Lori Johnson v. David John St. Romain

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

11-266

LORI JOHNSON

VERSUS

DAVID JOHN ST. ROMAIN, ET AL.

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APPEAL FROM THE
TWELFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF AVOYELLES, NO. 2010-4968-A
HONORABLE MARK A. JEANSONNE, DISTRICT JUDGE

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MARC T. AMY
JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Marc T. Amy and
Phyllis M. Keaty, Judges.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.

Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, concurring.

David A. Hughes
Hughes Law Firm
Post Office Box 1831
Alexandria, LA 71309-1831
(318) 443-4090
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Shelter Mutual Insurance Company
David John St. Romain

Russell L. Potter
Stafford, Stewart, & Potter
Post Office Box 1711
Alexandria, LA 71309
(318) 487-4910
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
Economy Premier Assurance Company
Debra Morgan

Cory P. Roy
Post Office Box 544
Marksville, LA 71351
(318) 240-7800
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE:
Lori Johnson

AMY, Judge.

After the plaintiff was involved in an automobile accident, she filed suit

against the other two drivers and their insurance companies, seeking damages for

injuries she allegedly incurred as a result of the accident. The plaintiff dismissed

one of the drivers after reaching a settlement agreement. The case proceeded to

trial on the issue of liability and damages attributed to the remaining defendant.

The trial court found the remaining defendant to be solely at fault for the accident

and awarded the plaintiff damages for pain and suffering, past medical bills, and

past and future lost wages. The remaining defendant and his insurer appeal the

finding of sole liability and the amount of damages. For the following reasons, we

affirm in part and reverse in part.

Factual and Procedural Background

The plaintiff, Lori Johnson, alleges that she was injured as the result of an

automobile accident. Johnson filed suit against the other two drivers, Debra

Morgan and David John St. Romain, as well as their insurers.

When the matter proceeded to trial, only St. Romain and his insurer, Shelter

Mutual Insurance Company, remained as defendants. The trial court found that St.

Romain was “100% liable and at fault” for the accident and awarded Johnson

damages in the amount of $22,500.00 for pain and suffering, $848.71 for past

medical bills, and $7,200.00 for past and future lost wages.

St. Romain and his insurer appeal, asserting as error:

I. The court erred in finding David St. Romain guilty of fault
which was the sole cause of the accident.

II. The court erred in awarding Lori Johnson $7,200.00 for loss of
income.

III. The court’s award of general damages in the amount of
$22,500.00 is so excessive for the injuries sustained by the
plaintiff to be an abuse of the court’s discretion.

Discussion

Apportionment of Fault

In his first assignment of error, St. Romain contests the trial court’s

determination that he was “100% liable and at fault” for the accident. St. Romain

asserts that the evidence shows that Morgan struck Johnson’s vehicle first and that

St. Romain then struck Morgan’s vehicle. He contends that at least 50% of the

fault should have been apportioned to Morgan.

An appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings of fact under the

manifest error-clearly wrong standard. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989).

When those findings are based on the credibility of witnesses, the appellate court

must give great deference to the trial court’s findings, “for only the factfinder can

be aware of the variations in demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on

the listener’s understanding and belief in what is said.” Id. at 844. If the witness’s

story is so internally inconsistent or implausible on its face, or where documents or

objective evidence so contradict the witness’s story that a reasonable fact finder

would not credit the witness’s story, a reviewing court may find manifest error

even in a finding ostensibly based upon a credibility determination. Id. However,

where those factors are not present, and a fact finder’s determination is based on

“its decision to credit the testimony of one of two or more witnesses, that finding

can virtually never be manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.” Id. at 845.

The apportionment of fault is a factual determination subject to the manifest

error-clearly wrong standard of review and, therefore the trier of fact has much

discretion in apportioning fault. Lee v. Briggs, 08-2120 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/10/09),

23 So.3d 362. “[T]he allocation of fault is not an exact science, nor is it the search

for a precise ratio.” Layssard v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety and Corr., 07-78, p. 4

(La.App. 3 Cir. 8/8/07), 963 So.2d 1053, 1058, writ denied, 07-1821 (La. 11/9/07),
2

967 So.2d 511. Instead, an appellate court, in reviewing the fact finder’s allocation

of fault should determine whether the allocated fault falls within a certain range

that does not violate the manifest error rule. Id. In order to disturb the award, the

appellate court must first find that the trial court’s apportionment of fault is clearly

wrong. Lee, 23 So.3d 362. Even then, the appellate court can only disturb the

award to the extent of lowering it or raising it to the highest or lowest point,

respectively, which is reasonably within the trial court’s discretion. Id.

Johnson testified that she was driving to Marksville, Louisiana on Louisiana

Highway 1. A co-worker, Brian O’Neil Charles, 1 was a passenger in the car.

According to Johnson, she stopped behind a vehicle that was making a left-hand

turn. Both Johnson and Charles indicated that, after a short period of time, they

heard “squealing” noises and felt an impact to the rear of their vehicle. Johnson

testified that she could see in her rear view mirror that she had been hit by an SUV.

Both Johnson and Charles testified that they felt another impact some four to five

seconds later.

The driver of the SUV, Debra Morgan, testified that she had stopped or

almost stopped behind Johnson’s vehicle. According to Morgan, she also heard a

“squealing” noise and the rear of her vehicle was struck by a pick-up truck.

Morgan testified that the force of the impact pushed her forward into Johnson’s

vehicle. Morgan did not mention a “second impact” and denied that she struck

Johnson’s vehicle first. St. Romain was driving the pick-up truck that struck

Morgan’s SUV. He testified that he took his eyes off the road for a second.

According to St. Romain, he was approximately twenty feet away from Morgan’s

1
Mr. Charles’ name has various spellings and permutations in the record; we use the form
adopted in his deposition.
3

vehicle when he first saw it. St. Romain then “slammed on the brakes,” skidded,

and hit the rear of Morgan’s SUV.

The record indicates that, after the accident, Morgan was upset, shaking, and

confused. There was conflicting testimony regarding whether Morgan apologized

for the accident and/or said that she was not paying attention. Johnson and Charles

both testified at their depositions, which were entered into evidence, that they felt

Morgan had “changed her tune” regarding her own liability for the accident.

However, at trial Johnson indicated that she could not be sure of who hit whom.

An officer from the Mansura Police Department responded to the scene of

the accident. There was testimony that the officer initially indicated that he was

going to issue a ticket to both Morgan and St. Romain for following too closely.

Morgan testified that, after she told the officer that St. Romain’s vehicle struck

hers, causing her to roll into Johnson’s vehicle, he only issued a ticket to St.

Romain. St. Romain testified that he was ticketed for following too closely and

that he pled guilty and paid the ticket.

The record indicates that there were two permissible views of the evidence.

One view is that Morgan initially struck the rear of Johnson’s vehicle and St.

Romain then struck Morgan’s vehicle, causing her to strike Johnson again.

Another is that Morgan stopped, or almost stopped, her vehicle behind Johnson

and that St. Romain struck Morgan’s vehicle, causing Morgan to strike Johnson’s

vehicle.

St. Romain admitted that he had taken his eyes off the road and that he did

not have enough time to stop before he hit Morgan’s vehicle. The responding

officer only ticketed St. Romain in connection with the accident, and St. Romain

pled guilty and paid the ticket. Further, there was testimony that Morgan denied

liability to the responding officer. By the time of trial, Morgan had already
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reached a settlement with Johnson and had been dismissed from the case. She also

testified that she had not filed a claim or suit for her personal injuries, if any, from

the accident.2

The trial court clearly credited Morgan’s testimony that she had stopped,

without striking Johnson’s vehicle, when St. Romain struck her vehicle and pushed

it into Johnson’s vehicle. In light of this evidence, the record supports a

conclusion that St. Romain was solely responsible for the accident. Given the vast

deference given to the trial court’s findings of fact, we find no error in the trial

court’s finding of liability and apportionment of fault solely to St. Romain.

This assignment of error is without merit.

Damage Award

The remainder of St. Romain’s assignments of error address the amount of

damages awarded by the trial court. St. Romain contends that the trial court erred

in awarding Johnson $7,200.00 in past and future lost wages and that the

$22,500.00 general damages award was excessive.

General Damages

St. Romain contends that the award of $22,500.00 in general damages was

excessive, given Johnson’s “minimal” injuries and conservative medical treatment.

The premier case addressing the review of general damage awards is Youn v.

Maritime Overseas Corp., 623 So.2d 1257 (La.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1114,

114 S.Ct. 1059 (1994). Therein, our supreme court stated that:

[T]he role of an appellate court in reviewing general damages is not to
decide what it considers to be an appropriate award, but rather to
review the exercise of discretion by the trier of fact. Each case is
different, and the adequacy or inadequacy of the award should be
determined by the facts or circumstances particular to the case under
consideration.

2
The record indicates that Morgan’s insurer filed suit against St. Romain and his insurer seeking
subrogation for payments made for property damage.
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. . . . The initial inquiry is whether the award for the particular
injuries and their effects under the particular circumstances on the
particular injured person is a clear abuse of the “much discretion” of
the trier of fact. Only after such a determination of an abuse of
discretion is a resort to prior awards appropriate and then for the
purpose of determining the highest or lowest point which is
reasonably within that discretion.

Id., at 1260 (citations omitted). In determining whether an abuse of discretion has

been shown, the relevant evidence must be viewed in the light which offers the

most support to the trial court’s judgment. Id.

The trial court gave lengthy findings of fact and reasons for judgment,

stating:

Ms. Johnson testified that it’s her right shoulder that’s been
problematic since the accident. She is right handed. She went through
some detail. Her day to day activities and the fact that we are now in
early November, 2010, some eight months since the accident and she is
still having pain from symptoms. She did testify regarding being a
horse, certified farrier, and losing income of approximately $400.00 per
month in that industry. She tried on two occasions but was unable
because of her shoulder complaints. . . . Horses seem to be important
to her. She used to ride in the rodeo but hasn’t done it since the
accident. Tried one time, was unable to complete. She used to breed
and train horses. On the day to day she did discuss the pain at five on a
zero to ten scale. She has eight horses, has to feed them. . . . She deals
with the pain. I think it’s important not to penalize someone for not
being a crybaby over their painful symptoms, but it doesn’t mean that
they don’t have them. Sometimes the problems radiate into her neck
area from the right shoulder pain. She does take Aleve over the counter
about five times a month. Prior to the accident she’d only take
something like that once every three or four months.

The trial court also reiterated Johnson’s medical history, noting that there

were objective findings of injury by her physician at eight weeks after the accident.

Further, the trial court compared and contrasted the facts of this case with several

cases involving similar injuries, including Williams v. State, Dep’t of Wildlife and

Fisheries, 95-2456 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/20/96), 684 So.2d 1018, writ denied, 96-

3069 (La. 3/7/97), 689 So.2d 1372, and Gremillion v. Derks, 96-412 (La.App. 4

Cir. 11/18/96), 684 So.2d 492.
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The trial court’s findings indicate that Johnson had at least eight weeks of

conservative treatment for her injuries and had ongoing pain at the time of trial,

approximately eight months after the accident. The symptoms were severe enough

that they impaired Johnson’s day-to-day activities. Based on our review of the

record, we find that the trial court’s award of general damages was not an abuse of

discretion. See also Tubre v. State, Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 96-1194 (La.App. 3

Cir. 4/2/97), 693 So.2d 1190, writs denied, 97-1913, 97-1916 (La. 11/27/97), 703

So.2d 1307.

This assignment of error is without merit.

Special Damages

St. Romain contends that, because Johnson made a “guesstimate” as to the

amount of money that she earned as a farrier, the trial court’s award of $7,200.00

was an abuse of discretion. A panel of this court addressed the assessment of lost

earnings, a type of special damages, in Cottle v. Conagra Poultry Co., 06-1160

(La.App. 3 Cir. 3/14/07), 954 So.2d 255. The court stated:

Special damages, which are those damages that can be
established to a reasonable mathematical certainty, include awards for
past and future lost earnings. Myers v. Broussard, 96-1634 (La.App.
3 Cir. 5/21/97), 696 So.2d 88. When a trier of fact assesses special
damages, the discretion is more limited or narrower than the
discretion to assess general damages. Eddy v. Litton, 586 So.2d 670
(La.App. 2 Cir. 1991), writ denied, 590 So.2d 1203 (La.1992). The
standard of review, however, is still that of abuse of discretion.
Wainwright v. Fontenot, 00-492 (La. 10/17/00), 774 So.2d 70.

A plaintiff has the burden to prove that he or she sustained a
loss of income. Carter v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 548 So.2d
53 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1989). An award for lost past wages can be
calculated as the amount a plaintiff would have in all likelihood
earned had he or she been able to work. Taylor v. Premier Ins. Co. of
Mass., 98-1934, 98-1935, (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/30/99), 742 So.2d 35.

Id. at 258. In cases where there is no basis for a precise mathematical calculation

of the amount of lost earnings, the trial court has the discretion to award a

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reasonable amount of damages. Burrell v. Williams, 05-1625 (La.App. 1 Cir.

6/9/06), 938 So.2d 694. Further “[t]his may consist of a plaintiff's own testimony.

However, to allow a plaintiff to recover damages for lost wages in the absence of

independent support is highly speculative.” Turner v. Cleveland Trust Co., 95-

2488, p. 22 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/22/96), 686 So.2d 871, 880, writ denied, 96-1531

(La. 9/27/96), 679 So.2d 1350, citing McDonough v. Royal Sonesta, Inc., 626

So.2d 438 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1993).

The record indicates that Johnson, a probation officer, did not miss any time

at her “regular” job. However, Johnson testified that she was a certified farrier and

earned supplemental income by shoeing horses on the weekends. According to her

testimony, Johnson was unable to continue her business as a farrier because the

work involves supporting part of the horse’s weight, approximately twelve hundred

pounds, on her injured shoulder. She testified that she had attempted to work twice

since the accident but had been unable to finish.

Johnson estimated that she typically earned between $400.00 and $750.00

per month working as a farrier. She testified that she was unsure of the exact

amount because it was a cash business and she did not keep records. Johnson also

testified that she typically shoed six to eight horses each Saturday and, in her

deposition, testified that she charged $35.00 per horse. However, Johnson also

testified that she did not report her income from the farrier business as taxable

income.

The trial court awarded “$400.00 per month for eighteen months regarding

the lack of ability to perform the horse farrier business,” for a total of $7,200.00.

In McDonough, 626 So.2d 438, the fourth circuit found that a plaintiff’s testimony

regarding lost wages was highly speculative where the only evidence submitted in

support of the lost wage claim was the testimony of the plaintiff, an attorney, and a
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list of prospective clients and the amounts she would have charged as a retainer.

Here, Johnson herself was unsure of the amount earned from the farrier business

and could only provide a self-described “guesstimate” as to her earnings. Further,

Johnson admitted that she did not report the income on her taxes.3 Although the

uncorroborated testimony of the plaintiff can support a lost wage award, based on

the facts of this case, we find that Johnson’s testimony regarding the lost wage

claim is insufficient. See Turner, 686 So.2d 871.

Thus, the trial court erred in awarding damages for lost wages.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court awarding the

plaintiff, Lori Johnson, $7,200.00 in damages for lost wages is reversed and set

aside. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs are

assessed to the appellants, David John St. Romain and Shelter Mutual Insurance

Company.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.

3
See Cottle, 954 So.2d at 259 (“If [the plaintiff] did not consider her mileage as income when her
income tax returns were prepared, we cannot consider that same mileage as part of her lost
wages.”); Cooper v. Lacorte, 99-1726 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/17/00), 775 So.2d 4, amended on
rehearing on other grounds, (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/31/01), 775 So.2d 704 (Where the plaintiff
testified that he lost wages from his grass-cutting business, but the defendant submitted evidence
showing that the plaintiff had not reported any income in several years, the fourth circuit
reversed the judgment of the trial court awarding damages for lost wages.).
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