Douglas Cormier v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Ins. Co.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

12-892

DOUGLAS CORMIER, ET AL.

VERSUS

LOUISIANA FARM BUREAU CASUALTY INS. CO., ET AL.

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APPEAL FROM THE
FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF ACADIA, NO. 2009-10969
HONORABLE HERMAN C. CLAUSE, DISTRICT JUDGE

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MARC T. AMY
JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Jimmie C. Peters, and
Marc T. Amy, Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Jeffrey M. Bassett
Patrick C. Morrow, Sr.
Candyce C. Gagnard
Richard T. Haik, Jr.
Morrow, Morrow, Ryan & Bassett
Post Office Drawer 1787
Opelousas, LA 70571
(337) 948-4483
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTS:
Joann Cormier
Douglas Cormier

Peter F. Caviness
Dauzat, Falgoust, Caviness
Post Office Drawer 1450
Opelousas, LA 70571-1450
(337) 942-5811
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company
Terry Faul

Ian A. Macdonald
Jones Walker
Post Office Drawer 3408
Lafayette, LA 70502-3408
(337) 539-7600
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company
Beverly Lantier Leger

Matthew J. Hill, Jr.
4010 W. Congress Street, Suite 207
Lafayette, LA 70506
(337) 989-8100
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
Barbara Lantier Comeaux
Patsy Lantier Bienvenu
Sapha Lantier Richard

AMY, Judge.

The plaintiffs allege that their car struck a cow on the road, causing injuries to

the driver and the passenger of the car. The plaintiffs filed suit against the farmer who

owned the cow, the usufructuary who granted the farmer a pasture lease on the

property from which the cow escaped, the naked owners of that property, and various

insurance companies. Four of the five naked owners filed motions for summary

judgment, arguing that they had no liability to the plaintiffs as the naked owners of the

property. The trial court granted the motions for summary judgment and dismissed

the plaintiffs‘ claims against them. The plaintiffs appeal. For the following reasons,

we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

According to the record, Joann Cormier and her daughter Meka Cormier were

travelling along Louisiana Highway 98 in September 2008, when Joann struck and

killed a cow that had wandered into the road. Joann and her husband Douglas

Cormier filed suit, individually and on behalf of Meka, alleging that Joann and Meka

suffered injuries as a result of the accident. Douglas also sought loss of consortium

damages. The Cormiers initially filed suit against Terry Faul, alleging that he owned

the cow and that he was negligent in failing to maintain his fences. The Cormiers also

named as defendants Beverly Lantier Leger, Patsy Lantier Bienvenu, Barbara Lantier

Comeaux, Erleen M. Lantier a/k/a Erleen L. Avelino, and Sapha Lantier Richard (the

Lantier sisters). The Cormiers alleged that, as the owners of the property from which

the cow escaped, the Lantier sisters were negligent in failing to require Mr. Faul to

maintain the fences. After learning that the Lantier sisters were the naked owners of

the property and that their mother, Louetta Marie Breaux Lantier, 1 was the

1
We observe that Mrs. Lantier‘s name is spelled as both ―Louetta‖ and ―Luetta‖ in the
record. However, the record indicates that Mrs. Lantier signs her name as ―Louetta,‖ and we use
that spelling.

usufructuary, the Cormiers amended their petition on more than one occasion to add

Mrs. Lantier and various insurance companies as defendants. 2

One of the Lantier sisters, Erleen Avelino, filed a motion for summary

judgment. That motion was granted, and the Cormiers‘ claims against Erleen were

dismissed. 3 Barbara, Sapha, and Patsy subsequently filed separate motions for

summary judgment. Beverly and Beverly‘s homeowners‘ insurer also filed a motion

for summary judgment. Therein, they contended that, as the naked owners of the

property, the Lantier sisters had no liability to the Cormiers. After a hearing, the trial

court granted those motions and dismissed the Cormiers‘ claims against the remaining

Lantier sisters and Beverly‘s homeowners‘ insurance company.

The Cormiers appeal, asserting that ―[t]he trial court erred in granting the

summary judgment of Beverly Lantier Leger and Louisiana Farm Bureau Mutual

Insurance Company, Barbara Lantier Comeaux, Sapha Lantier Richard, and Patsy

Lantier Bienvenu.‖

Discussion

Motions for Summary Judgment

In their motions for summary judgment, the Lantier sisters described the

Cormiers‘ allegations as that the Lantier sisters were negligent in failing to maintain

the fences, in allowing livestock to roam freely, and in failing to terminate the lease.

The Lantier sisters contended that they did not have power, authority, or control over

Mr. Faul‘s actions as lessee. Further, the Lantier sisters contend that, as the naked

2
We observe that Mr. Faul filed an exception of lis pendens, contending that the Cormiers
had previously filed suit in St. Landry Parish under docket number 09-C-0110-C. According to the
record, several of the Lantier sisters filed exceptions of improper venue, and Mr. Faul filed a motion
to transfer venue in the St. Landry Parish case. That motion was granted, and the case was
transferred to Acadia Parish.
3
According to the record, Erleen filed her motion for summary judgment in the St. Landry
Parish case. The Cormiers have not appealed the granting of the motion for summary judgment with
regard to Erleen.
2

owners of the property, they were only required to contribute towards extraordinary

repairs and that they had no duty to inspect the property. The Lantier sisters also

argued that they could not interfere with the usufructuary‘s rights.

The Cormiers, citing Murillo v. Hernandez, 00-1065 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/31/00),

772 So.2d 868, and Turnbow v. Wye Electric, Inc., 38,948 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/22/04),

883 So.2d 469, contended that the Lantier sisters were liable because they had actual

knowledge that the fences were not being maintained properly and that cows had

gotten out on several other occasions. The Cormiers also contended that the Lantier

sisters had an obligation to terminate Louetta‘s usufruct and that Barbara and Sapha

should have terminated Mr. Faul‘s lease. After a hearing on the motions for summary

judgment, the trial court granted the motions and dismissed the Cormiers‘ claims

against Barbara, Sapha, Patsy and Beverly, as well as the claims against Beverly‘s

homeowners‘ insurance company.

In Bergeron v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 12-86, pp. 2-3 (La.App. 3 Cir.

6/6/12), 92 So.3d 645, 647, writ denied, 12-1538 (La. 10/12/12), 98 So.3d 873, a

panel of this court discussed the appellate review of motions for summary judgment,

stating:

The motion for summary judgment should be granted if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with any affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(B).[ 4 ] Appellate review of a summary
judgment is de novo, applying the same standard as the trial court. Smith

4
We note that La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(B) was amended by the legislature in 2012 to state
that ―[t]he judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
issue as to material fact, and that mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.‖ Further, the
legislature amended La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(E)(2) to include that ―[o]nly evidence admitted for
purposes of the motion for summary judgment shall be considered by the court in its ruling on the
motion.‖

The effective date of the amendments was August 1, 2012. The hearing on the motion for
summary judgment in this matter was held on January 30, 2012. Accordingly, we refer to the pre-
amendment version of Article 966.
3

v. Our Lady of the Lake Hosp., Inc., 93-2512 (La. 7/5/94), 639 So.2d
730.

Further, ―[t]he burden of proof on the motion for summary judgment remains with the

movant. La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(C)(2).‖ Id.

However, if the movant will not bear the burden of proof at trial on
the matter that is before the court on the motion for summary judgment,
the movant‘s burden on the motion does not require him to negate all
essential elements of the adverse party‘s claim, action, or defense, but
rather to point out to the court that there is an absence of factual support
for one or more elements essential to the adverse party‘s claim, action, or
defense. Thereafter, if the adverse party fails to produce factual support
sufficient to establish that he will be able to satisfy his evidentiary burden
of proof at trial, there is no genuine issue of material fact.

La.Code Civ.P. art. 966(C)(2).

Liability as Naked Owners for Maintenance of Fences

The first argument asserted by the Lantier sisters is that, as naked owners of the

property, they are not liable for the negligence of the usufructuary or the

usufructuary‘s tenant. The Cormiers contend that the Lantier sisters‘ assertion is

incorrect and that the Lantier sisters should have terminated the usufruct based on the

failure to make repairs. The record indicates that Howard and Louetta Lantier divided

a parcel of real estate into five tracts and donated a tract to each of their five

daughters. Howard and Louetta retained a usufruct over the property. Further,

Louetta signed a power of attorney in favor of Howard and, in the event of his death,

Barbara and/or Sapha. Howard and Louetta entered into a pasture lease with Mr.

Faul, which, in part, required him to ―maintain all fences and property of Lessor and

Lessee agrees to furnish all materials needed for said maintenance.‖ According to the

record, Howard passed away before the Cormiers‘ accident. In their depositions,

Barbara and Sapha testified that when the lease term expired, exercising power of

attorney on behalf of Louetta, they verbally extended the pasture lease with Mr. Faul.

4

Louisiana Civil Code Article 2321 addresses liability for damages caused

animals, stating:

The owner of an animal is answerable for the damage caused by
the animal. However, he is answerable for the damage only upon a
showing that he knew or, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have
known that his animal‘s behavior would cause damage, that the damage
could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care, and that he
failed to exercise such reasonable care. Nonetheless, the owner of a dog
is strictly liable for damages for injuries to persons or property caused by
the dog and which the owner could have prevented and which did not
result from the injured person‘s provocation of the dog. Nothing in this
Article shall preclude the court from the application of the doctrine of res
ipsa loquitur in an appropriate case.

Since the 1996 amendments to Article 2321, strict liability is no longer imposed for

all animals, with the exception of dog owners. Honeycutt v. State Farm Fire & Cas.

Co., 39,301 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/22/04), 890 So.2d 756, writ denied, 05-184 (La.

3/24/05), 896 So.2d 1046. Therefore, owners of animals other than dogs are subject

to the standard for ordinary negligence. Id. ―Absent negligence, a cow confined

within fencing of proper height and maintenance will not wander into the center of the

roadway in the middle of the night, endangering motorists.‖ Id. at 761. See also

Jamison v. Williamson, 174 So.2d 285 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1965). The Cormiers contend

that Mr. Faul and/or the Lantiers were negligent in maintaining the fences, allowing

the cow to escape.5

Louisiana Civil Code Article 577 addresses the allocation of the responsibility

for repairs between the naked owner and the usufructuary, stating:

The usufructuary is responsible for ordinary maintenance and
repairs for keeping the property subject to the usufruct in good order,
whether the need for these repairs arises from accident or force majeure,
the normal use of things, or his fault or neglect.

5
We note that the deposition testimony was that the cow escaped from ―Gate No. 4,‖ which
was located on Barbara‘s portion of the property. Mr. Faul testified that ―Gate No. 4‖ was secured
with a latch and a knotted rope, and that, on the date of the accident, the gate was open and the rope
was on the ground. When it was suggested that one of the cows may have untied the knot, Mr. Faul
stated, ―I wish I could find out which one it was ‗cause I could be rich.‖
5

The naked owner is responsible for extraordinary repairs, unless
they have become necessary as a result of the usufructuary‘s fault or
neglect in which case the usufructuary is bound to make them at his cost.

Further, La.Civ.Code art. 578 specifies that ―[e]xtraordinary repairs are those for the

reconstruction of the whole or of a substantial part of the property subject to the

usufruct. All others are ordinary repairs.‖ Similarly, La.Civ.Code art. 579 provides,

in relevant part, that ―the naked owner may compel the usufructuary to make the

repairs for which the usufructuary is responsible. The usufructuary may not compel

the naked owner to make the extraordinary repairs for which the owner is

responsible.‖

In Walker v. Holt, 03-1722 (La.App. 3 Cir. 9/29/04), 888 So.2d 255, a panel of

this court discussed the naked owners‘ liability to a deliveryman who injured himself

after stepping in a hole on the property. The Walker court stated that:

The rights and obligations of the naked owner are limited in
comparison to those of the usufructuary. The naked owner can dispose of
his naked ownership and the alienation or encumbrance of the property
subject to the usufruct; however, he cannot affect the rights of the
usufructuary. La.Civ.Code art. 603. Furthermore, the naked owner must
not interfere with the rights of the usufructuary and may not make
alterations or improvements to the property. La.Civ.Code arts. 605 and
606.

Consideration of the rights and obligations of the usufructuary and
the naked owner leads to the conclusion that the usufructuary, not the
naked owner, is obligated to maintain the property subject to the usufruct.
Accordingly, we find no error with the trial court‘s conclusion that [the
naked owners] do not have a duty to inspect and maintain the property at
issue.

Id. at 258-59.

Even assuming that Mr. Faul failed to adequately maintain the property, the

Lantier sisters, as naked owners, did not have a duty to inspect and maintain the

property. See Walker, 888 So.2d 255. The Cormiers‘ assertion that the Lantier sisters

were negligent in failing to maintain the fences is without merit.

6

Further, following that reasoning, the Cormiers‘ assertion that the Lantier

sisters are liable for the negligence of the usufructuary‘s lessee is also without merit.

The Cormiers point to two cases, Murillo, 772 So.2d 868, and Turnbow, 883 So.2d

469, which they contend support their argument that a naked owner may be liable for

the negligence of the usufructuary‘s lessee. In Murillo, 772 So.2d at 871, the fifth

circuit discussed a landlord‘s liability for damages caused by a tenant‘s animal,

stating:

Although a landlord is strictly liable for injuries caused by vices or
defects of his building, he is not liable to a third person for injuries
caused by his lessee‘s animal. The strict liability of the animal owner
under C.C. art. 2321 cannot be imputed to a non-owner. Parr v. Head,
442 So.2d 1234, 1235 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1983). The landlord may still be
liable for negligence under La. C.C. arts. 2315-2316, however, if there is
a violation of duty and that violation is a cause-in-fact of an injury. Id.
This has been interpreted within this Circuit to mean that the record must
show the landlord had actual knowledge of the dog‘s vicious propensity.
Compagno v. Monson, 580 So.2d 962, 966 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1991).

We do not find that the circumstances described in Murillo and Turnbow are

applicable to this case. The record indicates that the Lantier sisters are the naked

owners of several adjoining tracts of property which the usufructuary, their mother,

rents to Mr. Faul. Although Murillo and Turnbow indicate that, in certain

circumstances, a landlord may be liable for negligence involving injuries caused by a

lessee‘s animal, the Lantier sisters are not Mr. Faul‘s landlords. 6 As previously

discussed, as the naked owners, the Lantier sisters have no obligation to inspect the

property or to require the usufructuary to make ordinary repairs. Accordingly, we

find no merit to the Cormiers‘ argument in this regard.
6
We observe that in Verdun v. Herbert, 03-225 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/28/03), 848 So.2d 138, the
fifth circuit extended the holding in Murillo to a contractor who may have left a door open, allowing
his client‘s dog to escape and cause a bicycle accident. The fifth circuit stated, ―[t]he duty in this
case does not arise from Mr. Arcement‘s status as an independent contractor or whether he may have
left the door open. Had plaintiff established that Mr. Arcement had knowledge of the dog‘s
propensity, then his actions, if any, may have subjected him to liability for negligence under La.
Civil Code art. 2316.‖ Verdun, 848 So.2d at 141. Although the Cormiers submitted evidence, in the
form of depositions, that the Lantier sisters knew that cows had previously escaped from the
property, as discussed elsewhere in this opinion, they submitted no evidence that the Lantier sisters‘
actions or inactions violated any duty to the Cormiers.
7

Nor do we find that a naked owner is required to terminate the usufruct if the

usufructuary fails to make ordinary repairs. Louisiana Civil Code article 623 states

that ―[t]he usufruct may be terminated by the naked owner if the usufructuary

commits waste, alienates things without authority, neglects to make ordinary repairs,

or abuses his enjoyment in any other manner.‖ (Emphasis added.) ―When a law is

clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd consequences, the

law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation may be made in search of

the intent of the legislature.‖ La.Civ.Code art. 9. Further, ―[t]he words of a law must

be given their generally prevailing meaning.‖ La.Civ.Code art. 11. See also La.R.S.

1:3 (―The word ―shall‖ is mandatory and the word ―may‖ is permissive.‖). The plain

language of Article 623 permits the naked owner to terminate the usufruct if the

usufructuary neglects to make ordinary repairs but does not require it. Accordingly,

we find no error in the trial court‘s judgment with regard to this argument.

Liability for Failure to Terminate Lease

The Cormiers also assert that the Lantier sisters, especially Barbara and Sapha,

are liable because they had actual knowledge that Mr. Faul was not maintaining the

property and that they failed to terminate the lease.

With regard to the naked owners‘ responsibility to terminate the lease,

La.Civ.Code art. 605 provides that ―[t]he naked owner must not interfere with the

rights of the usufructuary.‖ One of the rights afforded to a usufructuary is the right to

lease the property. La.Civ.Code art. 567. See also McDaniel v. Ortego, 365 So.2d

1159 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1978). Accordingly, as the Lantier sisters were obligated not to

interfere with Louetta‘s right to lease the property, we find that the Cormiers‘

argument in this regard is without merit.

The Cormiers also assert that Barbara and Sapha, as Louetta‘s mandataries, are

liable for failing to terminate the lease. However, ―[t]he court may consider as
8

abandoned any specification or assignment of error which has not been briefed.‖

Uniform Rules—Courts of Appeal, Rule 2-12.4. Further, ―[r]estating an assigned

error in brief without argument or citation of authority does not constitute briefing.‖

State v. Caffrey, 08-717, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/12/09), 15 So.3d 198, 203, writ denied,

09-1305 (La. 2/5/10), 27 So.3d 297. The Cormiers merely restate their argument and

cite no authority in support thereof. For this reason, we do not consider the Cormiers‘

argument in this regard.

Based on our review of the record, we find that there is no genuine issue of

material fact and that the Lantier sisters are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Thus, we find no error in the trial court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of

Barbara, Sapha, Patsy, Beverly and Louisiana Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance

Company.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court granting

summary judgment in favor of Beverly Lantier Leger and Louisiana Farm Bureau

Mutual Insurance Company, Barbara Lantier Comeaux, Sapha Lantier Richard, and

Patsy Lantier Bienvenu. The costs of this appeal are allocated to the plaintiffs–

appellants, Douglas Cormier and Joann Cormier, individually and on behalf of Meka

Cormier.

AFFIRMED.

9