Martha Lewis v. Progressive Paloverde Ins. Co.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

13-617

MARTHA LEWIS, ET AL.

VERSUS

PROGRESSIVE PALOVERDE INSURANCE COMPANY, ET AL.

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APPEAL FROM THE
PINEVILLE CITY COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 2011CV00773
HONORABLE JESSE PHILLIP TERRELL, JR., CITY COURT JUDGE

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JOHN D. SAUNDERS
JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, John D. Saunders, and
Phyllis M. Keaty, Judges.

AFFIRMED, AS AMENDED.

Jeffrey A. Rhoades
Swift & Rhoades
P. O. Box 53107
Lafayette, LA 70505-3107
(337) 572-9877
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
United Services Automobile Association

Henry Gerard Terhoeve
Guglielmo, Marks, Schutte, Terhoeve & Love Law Firm
320 Somerulos Street
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
(225) 387-6966
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Progressive Paloverde Ins. Co.
Kassie Jacobs

Byron O'Neal
O'Neal Law Firm
630 Lee Street
Alexandria, LA 71301
(318) 487-8787
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES:
Martha Lewis
Eternity Lewis

SAUNDERS, Judge.

Defendants appeal a trial court judgment in favor of Plaintiffs, Eternity

Lewis and Martha Lewis, in which the trial court found Defendants liable for

damages arising out of a motor vehicle accident and awarded Plaintiffs $15,000 for

general damages and $2,304.01 for medical specials. The trial court awarded

Martha Lewis $2,000 for loss of consortium. We affirm as amended, reducing the

award of general damages from $15,000 to $7,500.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff, Eternity Lewis, and Defendant, Kassie Jacobs, were involved in a

motor vehicle accident in a grocery store parking lot on September 6, 2011. Both

drivers were backing out of adjacent parking spots with their vehicles back-to-back.

Eternity testified that when Ms. Jacobs‟s car came into contact with her car, her car

was stopped. She testified that her head hit the steering wheel while her shoulder

and right knee hit the dashboard. She had no passengers in her car. On September

13, 2011, she visited Dr. Robert K. Rush, M.D., who diagnosed her with cervical

strain, lumbar strain, right shoulder trauma, right sacroiliac strain, and right knee

trauma. She underwent treatment consisting of medication and physical therapy.

Dr. Rush testified at trial that on October 12, 2011, Eternity “had experienced

resolution of her neck, back, and knee pain, no headaches, completed the course of

therapy, [and] was released from physical therapy.” Dr. Rush also testified it was

possible that she would have future “flare ups” after this resolution, but Eternity

has not sought treatment since. Eternity testified that prior to the accident she had

no problems with her right knee, shoulder, or headaches. Her medical bills totaled

$2,304.01.

At the time of the accident, Eternity was seventeen years old; at the time of

the trial court‟s judgment she was eighteen. Eternity‟s mother, Martha Lewis, filed

suit on Eternity‟s behalf against Ms. Jacobs, Ms. Jacobs‟s liability insurer

Progressive Paloverde Insurance Company (hereinafter “Progressive”), and the

Lewis family‟s underinsured/uninsured motorist insurer United Services

Automobile Association (hereinafter “USAA”).

Martha also asserted her own loss of consortium claim against all

Defendants. Martha testified at trial that she is being treated for cancer and that

she depends on all three of her children for household help. She testified that

Eternity performed cleaning tasks around the house every other night. She further

testified that after the accident, Eternity could not vacuum because it caused back

pain and that two months passed before Eternity could get back to her regular

routine of chores.

After a bench trial on September 21, 2012, the trial court found Ms. Jacobs

was solely at fault for the accident. The court awarded Plaintiffs $15,000 in

general damages, $2,304.01 in medical specials, and $2,000 for loss of consortium.

The Progressive policy‟s limit is $15,000 per person/$30,000 per occurrence, and

the USAA policy would activate once the Progressive policy‟s limit had been

reached. The USAA‟s policy‟s limit is also $15,000/$30,000. All Defendants

appeal the judgment.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

On appeal, Defendant USAA asserts the following assignments of error:

1. The general damage award of $15,000 for soft tissue injuries that
completely resolved within 36 days of the accident was excessive
and not supported by the evidence.

2. The loss of consortium award of $2,000 to the plaintiff mother was
not supported by the evidence and should be reversed in toto.

3. The trial court‟s judgment incorrectly made the damage awards
jointly to the mother and daughter plaintiffs.

Defendants, Kassie Jacobs and Progressive, assert the following assignments
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of error:

1. The thirty six (36) days of symptoms which improved over the
course of the thirty six (36) days for a soft tissue injury does not
support a general damage award of $15,000.

2. A loss of Consortium Award of $2,000 to the mother of the
plaintiff when the plaintiff had less than thirty six (36) days of
symptoms is not supported by the evidence.

3. The trial court judgment is erroneously worded and needs to
segregate the claims of both plaintiffs.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

General Damages

General damages “may not be fixed with pecuniary exactitude; instead, they

„involve mental or physical pain or suffering, inconvenience, the loss of

intellectual gratification or physical enjoyment, or other losses of life or life-style

which cannot be definitely measured in monetary terms.‟” Duncan v. Kansas City

S. Ry. Co., 00-66 (La. 10/30/00), 773 So.2d 670, 682 (quoting Keeth v. Dep’t of

Pub. Safety & Transp., 618 So.2d 1154, 1160 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1993)).

This court has summarized the standard of review for an award of general

damages as follows:

The discretion vested in the trier of fact is “great,” and even
vast, so that an appellate court should rarely disturb an award of
general damages. It is only when the award is, in either direction,
beyond that which a reasonable trier of fact could assess for the
effects of the particular injury to the particular plaintiff under the
particular circumstances that the appellate court should increase or
reduce the award.

Only after an abuse of discretion is disclosed by an articulated
analysis of the facts is an examination of prior awards in similar cases
proper; an abusively low award is raised to the lowest amount the trier
of fact could have reasonably awarded, while an abusively high award
is reduced to the highest amount the trier of fact could have
reasonably awarded. The proper procedure for examining whether an
award is excessive is to determine whether the amount can be
supported under the interpretation of the evidence, most favorable to
the plaintiff, which reasonably could have been made by the trier of
fact.
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Before a trial court's award of damages can be questioned as
inadequate or excessive, the reviewing court must look first, not to
prior awards, but to the individual circumstances of the instant case. A
damage award should not be disturbed by the reviewing court absent a
showing of a clear abuse of discretion.

Plaissance v. McDonald, 03-1043, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/4/04), 865 So.2d 1004,

1008, writ denied, 04-585 (La. 4/23/04), 870 So.2d 305 (quoting Hunt v. Long,

33,395, pp. 4-5 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/21/00), 763 So.2d 811, 815-16 (citations

omitted)); see also La.Civ.Code art. 2324.1.

Defendants challenge the award of $15,000 in general damages, arguing the

evidence cannot support this amount and that it is therefore excessive. We agree.

With all evidence interpreted in Eternity‟s favor, it is clear from the record that

Eternity experienced only slight inconvenience and pain and suffering for which

physical therapy was a fast and effective remedy. She was unable to do chores in

order to assist her mother and bore the inconvenience of physical therapy. She

experienced enough physical pain to warrant pain medication although her

symptoms ceased completely in just over one month. The record shows no

indication that her life was otherwise impacted by her injuries. Considering the

modest degree of pain and suffering and inconvenience, along with the lack of

other grounds for general damages, we have no choice but to reduce the general

damages award granted by the trial court. We are mindful that an appellate court

should rarely disturb such an award. See Youn v. Mar. Overseas Corp., 623 So.2d

1257 (La.1993), cert. denied 510 U.S. 1114, 114 S. Ct. 1059 (1994). However,

these facts clearly do not support an award of $15,000. This award is an abuse of

the trial court‟s discretion and must be reduced to the highest amount the trial court

could have reasonably awarded.

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All Defendants ask this court to reduce the award of general damages to

$1,500. To determine the highest reasonable amount, we first must consider the

specific injuries that Eternity suffered as well as any other circumstances of her

individual case. These are summarized above. Second, we may use prior awards

to consider “whether the present award is greatly disproportionate to the mass of

past awards for truly similar injuries” and to determine the highest reasonable

amount. Theriot v. Allstate Ins. Co., 625 So.2d 1337, 1340 (La.1993).

Looking to past awards, in Williams v. Roberts, 05-852 (La.App. 5 Cir.

4/11/06), 930 So.2d 121, the plaintiff‟s car was rear-ended and the plaintiff

sustained a soft tissue injury that resolved in three months. The appellate court

reduced the trial court‟s award of $14,000 in general to damages to $7,500. In

Johnson v. Castleberry, 42,648 (La.App. 2 Cir. 10/24/07), 968 So.2d 352, the

plaintiff underwent physical therapy for injuries that resolved in about a month, but

resumed physical therapy a year later for four months as he continued to have pain

from the accident. The appellate court found that the trial court was not clearly

wrong in awarding $7,500 for general damages. In Moraus v. Frederick, 05-429

(La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/05), 916 So.2d 474, the plaintiff received treatment for soft

tissue injuries to his upper arm, shoulder, and neck following an accident. The

appellate court found that the trial court‟s award granting the plaintiff $3,500 per

month for the first two months and an average of $2,625 per month overall was not

an abuse of its discretion. In Gilliard v. Collins, 42,460 (La.App. 2 Cir. 11/7/07),

969 So.2d 786, the appellate court found that the trial court‟s award of $6,801.80

for general damages was not abusively high for soft tissue injuries resulting from

an automobile accident and requiring one month of treatment. In that case, the

plaintiff was diagnosed with strain and spasm of the muscles in the cervical,

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thoracic and lumbar spine, the left shoulder, and left upper arm, and was treated

with therapy three times per week.

In Hanna v. Roussel, 35,346 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/5/01), 803 So.2d 261, the

appellate court found that an award of $6,500 was not abusively high where an

accident resulted in damage to the plaintiff‟s eyeglasses and clothes, injuries to her

hands, feet, and back, and emotional trauma. The appellate court found that

$6,500 was “on the higher end of a reasonable award,” but not abusively so. Id. at

268. In Dixon v. Tillman, 29,483 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/97), 694 So.2d 585, writ

denied, 97-1430 (La. 9/19/97), 701 So.2d 174, where both plaintiffs suffered

sprains which resolved in a little over two months, during which time the plaintiffs

were treated with medication, the appellate court reduced the award of general

damages from $7,500 for each plaintiff to $5,000 for one plaintiff and $3,000 for

the other. In Cole v. Pool, 34,329 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/6/00), 774 So.2d 1081,

wherein the plaintiff was treated for injuries for six weeks by medication, heat and

ultrasound, and the activities curtailed by the plaintiff‟s injuries were mowing the

grass and cleaning the house, the appellate court reduced the award of general

damages from $6,000 to $4,500.

Considering Eternity‟s individual circumstances as well as other awards in

similar cases, this court finds that $7,500 is the highest amount the trial court could

have reasonably awarded. Therefore, we reduce the abusively high amount of

$15,000 to $7,500 in general damages.

Loss of Consortium

The elements of a loss of consortium claim for which the parent of an

injured person may be compensated are loss of society, service, and support.

La.Civ.Code art. 2315(B); Vidrine v. Gov’t Employees Ins. Co., 528 So.2d 765

(La.App. 3 Cir.1988), writ denied, 532 So.2d 156 (La.1988).
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“The trier of fact is given much discretion in awards for loss of consortium

and will not be overturned on appeal in the absence of manifest error.” Bellard v.

South Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 96-1426, p. 21 (La.App. 3 Cir. 8/27/97), 702 So.2d 695,

707, writ denied, 97-2415 (La.12/12/97), 704 So.2d 1202 (citing Doucet v. Doug

Ashy Bldg. Materials, Inc., 95-1159 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/3/96), 671 So.2d 1148;

Lonthier v. Northwest Ins. Co., 497 So.2d 774 (La.App. 3 Cir.1986)). Because

factfinders must make determinations regarding witnesses‟ credibility, “the

manifest error-clearly wrong standard demands great deference to the trier of fact‟s

findings; for only the factfinder can be aware of the variations in demeanor and

tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener‟s understanding and belief in what

is said.” Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844 (La.1989).

All Defendants ask this court to reverse in toto the $2,000 award of loss of

consortium damages. Martha testified at trial that she suffered a loss of service as

a result of the accident because Eternity‟s injuries prevented her from helping

Martha with household chores. This is supported in the record by Eternity‟s

testimony as well. Plaintiffs argue that under their individual circumstances this

was an especially great loss because Martha was undergoing cancer treatment

which made it difficult for her to care for her home. Defendants argue that because

Eternity shared these duties with her other two siblings, who were able to take over

her share of the work while she was injured, loss of consortium damages are not

warranted in this case. Given the trial court‟s vast discretion, with all inferences

taken in favor of the Plaintiffs and without disturbing the trial court‟s assessment

of witness credibility, we find that this evidence sufficiently supports the trial

court‟s award of $2,000 to Martha for loss of consortium.

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Joint Award

Martha filed the original claim for damages on behalf of Eternity as

parent/guardian of Eternity because Eternity was a minor at the time of the

accident. Martha filed the loss of consortium claim on behalf of herself. Eternity

had reached the age of majority by the judgment date. The trial court properly

segregated the Plaintiffs‟ awards in its written reasons for judgment, which granted

general damages and medical specials to Eternity and loss of consortium damages

to Martha. Defendants note that this distinction is improperly omitted from the

judgment, which grants general damages and medical specials separately from loss

of consortium damages, but grants each type of damages to both Eternity and

Martha. The judgment should properly have segregated the awards as they were

segregated in the written reasons for judgment. We amend in that regard.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby amended

to reduce the award of general damages to Plaintiff, Eternity Lewis, from $15,000

to $7,500. Also, general damages and medical specials are awarded solely to

Eternity Lewis, and loss of consortium damages are awarded solely to Martha

Lewis. The judgment is affirmed in all other respects. The costs of this appeal are

assessed equally between Eternity Lewis and the Defendants/Appellants, Kassie

Jacobs, Progressive Paloverde Insurance Company, and United Services

Automobile Association.

AFFIRMED, AS AMENDED.

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