Nakia Edmond v. Pathfinder Energy Services, Inc.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

11-151

NAKIA EDMOND

VERSUS

PATHFINDER ENERGY SERVICES, INC., ET AL.

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APPEAL FROM THE
FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF LAFAYETTE, DOCKET NO. C-20093925
HONORABLE MARILYN C. CASTLE, DISTRICT JUDGE
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SYLVIA R. COOKS
JUDGE

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Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, J. David Painter and James T. Genovese, Judges.

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

L. Clayton Burgess
605 West Congress Street
Lafayette, LA 70501
(337) 234-7573
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT:
Nakia Edmond

Tobin J. Eason
Weiss & Eason, L.L.P.
P.O. Box 8597
Mandeville, LA 70470
(985) 626-5358
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE:
Pathfinder Energy Services, Inc.

COOKS, Judge.

Plaintiff-Appellant, Nakia Edmond, began working at the Broussard shop of

Defendant-Appellee, Pathfinder Energy Services, Inc. Mr. Edmond was placed at

Pathfinder through a temporary employment service. On October 6, 2008, Mr.

Edmond became a full-time employee with Pathfinder.

On October 18, 2008, while on a break, Mr. Edmond was told by his supervisor

to go back into the shop. It was a Saturday, and the only workers present were the

four other members of the crew Mr. Edmond was assigned to. As he went inside, Mr.

Edmond stated he was attacked by his supervisor and the three other workers on the

crew. Mr. Edmond was forced to the ground and held there by two of the men. His

pants were then pulled down, and one of the men took Mr. Edmond’s penis and began

attempting to make him ejaculate. According to Mr. Edmond, when the event was

over, the four men were laughing at him and teasing him about the size of his penis.

Mr. Edmond stated he was extremely embarrassed and frightened by the event,

and initially did not want to tell anyone about the attack. However, the news of the

attack spread, and Mr. Edmond was approached by another worker who encouraged

him to contact human resources. A few days later, he contacted human resources and

also reported the attack to the Broussard Police Department.

Eventually, after an internal investigation and interviews with the participants,

Pathfinder terminated the four individuals involved in the attack. Since the attack,

Mr. Edmond has been under medical care and has been unable to return to work.

Mr. Edmond filed suit against Pathfinder and the four individuals who

perpetrated the attack. Mr. Edmond asserted he was forced to work in a hostile work

environment, and contended Pathfinder was vicariously liable for the intentional

actions of its employees.

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Pathfinder filed a motion for summary judgment, asking that Mr. Edmond’s

claims be dismissed because he could not prove a sexual harassment claim against

Pathfinder. It was also alleged by Pathfinder that it was not vicariously liable for any

of the individuals’ actions and/or intentional torts.

A hearing on the motion for summary judgment was held. Mr. Edmond

testified that in his limited time with Pathfinder, he saw several employees grab or

slap one another’s private areas as they would pass each other. One of the men who

attacked him would regularly blow kisses at him. He stated his supervisor was aware

of these incidents and that the highest ranking official at the Broussard plant engaged

in similar activities. No attempt was made by any supervisory personnel at the

Broussard plant to eliminate this type of activity.

The trial court granted Pathfinder’s motion on the issue of liability under

La.R.S. 23:332, stating as follows:

The Court finds that Pathfinder had a policy in place, that the policy was
explained to Mr. Edmond, that Mr. Edmond, by his own testimony, was
aware that he could make complaints and, by his own testimony, knew
that, if he did make a complaint, that people would be fired and the
situation would be rectified.

He did not make the complaint, and there is no evidence that the
company otherwise knew of the incidents or should have known. So I
am going to grant summary judgment on that issue.

The trial court then allowed the parties additional time to submit supplemental briefs

pertaining to the vicarious liability issue. After receipt of the additional briefs, the

trial court granted summary judgment dismissing Mr. Edmond’s claims against

Pathfinder in full. The trial court found Pathfinder was not vicariously liable because

Mr. Edmond would not be able to show the conduct was performed within the scope

of these individual’s employment because there was no evidence that the tortious acts

were primarily employment-rooted, incidental to the performance of the employees’

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duties, or involved a risk of harm fairly attributable to Pathfinder’s business.

Mr. Edmond appealed the judgment, contending the trial court erred in finding

there were no genuine issues of material fact which precluded the granting of

summary judgment on his hostile work environment claim and his vicarious liability

claim.

ANALYSIS

Appellate courts review summary judgments de novo under the same criteria

that govern the trial court’s consideration of whether a summary judgment is

appropriate. Schroeder v. Bd. of Sup’rs of La. State Univ., 591 So.2d 342 (La.1991).

The mover is entitled to judgment “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that mover is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(B).

A. Vicarious Liability.

The Louisiana Supreme Court in LeBrane v. Lewis, 292 So.2d 216 (La. 1974),

laid out the factors necessary to determine whether an employer has vicarious liability

for the intentional torts of its employees. In LeBrane, a supervisor became

dissatisfied with an employee, fired him, ordered him to leave the workplace and

escorted him to the door. The supervisor and LeBrane engaged in a heated argument,

which escalated into the supervisor stabbing LeBrane. The court held that the firing

of the employee, which was the root cause of the hostility, was employment-related.

Vicarious liability was imposed and the court stated:

In short, the tortious conduct of the supervisor was so closely
connected in time, place, and causation to his employment-duties as to
be regarded a risk of harm fairly attributable to the employer’s business,
as compared with conduct motivated by purely personal considerations
entirely extraneous to the employer’s interest.

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Id. at 218.

The Supreme Court set forth four factors to be used in determining whether vicarious

liability should be imposed:

(1) whether the tortious act was primarily employment rooted;

(2) whether the act was reasonably incidental to the performance of the
employee’s duties;

(3) whether the act occurred on the employer’s premises; and

(4) whether it occurred during the hour’s of employment.

It is not a requirement that all four of these factors be met before liability may be

found. Miller v. Keating, 349 So.2d 265 (La.1977). The particular facts of each case

must be analyzed to determine whether the employee’s tortious conduct was within

the scope of his employment. Scott v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 415 So.2d 327,

329 (La.App. 2 Cir.1982).

It is undisputed that the incident in the present case occurred during the course

of Mr. Edmond’s employment and on the employer’s premises. Pathfinder’s

argument was that the incident was not within its scope of employment. However,

after a de novo review of the record, we find there is, at a minimum, a genuine issue

of material fact concerning whether the incident was within the scope of Mr.

Edmond’s employment. Several cases influence us in reaching this conclusion.

Pathfinder relies on Baumeister v. Plunkett, 95-2270 (La. 5/12/96), 673 So.2d

994, wherein a nurse was sexually assaulted by a supervisor in a break room while

both were on the employer’s time clock. The court applying the LeBrane factors,

noted that the tort occurred during the hours of employment and on the employer’s

premises, thereby satisfying the third and fourth factors under LeBrane. However,

the court held that the tortious act was not employment-rooted nor reasonably

incidental to the performance of the employee’s duties. Distinguishing LeBrane, the

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court in Baumeister stated:

The LeBrane court expressly noted that the “employee’s tortious
conduct occurred while the employee was at least partly actuated by his
purpose of acting for his employer in the discharge of the recalcitrant
co-employee, and it was reasonably consequent upon or incident to his
performance of his employment function of hiring and firing
sub-employees.”

Id. at 997 (quoting LeBrane, 292 So.2d at 219).

The court in Baumeister found that the defendant’s actions in precipitating

unwanted sexual contact with the plaintiff did not further the employer’s business and

was not incidental to the performance of defendant’s supervisory duties.

Furthermore, the court found that the sexual assault was entirely extraneous to the

employer’s interest and did not involve the threat of the loss of employment. The

court therefore held that defendant’s acts were not employment-rooted.

We find the facts in the present case distinguishable from Baumeister. In the

present case, Mr. Edmond was approached by his direct supervisor while cleaning his

car. His supervisor asked Mr. Edmond if he was “trying to get him into trouble” and

ordered him to go inside. As Mr. Edmond notes, if the supervisor believed Mr.

Edmond was trying to get him into trouble, there is certainly a question of fact

whether the attack that followed was retaliation for this perceived belief by the

supervisor. Further, unlike in Baumeister, the supervisor’s actions in ordering Mr.

Edmond inside are unquestionably incidental to the performance of defendant’s

supervisory duties. The Baumeister court specifically noted the nurse who was

attacked in the lounge went to that location of her own free will, and not at the behest

of the nursing supervisor. There also was no threat of loss of employment to the

plaintiff in Baumeister, whereas here Mr. Edmond had good reasons to believe he had

no choice but to comply with this supervisor’s request to go inside, or his job may

have been in jeopardy.

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In Benoit v. Capital Manufacturing Co., 617 So.2d 477 (La. 1993), two

workers got into a fight at a manufacturing facility because of a difference of opinion

between the co-employees as to whether the back door to the facility should remain

open during a cold spell. Citing LeBrane, our supreme court found the resulting

battery was employment-rooted, since the issue was temperature in the workplace, a

legitimate business concern. The supreme court found the resulting tort fairly

attributable to the employer’s business.

In Turner v. State, 494 So.2d 1292 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1986), four young women

wished to join the Louisiana National Guard (LNG). After convincing the women

that he had the authority to conduct a physical examination, a LNG recruiting officer

committed sexual batteries against the women. The women sued the officer and the

State of Louisiana as his employer. The court held that the recruiting officer was an

employee of the state and, that under the LeBrane factors, the recruiting officer was

in the course and scope of his employment when he committed the sexual batteries

against the women.

In Samuels v. Southern Baptist Hospital, 594 So.2d 571 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1992),

the employer was found vicariously liable when its employee raped a psychiatric

patient in the employer’s hospital. The court applied the LeBrane factors to make the

determination, noting that it was unnecessary for all four of the factors to be met in

order to impose liability upon the employer. Citing Turner v. State, 494 So.2d 1292

(La.App. 2 Cir. 1986), the court stated:

If the tortious conduct of the employee is so closely connected in
time, place and causation to his employment duties as to be regarded a
risk of harm fairly attributable to the employer’s business, as compared
with conduct motivated by purely personal considerations entirely
extraneous to the employer’s interests, it can then be regarded as within
the scope of the employer’s employment, so that the employer is liable
in tort to third persons injured thereby.

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The Samuels court also distinguished between liability in negligence cases and cases

involving vicarious liability, stating that “vicarious liability is imposed upon the

employer without regard to its own negligence or fault; it is a consequence of the

employment relationship.” Id. at 574. In Samuels, the intentional act of violence

occurred on the employer’s premises while the employee was on duty, satisfying two

of the LeBrane factors. Discussing the other two factors, the court in Samuels, 594

So.2d at 574, stated:

The tortious conduct committed by [the employee] was reasonably
incidental to the performance of his duties as a nurse’s assistant
although totally unauthorized by the employer and motivated by the
employee’s personal interest. Further, [the employee’s] actions were
closely connected to his employment duties so that the risk of harm
faced by the young female victim was fairly attributable to his employer,
who placed the employee in his capacity as a nurse’s assistant and in a
position of authority and contact with the victim.

In rejecting the employer’s argument the employee’s conduct was not fairly

attributable to employer’s business, the court in Samuels concluded the employee’s

actions served the employer’s interest to the degree that they were incidental to the

performance of his duties, even if “motivated by the employee’s personal interest.”

Id.

In Griffin v. Kmart Corp., 00-1334 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/28/00), 776 So.2d 1226,

a store employee shot an air pistol at two customers. The concussion to the chest of

one of the customers damaged the settings on her pacemaker and required her to get

the pacemaker reset. In addition, the customer suffered extreme anxiety because the

incident revived memories of the death of her son, who was killed by a gunshot

wound. The customers sued Kmart, claiming it was vicariously liable for the

intentional acts of its employee.

The issue in Griffin concerned whether the employee was within the “scope of

employment” at the time he assaulted the customers. The court concluded “[t]he fact

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that Kmart presumably would not have condoned [the employee’s] firing the air pistol

at plaintiffs did not remove that act from the scope of his employment. We find that

[the employee]’s conduct was connected closely enough to his employment to make

it fair that the loss be borne by the enterprise.” Id. at 1233 (citation omitted). Thus,

the court found Kmart vicariously liable for the employee’s assault.

In Wearrien v. Viverette, 35,446, p. 4 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/5/01), 803 So.2d 297,

301, the court more fully discussed the character of the connection of the employee’s

act to the employment purpose:

It is not determinative that the predominant motive of the tortfeasor
servant is to benefit himself or a third person, for such a motive does not
prevent the act from being within the scope of employment. Rather, the
courts will look to see if the purpose of serving the master’s business
actuated the servant to any appreciable extent. If so, the master is
subject to liability if the act is otherwise within the service. Ermert v.
Hartford Insurance Company, 559 So.2d 467 (La.1990); Dickerson v.
Piccadilly Restaurants, Inc., [99-2633 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/00), 785
So.2d 842].

Under this rationale, the argument that the sexual attack perpetrated upon Mr.

Edmond was motivated by personal considerations extraneous from Pathfinder’s

interests does not, in and of itself, insulate Pathfinder from liability. In the present

case, the attack occurred only after the supervisor ordered Mr. Edmond inside, where

his co-employees were seemingly lying in wait. This is not the situation presented

in Baumeister, where the tortfeasor employee was not serving the interests of the

employer to any appreciable extent. Here the employee was using his supervisory

powers to direct Mr. Edmond to the location where the attack occurred. Thus, at a

minimum, there is a question of fact whether the eventual attack was

employment-rooted.

We find, as the court in Samuels did, it is not so far-fetched that a factfinder

cannot conclude that the tortious conduct committed by the supervisor in this case

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was reasonably incidental to the performance of his duties, even if “totally

unauthorized by the employer and motivated by the employee’s personal interest.”

Id.

Lastly, we also note the case of Brumfield v. Coastal Cargo Co., Inc., 99-2756

(La.App. 4 Cir. 6/28/00), 768 So.2d 634, writ denied, 00-2293 (La. 10/27/00), 772

So.2d 658, where a dispute occurred between a truck driver and a forklift operator

over when a truck was to be loaded. The driver addressed the forklift operator in a

vile and derogatory way. The forklift operator then grabbed a hammer and struck the

driver in the head. The men then exchanged punches until the fight was broken up.

In finding the employer vicariously liable for the intentional act of the forklift

operator, the appellate court noted that the policy manual given to employees

contained a provision which prohibited “[f]ighting or assaulting any person while at

work or at any time and under any circumstance.” Id. at 641. The Brumfield court

specifically found the “inference to be drawn, therefore, is that the possibility of

fighting was a risk of harm fairly attributable to [the employer’s] business.” Id. at

641. While some may argue the fourth circuit’s reasoning punishes employers who

are diligent in forewarning employees not to engage in inappropriate conduct,

nevertheless the holding in this case exists and writs were denied by the Louisiana

Supreme Court.

The Pathfinder employee handbook specifically notes that “[a]cts of violence

will not be tolerated.” Also, in the section, Prohibition of Workplace Harassment, the

manual provides “[i]t is a violation of Company policy for any manager, supervisor,

or employee to engage in such conduct or for any manager or supervisor to allow any

employee to engage in such conduct or for any manager or supervisor or by a co-

worker . . . .” Because the policy manual warns against acts of violence and

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harassment in the workplace, under the reasoning in Brumfield, the possibility of

violence and harassment at work is a risk of harm fairly attributable to Pathfinder’s

business.

We also note the Brumfield court in addressing the employer’s argument that

the name-calling and resultant violence was conduct motivated purely by personal

considerations extraneous from the employer’s interests, stated “even if one assumes

[the forklift operator] was only angry about the name-calling, the fact remains that his

employment as a lift operator . . . and [plaintiff’s] job as a truck driver, is the reason

the two men had contact that day.” Id. at 640. Similarly, Mr. Edmond’s job as a

motor technician with Pathfinder, is the reason he had contact with the four attackers

on that day.

B. Hostile Work Environment.

The trial court also granted summary judgment on the issue of whether Mr.

Edmond was forced to work in a hostile work environment pursuant to La.R.S.

23:332. The trial court granted summary judgment on this issue, finding Mr. Edmond

was aware of Pathfinder’s policy, but did not make any complaints. Thus, the trial

court concluded there was no evidence that Pathfinder knew of the incidents or

should have known.

Louisiana Revised Statutes 23:332(A) provides that it shall be unlawful for an

employer to:

(1) Intentionally fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any
individual, or otherwise to intentionally discriminate against any
individual with respect to his compensation, or his terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, because of the individual’s race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin.

(2) Intentionally limit, segregate, or classify his employees or
applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to
deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or otherwise
adversely affect his status as an employee, because of the individual’s

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race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

As this statute is similar to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Louisiana

courts have availed themselves of decisions found in federal jurisprudence when

interpreting claims pursuant to La.R.S. 28:332. Hicks v. Cent. La. Elec. Co., Inc.,

97-1232 (La.App. 1 Cir. 5/15/98), 712 So.2d 656.

In order to prevail on a hostile work environment claim, a claimant must prove

five elements: 1) he belonged to a protected group; 2) he was subjected to

harassment; 3) the harassment was motivated by discriminatory animus; 4) the

harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment; and 5) that the

employer knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take proper

remedial action. Chaney v. Home Depot, USA, Inc., 05-1484 (La.App. 4 Cir.

8/16/06), 940 So.2d 18, writ denied, 06-2286 (La. 11/22/06), 942 So.2d 559.

In Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (1998), the

United States Supreme Court discussed an employer’s liability for a hostile work

environment caused by a supervisory employee:

An employer is subject to vicarious liability to a victimized employee
for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with
immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee. When
no tangible employment action is taken, a defending employer may raise
an affirmative defense to liability or damages, subject to proof by a
preponderance of the evidence. The defense comprises two necessary
elements: (a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and
correct promptly any . . . harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff
employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or
corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm
otherwise.

524 U.S. at 777-78, 118 S.Ct. at 2278 (citation omitted). Faragher also explained

that “[n]o affirmative defense is available, however, when the supervisor’s

harassment culminates in a tangible employment action, such as discharge, demotion,

or undesirable reassignment.” 524 U.S. at 808, 118 S.Ct. at 2293. The parties agree

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that Mr. Edmond suffered no tangible employment action in this case; thus the

affrimative defense set forth in Faragher is available to Pathfinder.

The trial court in this case specifically noted that Mr. Edmond was aware that

Pathfinder had a harassment policy in place, but did not make any complaints. Thus,

the trial court found that Mr. Edmond was unable to establish that Pathfinder knew

or should have known of the harassment in question and failed to take prompt

remedial action. The trial court held Mr. Edmond would be unable to meet its burden

of proving at a trial on the merits that Pathfinder “knew or should have known of the

harassment and failed to take proper remedial action.”

In this case, Mr. Edmond testified in his deposition that his plant supervisors

reported to Dan Langlinais, who periodically came to the Broussard plant. Mr.

Edmond testified that when Mr. Langlinais was present at the Broussard plant, other

workers did not misbehave and “were speechless.” Mr. Edmond also testified that if

Mr. Langlinais had been aware of the “slapping stuff” he would not have tolerated it,

and “half the shop would have been fired.” When asked if he had any “indication at

all that [human resources] or management with Pathfinder knew that this slapping

stuff was going on before [he] reported it,” Mr. Edmond responded, “I don’t think so,

cause they probably would have did [sic] something about it.”

Thus, considering Mr. Edmond’s own testimony indicates he did not feel

Pathfinder’s human resources department or management had knowledge of the

improper behavior by its employees at the Broussard shop, we cannot say the trial

court erred in granting summary judgment as to Mr. Edmond’s claim of a hostile

work environment.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s grant of summary judgment,

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dismissing Mr. Edmond’s claim of a hostile work environment under La.R.S. 28:332,

is affirmed. However, the grant of summary judgment dismissing Mr. Edmond’s

vicarious liability claim is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court for

trial on the merits. Costs of this appeal are assessed to defendant-appellant,

Pathfinder Energy Services, Inc.

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

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