the primary domiciliary parent. In

June 2007, R.G.P. filed a rule for contempt of court, attorney fees, and cost of court.

Following a hearing in May 2007, the trial court found that it was not in the

children’s best interests to relocate to Germany. L.E.P.S. thereafter filed an

application for new trial urging that the district court in St. Tammany Parish ruled that

L.E.P.S. could move her child, the seven-and-a-half year old half-sister of the triplets,

to Germany, and that breaking up the nuclear family would not be in the best interests

of the triplets. The Catahoula trial court partially granted L.E.P.S.’s motion for new

trial in order to consider the St. Tammany Parish court’s relocation ruling regarding

the triplets half-sister. The trial court still found that the relocation was not in the

triplets’ best interests. Thereafter, L.E.P.S. moved back to Jonesville, Louisiana,

while her husband remained in Germany to work.

In January 2008, R.G.P. filed a motion to modify visitation and for ex

parte order regarding custody exchanges. He desired that his mother be allowed to

2

pick up the girls for custody exchanges and that the custody arrangement be modified

so that time was split evenly. Following a hearing the trial court found it would be

in the triplets’ best interest to modify the previous custody order naming L.E.P.S. the

primary domiciliary parent during the school year and R.G.P. the primary domiciliary

parent during the summer.

In March 2008, L.E.P.S. filed a petition for custody urging that due to

R.G.P.’s substance abuse problems and arrests for Felony Carnal Knowledge of a

Juvenile in Tensas Parish and Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor in Franklin

Parish, it would be in the triplets’ best interest if she were awarded sole custody of

them.

In June 2008, following receipt of a certified letter from L.E.P.S. stating

her intent to move the triplets to Yuma, Arizona, R.G.P. filed a motion for temporary

restraining order and request for preliminary injunction prohibiting L.E.P.S. from

moving the triplets out of Catahoula Parish. In July 2008, L.E.P.S. filed a motion for

temporary relocation and a petition to set child support and for judgment of

arrearages. Shortly thereafter, R.G.P. filed a rule for contempt of court, attorney fees

and cost of court. R.G.P. also filed a motion to consolidate.2

Following a July 31, 2008 hearing the trial court found L.E.P.S. in

contempt of court for taking the children to Yuma, Arizona against court orders. It

further found that it would not be in the best interests of the children to relocate to

Yuma, Arizona nor would it be in their best interest if L.E.P.S. were granted sole

custody. It awarded L.E.P.S. and R.G.P. joint custody, naming R.G.P. the primary

2
In January 2008, one of the triplets, then fourteen years old, gave birth to a son. The
alleged father, through his mother, sought a determination of filiation and a desire that his son
not be moved to Yuma, Arizona. R.G.P. sought to consolidate the alleged father’s action with his
own to prevent inconsistent rulings.

3

domiciliary parent under the direct supervision of mother until R.G.P.’s pending

criminal matters could be resolved. L.E.P.S. now appeals.

ISSUES

L.E.P.S. assigns as error:

1. The trial court’s refusal to hear the testimony of Deputy
Coleman and R.G.P. concerning his arrest for carnal
knowledge of a juvenile and contributing to the
delinquency of a juvenile.

2. The trial court’s refusal to drug test R.G.P. after assertion
and confirmation of the Fifth Amendment privilege against
self-incrimination. Additionally, the trial court failed to
apply any adverse inference against R.G.P. after he took
the Fifth Amendment privilege thirty-one times during
testimony.

3. The trial court’s grant of joint custody of the minor
children with the father designated as domiciliary
custodian, subject to supervision by the maternal
grandmother.

4. The trial court’s failure to grant sole custody of the
children to her.

5. The trial court’s failure to grant her visitation and failure to
follow the statutory mandate of La.R.S. 9:335 in issuing a
joint custody implementation plan.

TESTIMONY

The record of this protracted custody dispute includes testimony from

various hearing over the years. The following testimony was adduced at the hearing

regarding L.E.P.S.’s desire to move the triplets to Germany.

R.G.P. testified that he had been living with his mother in Ferriday for

approximately six weeks following a four-wheeler accident in which he broke five

ribs and punctured his lung. He stated that he manages a family-owned farm in

Tensas Parish. R.G.P. stated that he drinks alcohol sometimes on the weekends. He

4

admitted to taking illegal drugs in the past including methamphetamines, crack, and

cocaine for which he was sent to rehab to by the trial court for sixty days in February

2005, following an arrest for possessing drug paraphernalia. At that time, the triplets

were thirteen years old. R.G.P. testified that he no longer associates with his former

friends who were drug users. R.G.P. further admitted that he arrived at a custody

exchange in 2006 too drunk to drive, so he had his ex father-in-law drive the girls.

R.G.P. went on to state that his former girlfriend, with whom he used

drugs, became injured when he accidentally shot her in the leg. He stated that at the

time the triplets were four years old.

R.G.P. testified that the triplets are active in softball and gymnastics. He

stated that he pays $1500 per month in child support and that his mother writes the

checks, but he signs them. He further stated that his mother, a former teacher, assists

the triplets with any help they need related to school. R.G.P. admitted to signing a

document stating that the girls could move to Slidell, but that after talking to his

lawyer and mother, he changed his mind because it was “something to do.” He

further stated that he has lived for the past two years in a camp, owned by his mother,

in Tensas Parish. He stated that when the girls visit they stay at his mother’s house.

R.G.P. admitted to allowing the fourteen-year-old boyfriend of one of his daughters

to sleep over at the camp one weekend while the girls were visiting. This triplet later

became pregnant by the boy and had a son when she was fourteen years old.

G.E., L.E.P.S.’s father, testified that the triplets have close relationships

with he and his wife and with their paternal grandmother.

L.E.P.S. testified that one of the main reasons she divorced R.G.P. was

because of his substance abuse problems. She further testified that he shot a gun over

5

her head once and hit her across the back with one of his crutches. She testified that

he drank often.

At the February 2008 hearing, V.P. testified that she was comfortable

with her mom keeping her infant son, and that she did not think her dad would be able

to watch him. She testified that she did not want to do a week-to-week arrangement

because she felt it would be too difficult. E.P. testified that she wished for the

custody arrangement to stay the same and that she wanted to stay with her mom

during the week. S.P. testified to the same.

At the hearing held from July 31 to August 1, 2008, R.G.P. invoked his

Fifth Amendment privilege on all questions concerning drug use. L.E.P.S.’s counsel

then requested immediate urinalysis drug testing of both parties, which the trial court

denied. Counsel further requested that an adverse inference be issued against R.G.P.

for refusing to testify. R.G.P. admitted to a continuing association with P.S., the

woman he previously used drugs with and accidentally shot in the leg. Again,

however, he refused to testify with regard to questions surrounding an arrest for

possession of crack cocaine. R.G.P. continued to assert the privilege when

questioned about his involvement with a fifteen-year-old-girl and various other

issues. He admitted to having past drug problems and an ongoing drug problem.

When questioned whether or not he believed the girls would be better off in his

custody or L.E.P.S.’s custody he responded, “I don’t know.” Further, when

questioned whether it was he objecting to the relocation or someone else, R.G.P.

responded “Both me and my mother.” The colloquy continued:

Q: So if you’re given custody of these children are you going
to raise them, are they going to be in your custody or are
they going to be in your mother’s custody?

6

A. Both our custody.

Emmit Coleman, chief investigator of Franklin Parish, testified he

investigated a case against R.G.P. in March 2008. He stated that he took a statement

from a fifteen-year-oldjuvenile. The trial court would not allow any questions

regarding the substance of that statement.

Deputy Mulvihill with the Concordia Parish Sheriff’s Office testified

that he knows R.G.P. because of encounters with him due to illegal drug activity. He

stated that in May 2008, he entered a home in which R.G.P. and P.S., the gunshot

victim, were in a home where narcotics where found. He stated that he issued R.G.P.

a citation for possession of drug paraphernalia, specifically a crack cocaine smoking

pipe found in his boot.

P.S. testified that she and R.G.P. have had an on-and-off relationship

since 1997, and that R.G.P. has an ongoing drug problem. She testified that she has

seen him use drugs. She further testified that “L.E.P.S. is a wonderful mother,” and

that if she had to pick between L.E.P.S. and R.G.P. she would choose L.E.P.S. “by

all means.”

L.E.P.S. testified that the home she and her husband purchased in Yuma,

Arizona, is 3400 square feet with five bedrooms, three bathrooms, and a pool. She

discussed the educational opportunities available to the girls in Arizona. L.E.P.S.

further testified that besides R.G.P.’s drug use, his mother’s interference in their

relationship was partially the reason for their divorce. She was of the opinion that

R.G.P. is dependent on his mother, that his mother makes all the decisions, and that

he has only worked for his mother.

S.P., who was fifteen at the time of this trial, testified that she did not

7

want to go to Arizona because she wanted to stay in Jonesville with her friends and

family and graduate from Block High School. She stated that she would prefer to stay

with R.P. and her dad. Nevertheless, she testified that L.E.P.S. has been her primary

caretaker: the person who takes her to the doctor, buys her clothes, and attends all of

her softball games. She stated that although she wants to live with her mother, she

does not want to move to Arizona. S.P. further testified that she has seen R.G.P.

drunk and that she worries about his problems.

E.P. additionally testified that she does not want to move to Arizona

because she wants to finish school at Block and because all of her friends and family

are located there. She testified that she would live in Ferriday with her grandmother

and dad.

V.P. testified that she would like to finish school at Block. She stated

that she would live with her grandmother and her dad if she were allowed to stay

here, but that she was not sure if she would live in Ferriday or Jonesville. V.P. was

asked if she feels safe when she is with R.P. and R.G.P. to which she responded,

“most of the time.” She further explained that she can tell sometimes when her dad

has been drinking. She stated that her mom and maternal grandmother have taken

care of her infant son while she is in school, but that R.P. would take care of him if

she stayed.

R.P. testified extensively as to the supervisory role she would have if

R.G.P. were awarded custody, which included attending the girls’ extracurricular

activities, helping with homework, and assisting in the care of V.P.’s son. R.P.

admitted to suing L.E.P.S. in the past attempting to gain custody of the girls due to

L.E.P.S.’s “moving around.” When questioned if her son would be a better custodial

8

parent, R.P. replied, “It depends on what issue it is.” She further explained “It’s

probably about equal.” R.P. testified that if R.G.P. were using drugs out of the

presence of his daughters, that would not change her opinion that he should be

awarded custody. R.P. testified that R.G.P. lives in Newellton in a house she owns

and that he is registered to vote in Concordia. She stated R.G.P. recently purchased

a house in Jonesville for the purposes of establishing a domicile in the area so that the

girls could continue to attend Block high school.

DISCUSSION

In its ruling, the trial court found (emphasis added):

The Court finds that both parents dearly love these children and
are dedicated to their well being. The Court also finds that the children
have a genuine love for both of their parents and expressed no
dissatisfaction as it relates to either parent. The Court finds that the
Triplets have been in the Harrisonburg-Jonesville area for the last few
years of their life and they seem to have adapted well to that area of the
State. The Triplets, in open court, have expressed their ties with the
local school, the churches, their families and the extended families of
both the Mother and the Father and have expressed this at this hearing
as they did at the previous Relocation Rule that their desire is to remain
in the Harrisonburg-Jonesville-Ferriday area. The Court is aware that
[R.G.P.] has pending criminal matters in other parishes and was made
aware of that by the adjustment in the joint custody agreement whereby
there was required supervision, by [R.P.] of any visitation that [R.G.P.]
had with the Children. The Court also notes that [ R.G.P.] has had in
the past and may still possibly have a substance abuse problem,
however the girls when questioned about this substance abuse problem
said that they had never seen [R.G.P.] under the influence of substances
other than one time when [R.G.P.] had apparently had too much to drink
and allowed his Father-in-law to drive in lieu of himself. The Court
does sense that [L.E.P.S.] does not display a willingness and ability to
facilitate and encourage the close continuing relationship between the
children and other party and Court senses that [L.E.P.S.] may be using
the relocation to thwart the relationship of the children and the father.

The Court finds the physical needs and material needs of the
Children will be adequately provided by both the Father and the Mother
as it relates to these girls. As previously referenced the girls, all three
(3), have expressed a desire to stay with their Father and live in the
house with their Father, their Paternal Grandmother, [R.P.]. The Court

9

will note that the Children expressed that if they were to move to Yuma,
Arizona the only persons they would know there would be their Mother,
their Step-father, their Half-sister, and their Step-sisters, however they
would have numerous friends and extended families if they were to
remain in the Harrisonburg-Jonesville, Catahoula-Concordia Parish area.
One of the persons whom they would know in Yuma, Arizona is their
Step-Father, [J.S.]. The Court will note that in the previous hearings
[J.S.] has not been present for any of the hearings for the Court to know,
see or hear from the person that would be a very influential factor in
these girls’ lives, if relocated to Yuma, Arizona.

Based on the factors as set out by the Legislature in both
relocation and custody matters, I find that[ L.E.P.S.] has not met her
burden of proof to establish that it is in the best interest of the Children
that they be relocated to Yuma, Arizona and she has failed to establish
that it would in the best interest of the Children for [L.E.P.S.] to have
sole custody of these children in lieu of joint custody.

It is therefore the finding of this Court that the relocation of the
Triplets is denied and the request of Sole Custody by [L.E.P.S.] is
denied. The Parties will be awarded Joint Custody of the Triplets with
[R.G.P.] being awarded the domiciliary parent under the direct
supervision of [R.P.] his Mother and Paternal Grandmother of these
Children until the criminal matters can be resolved. Should [R.G.P.’s]
criminal matters be resolved to his detriment the Court would have to,
out of necessity, revisit the Custody matters that it has set out.

EVIDENTIARY ISSUES

In this first assignment of error, L.E.P.S. argues that the trial court erred

in refusing to admit the testimony of Deputy Coleman and R.G.P. concerning his

arrest for carnal knowledge of a juvenile. We agree.

We first note that it is clear that the trial court did indeed consider the

pending criminal charges against R.G.P. since it qualified its domiciliary placement

with R.G.P. by requiring the supervision of his mother until the criminal matters

[could] be resolved. Moreover, R.G.P. admits in his own brief that “these arrests,

however, were not beyond the trial court’s knowledge,” and “the judge admits

knowledge of the criminal charges.” Thus, although the judge refused to admit the

proffered testimony into evidence, he clearly considered it when making his

10

determination. R.G.P. argues that a harmless error standard applies , i.e., the error in

failing to admit the proffered testimony into evidence was harmless since the judge

considered it. We view the situation differently. The question is not whether he

should have considered the evidence; the fact is that he did. The question is whether

he abused his discretion in awarding R.G.P. custody in light of all of the evidence

including that which he excluded.

Additionally, we find it was error to not admit the evidence into the

record. R.G.P.’s arrests are highly relevant to R.G.P.’s moral fitness to parent triplet

fifteen year old girls. Although La.Code of Evid. 609(F) generally prohibits the

admission of the arrest of a witness in order to attack his credibility, there are some

exceptions. Louisiana Code of Evidence article 1101(B) provides for the limited

applicability of the rules concerning the admissibility of evidence in child custody

cases. Nevertheless, “the specific exclusionary rules and other provisions, however,

shall be applied only to the extent that they tend to promote the purposes of the

proceeding.” Id. “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided

by the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of Louisiana, this Code of

Evidence, or other legislation. La.Code Evid. art. 401. Evidence which is not relevant

is not admissible.” Id. “‘Relevant evidence’” means evidence having any tendency

to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the

action more probably or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”

La.Code Evid. art. 401.

Appellate courts have held that a parent’s arrests are relevant to their

moral fitness to parent a child. In Fernandez v. Pizzolato, 04-1676 (La.App. 4 Cir.

4/27/05), 902 So.2d 1112, the mother argued it was error for the trial court to exclude

11

evidence of the father’s prior DWI arrests. In finding that the trial court erred in

excluding the evidence, the appellate court stated:

In the instant case, the arrest records were to be used . . . to show that he
had used alcohol and prescription drugs in such a way that he could
cause injury to others, including [his daughter], if she were riding in a
vehicle with him. This evidence was directly relevant to his the issue of
what was in the best interest of [the child.] Therefore, the evidence
should have been admitted into evidence and to refuse to allow the
evidence to be admitted was legal error on the part of the trial court
judge.

Similar to the facts in this case, the appellate court found that although

the trial court excluded evidence of the arrests, it knew of Fernandez’s arrests, thus

it was harmless error to have excluded the evidence.

In Long v. Dossett, 98-1160 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/28/99), 732 So.2d 773,

writ denied, 99-1377 (La. 6/4/99), 745 So.2d 13, another case involving the father’s

arrest for DWI, the trial court mentioned that the father’s arrest had appeared in the

newspaper. The father argued that the arrest was not relevant. On appeal, a panel of

this court held:

Given the history of convictions that Appellant has with drinking and
driving and the proximity of the arrest to trial, we find that such
evidence is very much relevant to the La.Civ.Code art. 134(6)
considerationofmoralfitnessoftheparties. Additionaly,weemphasizetheappropriatenessofthelowercourt’sforthrightmethodofalertingthe
attorneys of information that had been brought the attention, not only to the judge, but
to public at large through publication.

Id. at 786.

In another case before this court, Gautreau v. Gautreau, 96-1548

(La.App. 3 Cir. 6/18/97), 697 So.2d 1339, writ denied, 97-1939 (La. 11/7/97), 703

So.2d 1272, the mother had been arrested twice for DWI and a third time for DWI,

possession of marijuana, and possession of Xanax. On appeal, this court held that

there was no error in the trial court’s admission of a trooper’s testimony concerning

12

an accident at which he was not present.3 A panel of this court cited La.Code

Evid.art. 1101(B)(2) and found that “our jurisprudence has consistently held that

whether evidence is relevant and admissible is within the discretion of the trial judge.

His ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of a clear abuse of

discretion” (citation omitted). Id. at1346.

Accordingly, we find the testimony and records concerning R.G.P.’s

arrest in March 2008, for carnal knowledge of a juvenile (Tensas Parish) and

contributing to the delinquency of a juvenile (Franklin Parish) should have been

properly admitted. The fact that R.G.P. was arrested for having sex with a fifteen-

year-old girl following a night of mud-riding at his camp, is highly relevant to his

moral fitness to parent the triplets. Additionally, his citation in May 2008, for

possession of drug paraphernalia was also relevant to his moral fitness.

Even excluding the arrest for carnal knowledge of a juvenile, we still

find the evidence overwhelming that it is not in the triplets’ best interest that R.G.P.

be named their primary domiciliary parent. There is no doubt that R.G.P. has an

ongoing drug problem for which he has been in court-ordered rehabilitation that was

clearly unsuccessful. There is no doubt that he continues to associate with known

drug users. Unlike R.P., the fact that he may not use drugs in front of the triplets does

not dissuade us from the belief that this type of behavior is detrimental to his

impressionable teenaged daughters nor are we convinced that the effects of his

substance abuse issues do not affect his family life. Thus, as we previously

mentioned, we find the trial court abused its discretion in considering R.G.P.’s

arrests, yet in still finding that it was in the triplets’ best interests that they reside with

3
We are uncertain if the “accident” referred to involved the latest arrest for DWI and
possession. It is unclear from the opinion.

13

him as domiciliary parent with his mother’s supervision.

DRUG TESTING/FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE

In this assignment of error, L.E.P.S. argues that the trial court erred in

refusing to drug test R.G.P. and failing to apply an adverse inference against him after

he took the Fifth Amendment privilege thirty-one times during testimony.

Louisiana Revised Statute 9:331.1 states:

The court for good cause shown may, after a contradictory
hearing, order a party in a custody or visitation proceeding to submit to
specified drug tests and collection of hair, urine, tissue, and blood
samples as required by appropriate testing procedures within a time
period set by the court. The refusal to submit to the tests may be taken
into consideration by the court. The provisions of R.S. 9:397.2 and
397.3(A), (B), and (C) shall govern the admissibility of the test results.
The fact that the court orders a drug test and the results of such test shall
be confidential and shall not be admissible in ay other proceedings. The
court may render judgment for costs of the drug tests against any party
or parties, as it may consider equitable.

Although we find that good cause was shown, this issue is rendered moot

by the fact that there was no doubt in the record that R.G.P. has an ongoing drug

problem. For the same reasons, the issue of the application of a negative inference

was not necessary due to the overwhelming evidence that it was not in the children’s

best interests to be placed in R.G.P.’s custody.

CUSTODY/RELOCATION

Assignments of error numbers three, four, and five all pertain to the trial

court’s award of joint custody to L.E.P.S. and R.G.P., with R.G.P. being named

domiciliary parent subject to his mother’s supervision, and the denial of L.E.P.S.’s

request to relocate the triplets to Arizona. We note that there is no statutorily

mandated visitation schedule in the record in favor of L.E.P.S. as required by La.R.S.

9:335.

14

On appeal, L.E.P.S. argues that she should have been awarded sole

custody and that she proved that relocation is in the triplets’ best interest . Having

found that the trial court abused it discretion in its custody/relocation determinations

and based on our review of the record we find that an award of joint custody with

L.E.P.S. being named the primary domiciliary parent would be in the triplets’ best

interest. Moreover, we find that L.E.P.S. proved that relocation of the triplets to

Yuma, Arizona was made in good faith and is in their best interest.

A trial court’s determination of child custody is entitled to great weight

on appeal and will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. AEB v. JBE,

99-2668 (La.11/30/99), 752 So.2d 756. The trial court shall award custody of

children in accordance with their best interests. La.Civ.Code art. 131. The best

interests of the child are the paramount consideration of the court. Deason v. Deason,

99-1811 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/5/00), 759 So.2d 219. Pursuant to La.Civ.Code art. 134,

the factors to be considered when determining the child’s best interest include:

(1) The love, affection, and other emotional ties between each
party and the child.

(2) The capacity and disposition of each party to give the child
love, affection, and spiritual guidance and to continue the
education and rearing of the child.

(3) The capacity and disposition of each party to provide the
child with food, clothing, medical care, and other material
needs.

(4) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, adequate
environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity
of that environment.

(5) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or
proposed custodial home or homes.

(6) The moral fitness of each party, insofar as it affects the
welfare of the child.

15

(7) The mental and physical health of each party.

(8) The home, school, and community history of the child.

(9) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems
the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference.

(10) The willingness and ability of each party to facilitate and
encourage a close and continuing relationship between the
child and the other party.

(11) The distance between the respective residences of the
parties.

(12) The responsibility for the care and rearing of the child
previously exercised by each party.

An additional issue is the relocation of the children to Yuma, Arizona.

We note at the outset that relocation is governed by its own set of factors that must

be considered. This raises the possibility of an interesting scenario where conflicting

results could be reached in custody determinations. For example, it could be possible

to find that it was in the best interests of a child to be in one parent’s custody, yet find

that relocation is not. Fortunately, we need not address that issue here. Moreover,

we find that factor twelve (“Any other factors affecting the best interest of the child”)

necessarily includes an overall look at all of the relevant factors.4 In these particular

circumstances, even if relocation is not ideal, it would be outweighed by the fact that

the best interests of the child are served by residing with a relocating parent.

Louisiana Revised Statute 9:355.12 lists the factors that shall be

considered in a contested relocation:

(1) The nature, quality, extent of involvement, and duration of
the of the child’s relationship with the parent proposing to

4
In the recent case of Johnson v. Spurlock, 07-0949 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/27/08), 986 So.2d
724, writ denied, 08-1400 (La. 7/25/08), 986 So.2d 670, the appellate court found it was error for
the trial court to only consider the best interests of the child without a recitation of the La.R.S.
9:355.12 factors.

16

relocate and with the nonrelocating parent, siblings, and
other significant persons in the child’s life.

(2) The age, developmental stage, needs of the child, and the
likely impact the relocation will have on the child’s
physical, educational, and emotional development, taking
into consideration any special needs of the child.

(3) The feasibility of preserving a good relationship between
the nonrelocating parent and the child through suitable
visitation arrangements, considering the logistics and
financial circumstances of the parties.

(4) The child’s preference, taking into consideration the age
and maturity of the child.

(5) Whether there is an established pattern of conduct of the
parent seeking the relocation, either to promote or thwart
the relationship of the child and the nonrelocating party.

(6) Whether the relocation of the child will enhance the
general quality of life for both the custodial parent seeking
the relocation and the child, including but not limited to
financial or emotional benefit or educational opportunity.

(7) The reasons of each parent for seeking or opposing the
relocation.

(8) The current employment and economic circumstances of
each parent and whether or not the proposed relocation is
necessary to improve the circumstances of the parent
seeking relocation of the child.

(9) The extent to which the objecting parent has fulfilled his or
financial obligations to the parent seeking relocation,
including child support, and community property
obligations.

(10) The feasibility of a relocation by the objecting parent.

(11) Any history of substance abuse or violence by either
parent, including a consideration of the severity of such
conduct and the failure or success of any attempts at
rehabilitation.

(12) Any other factors affecting the best interest of the child.

B. The court may not consider whether or not the person seeking

17

relocation of the child will relocate without the child if relocation is
denied or whether or not the person opposing relocation wil also
relocate if relocation is allowed.

Louisiana Revised Statute 9:355.13 sets forth the burden of proof of the

relocating parent as follows:

The relocating parent has the burden of proof that the proposed
relocation is made in good faith and is in the best interest of the child.
In determining the child’s best interest, the court shall consider the
benefits which the child will derive either directly or indirectly from an
enhancement in the relocating parent’s general quality of life.

In reviewing the trial court’s reasons for ruling and the record as a

whole, we have no doubt that it abused its discretion in naming R.G.P. the primary

domiciliary parent, subject to his mother’s supervision. We find the trial court’s

written reasons for ruling factually inaccurate, and we furthermore find that it

buttresses the argument that it is not in the best interest of the triplets that their father

be named the domiciliary parent.

BEST INTERESTS

In considering all of the relevant facts, we find it is in the triplets best

interests that joint custody be awarded with L.E.P.S. being named the primary

domiciliary parent. Because of the strong ties with their father, paternal grandmother,

and maternal grandparents, we decline to award L.E.P.S. sole custody in order that

visitation with extended family in the Concordia/Catahoula area can be maintained.

Factor one- The triplets, their maternal grandparents, and paternal

grandmother, all testified that they have a close relationship. That fact is not in

doubt. Further, it is further clear that they love their mother and father. The girls all

expressed a desire to remain in their mother’s custody; they just did not want to move

to Arizona. It is clear that the triplets have a close relationship with all of their

18

extended family.

Factor two- We find that L.E.P.S. is in a superior position to give the

girls love, affection, and spiritual guidance and to continue the education and rearing

of the children. Contrary to the trial court’s finding, we could find no testimony by

the girls regarding close ties with local churches. R.G.P. did not testify as to the girls

educational needs and how he would support them, although his mother did. R.G.P.

provided little insight as to how he would parent these children, and again, testified

that he did not know who would make the better parent. L.E.P.S., a school teacher,

is clearly the more qualified parent in this regard.

Factors three and twelve- It is clear that both parties have the financial

means to provide the girls with food, clothing, medical care, and other medical needs.

However, it is also clear that for the past ten years, L.E.P.S. has been the party who

has taken care of all of these needs on a day-to-day basis.

Factors four and five-The triplets have resided with their mother as

primary domiciliary custodian for more than ten years. R.G.P. has never been the

primary domiciliary parent.

Factor eight- It is true that the girls are involved in activities in the area

and at their school. We note, however, that the girls lived in the Slidell area for a few

years until Hurricane Katrina hit, at which time they moved back to the Jonesville

area. Thus, it is clear that the girls can make new friends and engage in sports

activities wherever they live.

Factor nine- Although the trial court should consider the children’s

wishes in awarding custody, it should not disregard overwhelming evidence that it

would not be in their best interest to have their desires come to fruition. A child’s

19

wishes may not be in her best interests. See Richardson v. Richardson, 01-0777

(La.App. 1 Cir. 9/28/01), 802 So.2d 726, writ denied, 01-2884 (La. 11/16/01), 802

So.2d 618 (twelve-year old’s desire to remain in Louisiana where his friends and

family were located insufficient to show it was not in his best interests to move out

of state.) We find this is clearly the case here.

Factor ten- The trial court found that L.E.P.S. did not facilitate and

encourage a close and continuing relationship between the girls and their father. We

disagree and are unable to find any evidence of that in the record. Admittedly, we

were not in court to assess witness demeanor. However, the fact that L.E.P.S.’s

former mother-in-law has sued her for custody of her children because “she moves

around a lot” would certainly lead to a contentious and bitter feeling on L.E.P.S.’s

part. Moreover, our cold review of the record leads us to conclude that the custody

proceedings are spearheaded by R.P., as opposed to her son. Moreover, this custody

issue is between R.G.P. and L.E.P.S., not L.E.P.S. and R.P.

Factor eleven- Although the new custody arrangement greatly increases

the distance between the two parties, it is clear that the distance will not be a financial

hardship for R.G.P.

Factors six and seven- Irrespective of all of the other factors, we find

that factors six and seven overwhelmingly mitigate in favor of awarding L.E.P.S.

custody. We disagree with the trial court’s award of custody to a man who admittedly

has an ongoing substance abuse problem, who has several criminal investigations

pending against him, and who testified in open court that “he’s not sure who should

get custody” of the girls. Contrary to the trial court’s conclusion, one of the triplets

even admitted that she worries about her father’s drinking and substance abuse issues.

20

R.G.P.’s ongoing substance abuse problems and his arrest for carnal knowledge of

a juvenile the same age as his daughters leaves us with no doubt that his moral fitness

as a parent is called into question. Again, his ambivalence about the custody of the

girls clearly shows that he is not the party pushing for custody of them. Moreover,

as an ongoing drug user, his mental and physical health are called into question.

RELOCATION

Good Faith

We find that L.E.P.S. has shown that the relocation was made in good

faith. Her husband has a secure job in the Yuma area with the federal government.

L.E.P.S. testified that there were no job openings closer to the Catahoula area. She

further testified that she will not have to work and will be available to assist her

daughters and care for her infant grandson.

Best Interests/La.R.S. 9:355.13 Factors

We have discussed the majority of the 9:355.13 factors above, but make

special note of factors six, seven, and eleven. Having reviewed all of the evidence,

we find the relocation will enhance both L.E.P.S.’s and the children’s lives. The

home they will be living in is very large and can easily accommodate the triplets

along with their half sister, two step-sisters, and V.P.’s son. L.E.P.S. testified to her

husband’s salary, which can support the family and allow L.E.P.S. to not work. We

find this situation is greatly advantageous over the previous one in which, following

Hurricane Katrina, L.E.P.S. was temporarily residing in a two- bedroom rental trailer

owned by her father. As to factor seven, R.G.P. did not testify as to why he objected

to the relocation. In fact, he was unsure of what would be in the triplets’ best interest.

Finally, factor eleven weighs heavily in favor of allowing the relocation. It is very

21

clear that R.G.P. has an ongoing substance abuse problem that is has led to severe

consequences. It is further clear that rehabilitation has not been successful and that

his own daughters worry about his substance abuse issues. For this reason alone, we

find that relocating the triplets to a new environment free from these concerns and the

behaviors that go along with a parent who has substance abuse issues, would be

overwhelmingly in their best interest. Although we decline to discuss the legal

ramifications of what was essentially an award of custody to the grandmother in lieu

of the mother, we do not find that R.G.P.’s mother’s “supervision” mitigates R.G.P.’s

total lack of moral fitness and desire to parent these triplets. In this case, the

appointment of R.P. as “supervisor” does not qualify as the silver lining to an

otherwise dark cloud.

We further note that the triplets will be of majority shortly and will be

able to decide for themselves where they would like to reside. In the meantime, we

find the opportunities available in Yuma and L.E.P.S.’s continuing stable parental

influence would be in their best interests. Accordingly, we award joint custody to

L.E.P.S. and R.G.P., subject to his mother’s supervision, pending the outcome of the

criminal charges against him, with L.E.P.S. being named the primary domiciliary

parent. L.E.P.S. further may relocate the children to Yuma, Arizona. We remand this

case for a determination of an appropriate visitation schedule noting that the triplets

remain with their mother throughout the school year, with an appropriate holiday and

summer visitation schedule to be determined by the trial court pursuant to La.R.S.

9:335.

CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court awarding the defendant-appellee, R.G.P.,

22

primary domiciliary custody subject to the supervision of his mother is hereby

reversed. The appellant, L.E.P.S., is hereby named the primary domiciliary parent.

Additionally, her request to relocate the children is granted. The trial court is ordered

to formulate a summer and holiday custody arrangement pursuant to La.R.S. 9:335.

All costs of this appeal are assessed against R.G.P.

REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.

23

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

08-1349
L.E.P.S. vs R.G.P.

COOKS, J. CONCUR IN PART AND DISSENT IN PART.

I concur with the majority ruling naming L.E.P.S. the domiciliary parent, and

granting her request to relocate to Arizona. I strongly disagree with the majority

decision to award joint custody to L.E.P.S. and R.G.P. Custody should be awarded

solely to L.E.P.S. Any visitation with this father should await a hearing after a full

evaluation of the father’s fitness to visit with his children supervised or otherwise.

See La. C.C. art. 136. I would remand with instruction for the trial court to order an

evaluation by a qualified expert and thereafter conduct an appropriate hearing.

I have no doubt that the father’s persistent drug and alcohol abuse has not

helped in his relationship with these children. To the contrary, it has set an extremely

bad example for these young girls. Now, to add to that very bad example, these 15

year old girls’ forty some year old father is charged with sexual molestation of a 15

year old girl and involving that child with the use of illegal drugs as well, while joy

riding with her at his camp where he spends time with his daughters. [ Now, we are

left to trust his mother to “supervise him” as he visits with his girls, a job she has not

been able to do thus far in his life.]

The majority, based on much evidence in the record, correctly finds the father

is morally unfit, and points to “overwhelming” evidence that awarding custody to the

father is not in the best interest of these young girls. Yet, a few lines later the majority

awards him joint custody. The majority’s award of joint custody appears nothing

more than an effort, albeit well intended, to allow visitation with the grandmother,

and to avoid the holding in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000).

-1-

The visitation rights of grandparents are set forth in La. R.S. 9:344. None of the

limited circumstances set forth therein which permit an award of visitation to

grandparents exist in this case. The father of these children has not died, been

incarcerated nor interdicted. Additionally, there is nothing in the record to suggest

the mother will not allow the girls to visit their paternal grandmother as willingly

done in the past.

-2-

NUMBER 08-1349

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

STATE OF LOUISIANA

L.E.P.S.

VERSUS

R.G.P.

PAINTER, J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion reversing the trial court’s

award of custody of fifteen-year-old triplet daughters to the father, with the father

being named domiciliary parent, subject to the mother’s supervision. The majority

finds that the best interests of the children require that joint custody be awarded with

the mother being named the primary domiciliary parent. It is my opinion that reversal

is not warranted.

The standard of review in child custody matters has been clearly stated by this

court:

The trial court is in a better position to evaluate the best interest
of the child from its observances of the parties and witnesses; thus, a
trial court's determination in a child custody case is entitled to great
weight on appeal and will not be disturbed unless there is a clear abuse
of discretion.

Hawthorne v. Hawthorne, 96-89, p. 12 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/22/96), 676 So.2d 619, 625,
writ denied, 96-1650 (La.10/25/96), 681 So.2d 365.

The burden of proof on a party seeking to modify a prior permanent custody

award is dependent on the nature of the underlying custody award.

When a trial court has made a considered decree of permanent custody
the party seeking a change bears a heavy burden of proving that the
continuation of the present custody is so deleterious to the child as to
justify a modification of the custody decree, or of proving by clear and
convincing evidence that the harm likely to be caused by a change of
environment is substantially outweighed by its advantages to the child.”

Bergeron v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193, 1200 (La.1986). And “there must be a

showing of a change in circumstances materially affecting the welfare of the child

before the court may consider making a significant change in the custody order.” Id.

at 1194. However, as in this case, where the original custody decree is a stipulated

judgment (i.e., the parties have consented to a custodial arrangement), the heavy

burden of proof enunciated in Bergeron is inapplicable. Hensgens v. Hensgens,

94-1200 (La.App. 3 Cir.), 653 So.2d 48, writ denied, 95-1488 (La.9/22/95), 660

So.2d 478.

While the mother in this case did not have to meet the Bergeron standard, she

still had to show that there was a change in circumstances and that the new custody

arrangement would be in the best interest of the children. The trial court noted the

triplets desire to remain in the home with their father and paternal grandmother. The

trial court also took into consideration the mother’s failure to display a willingness

to facilitate and encourage any relationship between the triplets and their father. The

trial court concluded that the mother tended to use relocation attempts to thwart any

relationship between the triplets and their father. Therefore, I find that the mother did

not meet her burden of proof and that because of the great weight to which the trial

court’s judgment is entitled, we cannot reverse its decision under the applicable

standard of review.