Denee Ashley Pike and Trent Pike v. Calcasieu Parish School Board

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

18-996

DENEE ASHLEY PIKE AND

TRENT PIKE, ET AL.

VERSUS

CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

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APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 2014-639
HONORABLE CLAYTON DAVIS, DISTRICT JUDGE

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SHANNON J. GREMILLION
JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Shannon J. Gremillion,
and John E. Conery, Judges.

CONERY, Judge, concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns reasons.

AFFIRMED IN PART, AS AMENDED, REVERSED IN PART, AND
REMANDED.

H. Alston Johnson III
Kevin W. Welsh
Phelps Dunbar, LLP
400 Convention St., Suite 1100
Baton Rouge, LA 70802
(225) 346-0285
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Calcasieu Parish School Board

Vernon Ed McGuire, III
Plauché, Smith & Nieset
P. O. Drawer 1705
Lake Charles, LA 70602
(337) 436-0522
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Calcasieu Parish School Board

Somer G. Brown
Cox, Cox, Filo, Camel & Wilson, L.L.C.
723 Broad Street
Lake Charles, LA 70601
(337) 436-6611
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES:
Denee Ashley Pike
Trent Pike
Denee Ashley Pike obo minor son B.P.
Trent Pike obo minor son B.P.

GREMILLION, Judge.

The Calcasieu Parish School Board appeals the trial court’s grant of the

Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (JNOV) filed by Appellees,

Denee and Trent Pike, individually and on behalf of their minor child, B.P.1 For the

reasons that follow, we affirm in part, as amended, reverse in part, and remand for

further proceedings.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE

The Pikes filed suit against the school board over incidents on the school bus

that involved B.P. during his first-grade year. The matter proceeded to trial by jury,

during which the following evidence was adduced.

B.P. was a first grader at Bell City High School (Bell City) at the beginning

of the 2013 school year, when he and two other boys, K.M. and G.L., engaged in

sexual activity on a school bus driven by Mr. John Keller. Before these incidents,

all three boys had been repeatedly disciplined by Mr. Keller for disruptive behavior

on the bus. Initially, Mr. Keller sat the three boys at the front seat to his right, where

he could best observe them. However, because of some poor conduct on the part of

some girls on the bus, Mr. Keller moved the three boys into the seat immediately

behind him.

None of the three boys testified at trial, but other evidence showed that, at

least, the boys displayed their genitals to each other and “put their mouths on” each

other’s genitals. One of the boys, G.L., told the Child Advocacy Center forensic

interviewer that K.M. and B.P. inserted their penises in each other’s “butts.”

Around this time, B.P.’s mother claimed that she began to notice changes in

his behavior. His teacher reported to Mrs. Pike that B.P. was disruptive and violent.

1
In accordance with La.R.S. 46:1844(W), the initials of the minors involved in this case
are substituted for their names to preserve confidentiality.

B.P. begged his parents to take him to school instead of making him ride the bus.

He began to have afternoon “accidents” at school so that his parents had to pick him

up. The Pikes took B.P. to counseling with Ms. Rachel Hinton in September 2013.

They also asked B.P.’s primary care physician to determine whether there was some

physiological cause of his “accidents.”

In October 2013, B.P.’s plight came into focus when he told his mother that

K.M. had put his mouth on B.P.’s penis. Mrs. Pike went to Bell City and spoke to

Mr. Russell Abshire, the assistant principal in charge of elementary school discipline.

Mr. Abshire interviewed all three boys. All agreed that the incidents were initiated

by K.M., who was ten years old at the time; B.P. and G.L. were six. Mr. Abshire

did not notify law enforcement authorities of the incidents.

Mrs. Pike did notify the authorities. The boys were interviewed by a forensic

interviewer with the Child Advocacy Center as part of the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s

investigation of the matter. Again, there was no dispute that the incidents were

initiated by K.M. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Pike really know what took place on the bus

and had been admonished by the forensic interviewer that it would be best for them

to not discuss the incident or incidents with B.P.

K.M. had a history of behavioral challenges during his tenure at Bell City.

Some of these challenges involved incidents that might be described as bathroom

humor; others, though, were more overtly sexual in nature, including an occasion on

which K.M. was found to have unfastened his pants on the playground and was

attempting to engage another student to emulate his behavior so that they could

“have sex.” The other boy declined and informed a teacher. K.M. was also known

to occasionally crawl beneath bathroom stalls while other children occupied them.

As a result of the incident at issue, K.M. was expelled from Bell City to continue his

education at an alternative school.
2

Before Mrs. Pike discovered what had occurred on the bus, she and her

husband arranged for B.P. to receive counseling for his behavior issues at school.

B.P.’s initial counselor was Ms. Rachel Hinton. Ms. Hinton first saw the Pikes on

September 6, 2013. His mother confided in Ms. Hinton that B.P. was becoming

angrier and overreactive to unpleasant circumstances, and that this behavior had

arisen about six months before. On October 8, Mrs. Pike told Ms. Hinton that

another student had asked B.P. to show him his genitals. Ms. Hinton taught B.P.

about declining uncomfortable invitations and “safe touching.”

On October 17, 2013, Mrs. Pike told Ms. Hinton about what she had learned

about K.M. putting his mouth on B.P.’s privates. Ms. Hinton attempted to engage

B.P. in a discussion about the incident, but he did not want to talk about it. B.P.

asked Ms. Hinton to leave the room and informed his mother that a similar incident

had also occurred with a friend or cousin at home.

By November 5, 2013, B.P. was much improved, but continued to have some

issues. However, in December 2013, Ms. Hinton noted in her records that there was

no need for continued appointments because the Pikes had not seen her in some time.

Ms. Hinton observed that for the rest of their lives, victims of sexual abuse will

encounter situations that dredge up their experiences.

After they learned of the issues on the bus, the Pikes took B.P. to counseling

with Ms. Jodi Underwood. Ms. Underwood first saw B.P. on February 25, 2014,

and treated him for three sessions, the last on April 8, 2014. Ms. Underwood did not

testify at trial, but her records were introduced into evidence.

Thereafter, B.P. was treated by Mr. Ray Melerine, a licensed professional

counselor who contracted with the school board to provide counseling services

primarily for elementary school children. Mr. Melerine opined that the power

differential between the older child, K.M., and the younger children, B.P. and G.L.,
3

vitiated B.P.’s consent, even if B.P. actively participated in the activity. B.P. had

only confided in Mr. Melerine that an older child had “hurt” him and that he was

angry about it. However, his records indicate that B.P. had never been raped. Mr.

Melerine acknowledged that B.P. engaged in disruptive behavior at school before

these occurrences, but that afterward, those disruptive behaviors escalated. He also

opined that B.P. is at increased risk of engaging in activities similar to those that

took place on the bus. Mr. Melerine treated B.P. at least monthly through December

6, 2015, and has seen him occasionally since, totaling four counseling sessions. He

opined that B.P. will need two to three sessions of counseling until he turns eighteen

and probably once a month thereafter.

B.P. was seen on March 29, 2017, by his primary care doctor, Dr. Keane

O’Neal. Mrs. Pike told Dr. O’Neal that B.P. was experiencing anger management

issues, for which Dr. O’Neal prescribed Paxil. On May 11, 2017, Mrs. Pike brought

B.P. in with continued anger issues that she feared were not being adequately

addressed by the Paxil. Dr. O’Neal switched B.P. to Zoloft.

The Pikes both testified about how this situation has altered B.P.’s personality.

B.P. has lost a certain amount of confidence he had before. He goes periods in which

he seems to do fine until something happens to remind him, after which he will

experience a setback that can last for a while, usually assisted by counseling with

Mr. Melerine. Mr. Pike admitted, though, that in his deposition taken in June 2016,

he stated that he no longer saw any lingering effects from the bus incidents.

In support of their demands for damages for loss of consortium with their son,

the Pikes both testified that they have lost faith in the school system. They felt their

son was entitled to protection that he did not receive. They testified that what

happened on the bus wrought changes in B.P.’s personality.

4

The Pikes also introduced the testimony of Ms. Stephanie Chalfin, a

vocational rehabilitation counselor and life care planner. Ms. Chalfin was asked to

prepare a life care plan for B.P. that assumed that he would require three counseling

sessions a month until he reached age 18 and periodically thereafter. She was also

asked to assume that B.P. was not able to return to school in the Calcasieu Parish

School System, but would instead attend St. Margaret’s, a private Catholic

elementary and middle school B.P. had been moved to, and St. Louis, a Catholic

high school. Ms. Chalfin opined that B.P. would require $98,744.00 to facilitate his

lifelong counseling and schooling through high school graduation.

Ms. Kristi Thibodeaux, B.P.’s first grade teacher at Bell City, testified for the

school board. B.P.’s behavior from the beginning of first grade was challenging to

the point that conferences with Mr. Abshire and Mrs. Pike were held twice. Mrs.

Pike expressed her opinion that B.P. was very gifted academically and was probably

just bored with school. Ms. Thibodeaux, however, testified that she engages her first

graders with almost constant work, so opportunities for boredom never present

themselves. Further, B.P.’s challenging behaviors were consistent whether in the

classroom, at recess, or in the bathroom. These conferences with Mr. Abshire and

Mrs. Pike did not improve B.P.’s behavior. Mrs. Thibodeaux confirmed Mrs. Pike’s

testimony about B.P. wetting his pants in September and October 2013.

The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Pikes and awarding damages as

follows:

B.P.’s general damages $62,500.00
Mr. and Mrs. Pike’s loss of consortium $ 0.00
B.P.’s tuition at St. Margaret $10,000.00
B.P.’s future treatment $19,000.00
B.P.’s future tuition expenses $20,000.00

The jury assessed 50% fault to the school board and 50% to K.M.

5

The Pikes filed a motion for JNOV, which the trial court granted on January

31, 2018. In its ruling, the trial court held the school board vicariously liable for

K.M.’s acts, citing as authority La.Civ.Code art. 2320, which states in pertinent part,

“Teachers and artisans are answerable for the damage caused by their scholars or

apprentices, while under their supervision.” The article further provides that this

liability attaches when the “teachers. . .might have prevented the act which caused

the damage, and have not done it.” Indeed, the trial court further stated that the

school board “failed in its obligation to properly supervise KM and to protect BP.”

The trial court found that the jury’s award was abusively low, and, conducting a de

novo review of the evidence, increased the award to B.P. to $500,000.00. The failure

to award the Pikes any sum for the loss of consortium claim was also found by the

trial court to be an abuse of discretion, and the trial court awarded them $20,000.00;

however, by operation of La.R.S. 13:5106, the total in general damages that could

be assessed against the school board was $500,000.00. The other sums awarded by

the jury were allowed to stand. The school board urged that the sums for future

treatment be placed in a reversionary trust and that the general damage sum awarded

to B.P. also be placed in trust. The judgment did not order that any sums be placed

in trust.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

The school board urges the following as errors:

1.
The trial court erred in granting the plaintiffs’ motion for
JNOV and vacating the jury verdict.

2.
Regardless of whether the trial court erred in granting the
plaintiffs’ motion for JNOV, it erred in the judgment which it then
entered by failing to place the award to the minor child in trust and in
failing to place the award of future medical expenses in a reversionary
trust without judicial interest on that sum.

6

3.
In the alternative, if the trial court did not err in granting the
plaintiffs’ motion for JNOV, it erred in the judgment which it then
entered by increasing the award to the minor child for “past and future
general damages” from the jury’s award of $62,500 to $500,000.

4.
In the alternative, if the trial court did not err in granting the
plaintiffs’ motion for JNOV, it erred in the judgment which it then
entered by concluding that the school board is vicariously liable for the
intentional conduct of a ten-year-old fellow student of the minor child.

5.
In the alternative, if the trial court did not err in granting the
plaintiffs’ motion for JNOV, it erred in the judgment which it then
entered by concluding that the school board had breached its duty with
respect to the plaintiffs’ minor child and thus erred in assigning any
fault to the school board with respect to its own conduct.

ANALYSIS

The granting of a JNOV is governed by La.Code Civ.P. art. 1811, which gives

a trial court latitude to allow a verdict to stand or to reopen the judgment and grant

a new trial or render a JNOV. The article does not establish a standard for granting

a JNOV or in reviewing a JNOV on appeal; those have been supplied by the courts.

[I]n Anderson v. New Orleans Public Service, Inc., et al,583 So.2d 829
(La.1991)[,] [t]he supreme court discussed standards and guidelines
applicable to trial courts and appellate courts in granting and reviewing
judgments N.O.V. and stated:

“Once a trial court has concluded that a JNOV is
warranted because reasonable men could not differ on the
fact that the award was either abusively high or abusively
low, it must then determine what is the proper amount of
damages to be awarded. In making this determination, the
judge is not constrained as the courts of appeal are to
raising (or lowering) the award to the lowest (or highest)
point which is reasonably within the discretion afforded
that court. Coco v. Winston Industries, Inc., 341 So.2d 332
(La.1976). We are aware of some decisions which indicate
that the trial judge should be limited by that constraint. See
West v. Melancon, 507 So.2d 1250 (La.App. 4th
Cir.1987), Barfield v. Jacobs, 527 So.2d 555 (La.App. 3d
Cir.1988), Zeagler v. Dillard Department Stores, Inc., 521
So.2d 766 (La.App. 2d Cir.1988). However, we conclude
that the better view is that expressed in Rickerson v.

7

Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, 543 So.2d 519, 523
(La.App. 1st Cir.1989), where the court stated:

‘The Coco standard of review does not apply
to a trial court’s review of a jury’s award.
Therefore, after rendering the JNOV, the trial
court should have rendered a de novo award
based on his independent assessment of
injuries and damages.’

“The trial judge is in a better position to make a
damage assessment than is an appellate court. The trial
judge hears the testimony, views the evidence, and is able
to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. Once the jury
verdict is set aside under the strict JNOV standards, the
trial court is then the trier of fact. It should not be limited
by the same constraints placed upon an appellate court
reviewing a damage award. The trial judge should make
an independent assessment of the damages and award a
proper amount of compensation under the facts of the
particular case.

“The appellate court, in determining whether the
trial court erred in granting the JNOV as to quantum, once
again uses the criteria set forth in Scott, supra, [Scott v.
Hospital Service District No. 1, 496 So.2d 270 (La.1986)
], i.e., could reasonable men in the exercise of impartial
judgment differ as to the fact that the jury award was either
abusively high or abusively low. If the answer is in the
affirmative, then the trial court erred in granting the
JNOV, and the jury’s damage award should be reinstated.
On the other hand, if the answer is in the negative, then the
trial court properly granted the JNOV, and its damage
award based on its independent assessment of the damages
is the judgment of the trial court which is reviewed on
appeal under the constraints of Coco, supra.”

Loveday v. Travelers Ins. Co., 585 So.2d 597, 604 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 590

So.2d 65 (La.1991). Thus, in order to grant a JNOV, the trial court must first

determine that:

the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor
of one party that the court believes that reasonable men could not arrive
at a contrary verdict. . . .If there is evidence opposed to the motion
which is of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded
men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different
conclusions, the motion should be denied.”

8

Anderson, 583 So.2d at 832. Further, the trial court is constrained from making

credibility evaluations of witnesses, and all reasonable factual questions and

reasonable inferences are construed in favor of the non-moving party. Id. If the trial

court determines that a JNOV is warranted, it conducts a de novo review of the

evidence to arrive at an appropriate award. Id.

On appeal, the court reviews the trial court’s grant of JNOV using the same

criteria as the trial court: do the reasonable inferences and factual questions

preponderate so heavily in favor of the mover that reasonable minds could not

disagree? If the answer is, “No,” the trial court erred in granting the JNOV, and the

verdict must be reinstated. Id.

Should JNOV have been granted on the damage award to B.P.?

There is no dispute in this case that B.P. has, understandably, suffered

psychological damage as a result of the incidents on the bus for which he will

periodically require counseling; that is not seriously disputed. Furthermore, since

the accident, while at a different school operated by the school board, B.P. was

ridiculed after a child who attended the school learned about the bus incidents

through a parent. B.P.’s treatment with Ms. Hinton, Ms. Underwood, and Mr.

Melerine proceeded in regular intervals until December 16, 2015, and he has been

counseled on at least four occasions since.

However, the jury clearly considered the need for continued counseling, as it

awarded him damages for future treatment. It awarded him damages for past and

future tuition expenses at St. Margaret’s and St. Louis’ schools, further underscoring

the jury’s considered deliberation of the trust issues B.P. experiences about the

school board’s school environments. In these respects, the jury’s verdict reflects

careful consideration of the facts of the case.

9

And it is not as though there existed no inferences and factual questions

regarding the extent of the psychological damage B.P. suffered; the issue is whether

those inferences are reasonable. As mentioned above, B.P. first saw Ms. Hinton

beginning in September 2013, and she testified that Mrs. Pike had told her that B.P.’s

behavior had been deteriorating for about the previous six months. Six months

would have considerably predated the incidents on the bus. Ms. Thibodeaux, B.P.’s

first grade teacher at Bell City, testified extensively about B.P.’s behavioral

challenges that also predated the incidents, including a propensity to violence. Ms.

Hinton noted in her December 3, 2013, note that B.P. was much improved and there

was no need for continued appointments. Mr. Melerine opined that B.P. would

require three counseling sessions a month during the school year and twice during

the summer months until he reaches eighteen, but B.P. had last seen Mr. Melerine

or any other provider more than once a month in November 2015. On the basis of

these facts, we cannot infer hyperbole regarding B.P.’s condition. As established

above, B.P. underwent regular counseling for two-and-a-half years and was taking

Paxil, then Zoloft, as late as 2017. We conclude that the trial court did not err in

granting the JNOV as to B.P.’s damage award.

Was the trial court’s award on JNOV abusively high?

[B]efore a Court of Appeal can disturb an award made by a trial court
that the record must clearly reveal that the trier of fact abused its
discretion in making its award. Only after making the finding that the
record supports that the lower court abused its much discretion can the
appellate court disturb the award, and then only to the extent of
lowering it (or raising it) to the highest (or lowest) point which is
reasonably within the discretion afforded that court. It is never
appropriate for a Court of Appeal, having found that the trial court has
abused its discretion, simply to decide what it considers an appropriate
award on the basis of the evidence.

Coco v. Winston Indus., Inc., 341 So.2d 332, 335 (La.1976) (citations omitted).

“[T]he initial inquiry must always be directed at whether the trier
court’s award for the particular injuries and their effects upon this
10

particular injured person is, a clear abuse of the trier of fact’s “Much
discretion,” in the award of damages. It is only after articulated analysis
of the facts discloses an abuse of discretion, that the award may on
appellate review, for articulated reason, be considered either excessive
or insufficient.

Reck v. Stevens, 373 So.2d 498, 501 (La.1979) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted).

Because of the circumstances of individual cases, analysis of prior awards that have

been approved is of little relevance in determining whether the award is abusively

high or low. Id.

We conclude that an award of $500,000.00 is abusively high. B.P. has

suffered psychic trauma as a result of this incident, but he continues to improve. His

schooling situation has remained stable since enrolling at St. Margaret’s. By all

appearances, he continues to have issues with behavior at school, but he had those

issues before this incident according to Ms. Thibodeaux, whose testimony was not

contradicted.

At this point, we are allowed to refer to prior cases in order to establish the

highest award that was within the trial court’s discretion to award, which Coco, 341

So.2d 332, holds limits the degree to which we can alter the award.

In S.J. v. Lafayette Parish School Bd., 08-900 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/29/09), 16

So.3d 615, rev’d on other grounds, 09-2195 (La. 7/6/10), 41 So.3d 1119, a twelve-

year-old girl was raped while walking home from school after serving detention. In

the aftermath of the assault, the student’s grades fell. She often refused to go outside

her home. She experienced self-loathing and felt unloved. She came home from

school crying daily. Other students teased her about the incident and asked if she

had enjoyed it. Her experiences interacting with faculty were hardly better. She had

to move schools twice.

Suit was filed against the school board, and the trial court dismissed that suit.

On appeal, we reversed on the issue of liability and rendered judgment in the amount
11

of $100,000.00 in general damages. Based upon the evidence in the present record,

the damage to this young girl clearly exceeds the harm B.P. experienced.

In Ashmore v. Hilton, 02-816 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/11/02), 834 So.2d 1131, writs

denied, 03-746, 03-750 (La. 5/9/03), 843 So.2d 401, 403, a sixteen-year-old juvenile

sentenced to perform community service was raped by an inmate. Afterward, she

became violent and experienced anger management issues for which she sought

professional counseling. A psychologist diagnosed the victim with major depression,

anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder after her attacker was released from jail.

This court found that the trial court’s award of $150,000.00 in general damages did

not represent an abuse of discretion.

The defendant in Ardoin v. Bourgeois, 04-1663 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/05), 916

So.2d 329, kidnapped, bound, beat, cut, and burned his victim, whom he held captive

for three days. The trial court in that matter awarded her $25,000.00 in general

damages for her “mental pain, anguish, grief, and fear[.]” Id. at 331-32. That

judgment was affirmed by this court.

In T.S. v. Rapides Parish School Bd., 08-1359 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 11

So.3d 628, writ denied, 09-1489 (La. 10/2/09), 18 So.3d 122, a high school student

who was grabbed and “French-kissed” by a teacher on two separate occasions sued

the school board and was awarded $45,000.00 in damages. After the incidents, she

had to relive the incidents while testifying before a grand jury. She experienced

nightmares about the incidents, panic attacks, and had trust issues with other men

and with dating. We affirmed that award. The difficulties B.P. has experienced do

exceed those of T.S.

Based upon our review of the record, we find that the highest general damage

award within the trial court’s discretion was $200,000.00. We reverse the trial

12

court’s award of general damages to B.P. in the amount of $500,000.00 and amend

the judgment to award B.P. $200,000.00 in general damages.

Should JNOV have been granted on the Pikes’ loss of consortium award?

The Pikes both testified at trial about how these incidents have changed their

relationship with their son, about the mental distress and anguish these incidents

have caused them, about the distrust they have in the school board, and about the

efforts they have expended in attempting to get their son treated. Their son exhibited

increased issues with anger that persist, according to them. The medical

documentation reveals that B.P. was treated for these issues for years. The jury

awarded the Pikes nothing for their loss of consortium claim. We find that

reasonable minds could not differ regarding the Pikes’ loss and that the trial court

did not err in granting JNOV to the Pikes on their loss of consortium claim. We do

not find that the award represents an abuse of the trial court’s discretion and affirm

that portion of the judgment.

Did the trial court err in failing to order that the sums awarded B.P. for future

medical treatment be placed in a reversionary trust?

Louisiana Revised Statutes 13:5106(B)(3) provides:

(a) In any suit for personal injury against a political subdivision
wherein the court, pursuant to judgment, determines that the claimant
is entitled to medical care and related benefits that may be incurred
subsequent to judgment, the court shall order that a reversionary trust
be established for the benefit of the claimant and that all medical care
and related benefits incurred subsequent to judgment be paid pursuant
to the reversionary trust instrument. The reversionary trust instrument
shall provide that such medical care and related benefits be paid directly
to the provider as they are incurred. Nothing in this Paragraph shall be
construed to prevent the parties from entering into a settlement or
compromise at any time whereby medical care and related benefits shall
be provided, but with the requirement of establishing a reversionary
trust.

(b) Any funds remaining in a reversionary trust that is created
pursuant to Subparagraph (3)(a) of this Subsection shall revert to the
political subdivision that established the trust, upon the death of the
13

claimant or upon the termination of the trust as provided in the trust
instrument. The trustee may obtain the services of an administrator to
assist in the administration of the trust. All costs, fees, taxes, or other
charges imposed on the funds in the trust shall be paid by the trust. The
trust agreement may impose such other reasonable duties, powers,
provisions, and dispute resolution clauses as may be deemed necessary
or appropriate. Disputes as to the administration of the trust can be
appealed to the district court. Nothing in this Paragraph shall preclude
the political subdivision from establishing other alternative funding
mechanisms for the exclusive benefit of the claimant. The terms and
conditions of the reversionary trust instrument or other alternative
funding mechanism, prior to its implementation, must be approved by
the court. The parties to the case may present recommendations to the
court for the terms and conditions of the trust instrument or other
funding mechanism to be included in the order. Upon request of either
party, the court shall hold a contradictory hearing before granting a final
order implementing the reversionary trust or the alternative funding
mechanism.

(c) In any suit for personal injury against the state or a state
agency wherein the court pursuant to judgment determines that the
claimant is entitled to medical care and related benefits that may be
incurred subsequent to judgment, all such medical care and related
benefits incurred subsequent to judgment shall be paid from the Future
Medical Care Fund as provided in R.S. 39:1533.2. Medical care and
related benefits shall be paid directly to the provider as they are
incurred. Nothing in this Subparagraph shall be construed to prevent
the parties from entering into a settlement or compromise at any time
whereby medical care and related benefits shall be provided but with
the requirement that they shall be paid in accordance with this
Subparagraph.

The school board is a political subdivision of the State. See La.R.S. 17:51.

Accordingly, under the stark language of La.R.S. 13:5106(B)(3), the trial court erred

in failing to order that the $15,000.00 awarded to B.P. for future treatment be placed

in a reversionary trust. Further, such awards are not entitled to imposition of legal

interest. Fecke v. Bd. of Supervisors of La. St. Univ., 15-1806, 15-1807 (La. 9/23/16),

217 So.3d 237, modified on rehearing, 15-1806, 15-1807 (10/19/16), 218 So.3d 1.

We remand the matter to the trial court to establish a reversionary trust into which

the future treatment funds will be placed and amend the trial court’s judgment to

exempt these funds from accrual of legal interest.

14

Should B.P.’s general damage award have been placed in trust?

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 4521 provides:

A. In approving any proposal by which a minor is to be paid
funds as the result of a judgment or settlement, the court may order:

(1) That the funds be paid directly into the registry of the court
for the minor’s account, to be withdrawn only upon approval of the
court. Withdrawn funds shall be invested directly in an interest-bearing
investment as approved by the court unless the court for good cause
approves another disposition.

(2) That the funds be invested directly in an interest-bearing
investment approved by the court, unless the court for good cause
approves another disposition.

(3) That the funds be placed in trust in accordance with the
Louisiana Trust Code to be administered by an individual or corporate
trustee as determined by the court.

(4) That the funds be paid under a structured settlement
agreement as approved by the court that provides for periodic payments
and is underwritten by a financially responsible entity that assumes
responsibility for future payments.

(5) Any combination of Subparagraphs (1) through (4) of this
Paragraph.

B. In approving any proposal by which funds will be paid to an
unemancipated minor who is in the legal custody of the Department of
Children and Family Services, the court shall order that the funds be
placed in trust in accordance with the Louisiana Trust Code and the
provisions of Article 4269.1, to be administered by an individual or
corporate trustee as determined by the court.

C. In determining whether a proposed periodic payment schedule
is in the best interest of the minor, the court shall consider the following
factors:

(1) Age and life expectancy of the minor.

(2) Current and anticipated financial needs of the minor.

(3) Income and estate tax implications.

(4) Impact on eligibility for government benefits.

(5) Present value of the proposed payment arrangement and the
method by which the value is calculated.

15

The purpose of La.Code Civ.P. art. 4521 is to ensure that the “funds

adjudicated to a minor are ‘used, administered, and conserved to the benefit of the

minor.’” Snowden v. Huey P. Long Hosp. through State, Dep’t of Health & Human

Res., 581 So.2d 287, 290 n.2 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 583 So.2d 483 (La.1991).

However, the statute draws a distinction between when such options are mandatory

or permissive is its use of “shall” and “may.” When the minor child awarded a

judgment “is in the legal custody of the Department of Children and Family Services,

the court shall order that the funds be placed in trust in accordance with the Louisiana

Trust Code and the provisions of Article 4269.1, to be administered by an individual

or corporate trustee as determined by the court.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 4521(B). In

other cases, the court “may” order certain dispositions, as set forth in Paragraph (A).

We are aware of no jurisprudence that mandates that sums paid to a minor must be

placed in one of the five allowable options. These options are codified to expand a

trial court’s options to protect a minor child’s funds, not to limit them. Natural

tutors, such as the Pikes, are solidarily obligated to act as prudent administrators of

B.P.’s property and are personally liable for failure to act. La.Code Civ.P. art. 4262.

We affirm the trial court’s refusal to order that B.P’s damages be placed in trust or

some other vehicle pursuant to La.Code Civ.P. art. 4521.

Should the trial court have granted JNOV regarding the assessment of fault?

The allocation of fault between intentional tortfeasors and negligent

tortfeasors has perplexed Louisiana courts since the adoption of our pure

comparative fault system. In the context of a sexual-assault case, the Louisiana

Supreme Court stated that the comparative fault scheme “is broad enough to

encompass the comparison of intentional acts and negligence in appropriate factual

circumstances[.]” Veazey v. Elmwood Plantation Assoc., Ltd., 93-2818, p. 11 (La.

11/30/94), 650 So.2d 712, 718-19. However, in that context, the supreme court ruled
16

that such allocation was improper for three reasons: the exact risk that caused the

plaintiff’s damage was within the scope of the negligent tortfeasor’s duty to protect

her against; the negligent tortfeasor should not be allowed to benefit from the

allocation of fault to an actor whose deeds were within the scope of the negligent

tortfeasor’s duty; and, since the vast majority of fault would be allocated to the

intentional tortfeasor by a rational trier of fact, the application of comparative fault

principles would lessen the incentive of the negligent tortfeasor to protect against a

similar occurrence in the future. Id.

Since Veazey, the legislature amended the comparative fault statute,

La.Civ.Code art. 2323, by 1996 La. Acts No. 3, 1st Ex. Sess. In Dumas v. State ex

rel. Dep’t of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, 02-563 (La. 10/15/02), 828 So.2d 530,

the supreme court recognized that this change requires the allocation of fault to all

actors regardless of the theory of liability applicable to each actor.

The present situation poses a very close parallel to Veazey, 650 So.2d 712. In

Veazey, the apartment owner was liable for negligence in its security precautions.

The rape of its tenant was precisely the risk the landlord was tasked with a duty to

prevent. In this case, the school board was tasked with the duty to protect its students

and adequately supervise those children to prevent them from harming each other.

On the other hand, though, we have the clear dictate of the supreme court in Dumas,

828 So.2d 530, that the courts are to assess the fault of all actors.

In granting the Pikes’ JNOV on the issue of fault allocation, the trial court

held:

The Court finds that as a matter of law the Calcasieu Parish
School Board is vicariously liability for the acts of KM. The School
Board’s duty under art.2320 imposes liability for the actions of KM
which the school board knew or should have known were foreseeable.
The School Board failed in its obligation to properly supervise KM and
to protect BP. Support for this ruling is found in Doe, ex rel. v. DeSoto
Parish School Board, 907 So.2d 275 (La.App. 2 Cir.6/29/05),writ
17

denied 924 So.2d 167 (La.2/10/06) and other authorities cited to the
Court.

In interpreting La.Civ.Code art. 2320, our courts have determined that

traditional duty/risk analysis governs whether the school board is liable in

negligence for failing to provide reasonable supervision of students that is

appropriate to their age. Wallmuth v. Rapides Par. Sch. Bd., 01-1779 (La. 4/3/02),

813 So.2d 341. Constant supervision of students is not possible, and schools are not

the insurers of their students’ safety. Id. Furthermore, “the risk of unreasonable

injury must be foreseeable, constructively or actually known, and preventable if a

requisite degree of supervision had been exercised.” Id. at 346 (quoting Wallmuth

v. Rapides Parish School Bd., 01-42, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/16/01), 802 So.2d 28,

32).

Doe, 907 So.2d 275, involved the sexual assault of a girl by five boys on a

school bus transporting male and female high school basketball players. School

board policy established that a coach was to occupy a seat separating the boys’ team

from the girls’, but the coach was not sitting there; rather, the coach was seated in

the front of the bus. The school board complained that the trial court refused to

assess the fault of the five boys and the girl, whose participation was allegedly

consensual. Our colleagues on the second circuit held that allocating the fault of the

boys would have no practical effect. The school board’s duty was to supervise the

boys, in part to prevent them from harming others.

This is the correct result. The risk that K.M. would behave in an entirely

inappropriate manner constitutes the very essence of the reasonable-supervision duty

imposed by La.Civ.Code art. 2320. Further, from a practical perspective, it would

have represented the correct result even if K.M.’s parents had been named

18

defendants to the suit because, under La.Civ.Code art. 2318,2 K.M.’s parents, having

placed their son under the school board’s care, would have recourse against the

school board under the same theory of negligent supervision. Allowing the school

board the benefit of the assessing of fault to a tortfeasor it is bound to supervise

defies logic. The trial court’s grant of JNOV on the assessment of fault is affirmed.

CONCLUSION

The trial court did not err in granting the Pikes’ JNOV on the issue of damages,

but did award excessive general damages to B.P. The award of $500,000.00 to B.P.

for general damages is abusively high, and we amend the trial court’s award to

$200,000.00, the highest amount within the trial court’s discretion. The trial court

did not err in granting the Pikes’ JNOV on the failure of the jury to award them

damages for loss of consortium. That grant of JNOV and the damage award to the

Pikes individually is affirmed. The award to B.P. for future treatment must be placed

into a reversionary trust, and we remand the matter to the trial court for the creation

of a reversionary trust, and modify the trial court’s judgment to exempt those funds

from accruing judicial interest. The trial court did not err in mandating that B.P.’s

general damage award be placed into an investment vehicle described in La.Code

Civ.P. art. 4521. The trial court also correctly granted JNOV on the allocation of

fault. Costs of this appeal in the amount of $12,839.00 are taxed equally between

the parties.

2
Louisiana Civil Code Article 2318 reads:

The father and the mother are responsible for the damage occasioned by
their minor child, who resides with them or who has been placed by them under the
care of other persons, reserving to them recourse against those persons. However,
the father and mother are not responsible for the damage occasioned by their minor
child who has been emancipated by marriage, by judgment of full emancipation, or
by judgment of limited emancipation that expressly relieves the parents of liability
for damages occasioned by their minor child.
19

AFFIRMED IN PART, AS AMENDED, REVERSED IN PART, AND

REMANDED.

20

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

18-996

DENEE ASHLEY PIKE AND TRENT PIKE, ET AL.

VERSUS

CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL BOARD

Conery, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

I join in the majority’s determination that this matter must be remanded with

instructions to place the award for future medical treatment in a reversionary trust

pursuant to La.R.S. 13:5106. I further join in the amendment of the judgment to

reflect that those funds will not accrue judicial interest.

However, on the larger issue of the JNOV, I respectfully dissent. I would

instead reverse the JNOV in its entirety and reinstate the jury’s verdict as I find that

the trial court erred with regard to its decision to grant a JNOV regarding damages

and vicarious liability.

Authorized by La.Code Civ.P. art. 1811, a motion for JNOV is “a procedural

device … by which the trial court may modify the jury’s findings to correct an

erroneous jury verdict.” Pitts v. La. Med. Mut. Ins. Co., 16-1232, p. 7 (La. 3/15/17),

218 So.3d 58, 64. While the majority suggests that Article 1811 provides a trial

court with latitude to render a JNOV, reference to the Article merely indicates that

“[i]f a verdict was returned the court may allow the judgment to stand or may reopen

the judgment and either order a new trial or render a [JNOV].” It does not provide

the standard by which the trial court may do so. Rather, jurisprudence supplies that

standard as follows:

[A] JNOV is warranted when the facts and inferences point so strongly

and overwhelmingly in favor of one party that the trial court believes
that reasonable persons could not arrive at a contrary verdict. The
motion should be granted only when the evidence points so strongly in
favor of the moving party that reasonable persons could not reach
different conclusions, not merely when there is a preponderance of
evidence for the mover. The motion should be denied if there is
evidence opposed to the motion which is of such quality and weight
that reasonable and fair-minded persons in the exercise of impartial
judgment might reach different conclusions. In making this
determination, the trial court should not evaluate the credibility of the
witnesses, and all reasonable inferences or factual questions should be
resolved in favor of the non-moving party. This rigorous standard is
based upon the principle that “[w]hen there is a jury, the jury is the trier
of fact.”

Id. at 64-65, pp. 5-6 (quoting Joseph v. Broussard Rice Mill, Inc., 00-628 (La.

10/30/00), 772 So.2d 94, 99).

On review, an appellate court first evaluates whether the trial court erred in

granting a motion for JNOV. Joseph, 772 So.2d 94. Citing its earlier decision in

Anderson v. New Orleans Public Service, Inc., 583 So.2d 829 (La.1991), the

supreme court explained that:

This is done by using the aforementioned criteria just as the trial judge
does in deciding whether to grant the motion or not, i.e. do the facts and
inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving
party that reasonable persons could not arrive at a contrary verdict? If
the answer to that question is in the affirmative, then the trial judge was
correct in granting the motion. If, however, reasonable persons in the
exercise of impartial judgment might reach a different conclusion, then
it was error to grant the motion and the jury verdict should be reinstated.

Id. at 99. See also Brown v. Breaux Bridge Ventures, LLC, 17-440 (La.App. 3 Cir.

2/15/18), 239 So.3d 319, writ denied, 18-444 (La. 5/11/18), 242 So.3d 568; Guillory

v. Progressive Ins. Co., 12-1284 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/3/13), 117 So.3d 318.

In keeping with above directive regarding the jury’s role as factfinder, the

supreme court has repeatedly reinstated a jury’s verdict after the appellate courts

have affirmed the JNOV granted by trial court. For example, in Trunk v. Medical

Center of Louisiana, 04-181, pp. 9-10 (La. 10/19/04), 885 So.2d 534, 539, the

2

supreme court reinstated a jury’s selective award of damages in a medical

malpractice matter, noting the interplay of credibility and assessment of quantum as

follows:

At the close of the evidence, the jury awarded plaintiff damages
in the amount of $52,901.79. This award included $35,000.00 in
physical pain and suffering and $17,901.79 in past medical expenses.
The jury did not award damages for mental pain and anguish,
permanent disability, future medical expenses, or future loss of earning
capacity. The assessment of “quantum,” or the appropriate amount of
damages, by a jury is a determination of fact that is entitled to great
deference on review. Wainwright v. Fontenot, 00–0492, p. 6
(La.10/17/00), 774 So.2d 70, 74. A thorough review of the record in
this case indicates the jury’s awards were reasonable in light of the
evidence presented. The jury obviously believed plaintiff sustained
some damages as a result of the fall as it awarded her a significant
amount of damages for physical pain and suffering and for her past
medical expenses. The jury’s failure to assess damages for mental pain
and anguish, permanent disability, future medical expenses, and future
loss of earning capacity indicates they might not have believed
plaintiff's injury was as severe or as persistent as she contended. It is
probable the jury did not believe that her injury was the reason she was
not chosen for a gastroenterology fellowship. Additionally, the fact that
the jury did not award damages for future medical expenses leads us to
believe that the jury determined plaintiff was not in need of future
medical care for symptoms related to the injuries she sustained in the
fall. The record contained conflicting evidence related to the extent of
plaintiff's injury, pain, and physical limitations. Plaintiff's credibility
was challenged by defense witnesses. In light of the conflicting nature
of the evidence presented at trial, we cannot say that the jury’s verdict
was unreasonable. Stated differently, we find that based on the evidence
presented in this case, reasonable minds could differ on the assessment
of damages. The amounts awarded by the jury were well within its vast
discretion. Therefore, we find the district court erred in granting a
JNOV.

It further remarked that “[t]he rigorous standard of JNOV is based upon the principle

that ‘when there is a jury, the jury is the trier of fact.” Id. at 537 (quoting Joseph,

772 So.2d at 99).

The supreme court held similarly in VaSalle v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 01-462

(La. 11/28/01), 801 So.2d 331, a case in which a trial court granted a JNOV on

damages and the appellate court affirmed. The supreme court reversed the trial and

3

appellate court rulings, explaining that:

At the close of trial, the jury awarded plaintiffs a total of $70,000
in damages. This award included $15,00[0] in past medical expenses,
$20,000 in future medical expenses, $25,000 in past, present, and future
mental and physical pain and suffering, and $10,000 in future loss of
earning capacity. The jury made no award for permanent disability or
loss of consortium for Mr. VaSalle. After considering the record in its
entirety, we find these awards were reasonable based on the evidence
presented. It is apparent the jury believed Ms. VaSalle sustained some
damages as a result of the Wal–Mart accident. However, the jury’s
awards indicate it is possible the jury found Wal–Mart was not the sole
cause of Ms. VaSalle’s back problems and resultant medical bills. Such
a conclusion is reasonable in light of the evidence presented at trial.
After weighing the totality of the evidence, we conclude that
reasonable, fair-minded jurors could have arrived at differing damage
awards. Plaintiff did not seek immediate treatment for her injuries and
had been involved in two previous accidents in which her back was
injured. Plaintiff continued to work as a house cleaner after the accident
and, in fact, admitted she worked even more following the accident than
before it. Plaintiff’s credibility was seriously challenged and called into
question by defendants. The experts disagreed on the extent of
plaintiff's injuries and her need for surgery. Dr. Bernauer did not find
any objective evidence of plaintiff's complaints at her first visit and
diagnosed only muscle strain. Thus, based upon the evidence presented
at trial, we cannot say the jury’s verdict was unreasonable. Therefore,
the district court erred in granting a JNOV.

Id. at 341-42. See also Davis v. Wal-Mart, Inc., 00-445 (La. 11/28/00), 774 So.2d

84.

Like the fact situations present in the above supreme court jurisprudence, the

record review in this case indicates that the trial court was required to deny the

motion, as a JNOV should only be entered “when the evidence points so strongly in

favor of the moving party that reasonable persons could not reach different

conclusions[.]” Joseph, 772 So.2d at 99.

As to the JNOV on damages, the parents have attributed the child’s schooling

and behavioral difficulties to the bus incidents, which occurred over a period from

approximately September 26 through October 8, 2013. The plaintiffs contend that

the child’s difficulties were either different in nature or did not arise until after the

4

bus incidents. The parents further related the bus incidents to the child’s disruptive

behavior both at home and in the school room, necessitating a change in school and

in counseling. They claimed that the bus incidents led to the child’s emotional issues

such as anger, feelings of isolation, and thoughts of death.

However, the jury heard testimony regarding the plaintiffs’ child’s behavioral

problems that long predated the subject bus conduct. For instance, during the child’s

preceding kindergarten year, school records indicated that he was reported for

having pulled down his pants, exposing himself on the school bus. Other displays

of sexual behavior during that time frame were attributed to learned behaviors from

either a cousin or television.

And, in the weeks before the school bus incidents, the child’s teacher reported

classroom difficulties leading to repeated conversations between the school and the

plaintiffs about that behavior. The teacher’s notes, introduced into evidence,

indicate that the teacher reported “negative behavior” both in the classroom and

during “unstructured times like walking to and from places, lunch, etc.” A telephone

conference with the child’s mother was held on August 21, 2013 in that regard. An

additional note by the teacher indicated that the child’s “most frequent display of

negative behavior is his attitude – shrugging shoulders, slamming himself down in

his desk when disciplined …, smacking his lips - - being disrespectful to the

teacher.” The note indicates that due to “bathroom trouble every time he goes to the

bathroom,” the plaintiffs’ child was required to “[go] to the restroom by himself.”

The note did not explain what the “bathroom trouble” was, nor could the teacher

recall the details of that incident in her testimony at court.

When the teacher’s notes were forwarded to the school’s assistant principal,

he commemorated on a copy of the corresponding email, which was introduced in

5

evidence, that he had informed the “parent” by telephone that the child had been in

his office due to “classroom disruption.” He described the mother as “very

supportive” and that the child was being taken to a counselor the following week

“because he has been exhibiting the same behaviors at home.” Finally, during a

September 24, 2013 conference, a date immediately preceding the events at issue,

the teacher reported that the “negative behavior” continued and that the child’s

mother explained that an “outside counselor” had “suggested having him tested for

AD(H)D[.]”

The jury was further informed by the bus driver that the child had displayed

disruptive behavior on the bus before the incidents in question, along with the other

two boys involved in this incident. The disruptive behavior resulted in the driver’s

placement of the boys in the designated seating where the sexual conduct at issue

subsequently occurred. The previous school year, the bus driver completed a

“Behavior Report,” describing that the child was “throwing things on bus and giving

the bird to several others.”

Similarly, Rachel Hinton, a licensed professional counselor, testified that the

child began treatment with her prior to the bus incident. She told the jury that, on

September 6, 2013, a date almost three weeks prior to the subject conduct, the

plaintiffs related concerns that the child “seems very angry, yelling at mom, mad,

blames, if he messes up, he thinks it ruins his whole day or his whole day is shot,

kind of shuts down. If at first it doesn’t go well, he’s shutting down, concerns with

when he gets upset, kind of melts down.” According to Ms. Hinton, the mother

reported that she had noticed this behavior for approximately six months. That

testimony, coupled with school records, testimony by school officials, and the

evidence in the record undermined the plaintiffs’ claim of a sudden change in the

6

child’s emotional wellbeing due to the sexual conduct on the bus, and their claim

that the resulting damages were fully attributable to the sexual conduct on the bus

during the two-week period in 2013.

Given that factual overlay of the child’s varied behavioral problems, the jury

acted well within its discretion in concluding that the plaintiffs failed to prove that

the conduct at issue caused the totality of the claimed damages. Rather, the

counselor who began seeing the child after the incident in question, Ray Melerin,

acknowledged that isolation of the school bus event as a causative factor to

subsequent problems was “just difficult.” Mr. Melerin explained that he was not

provided with full information regarding the child’s preexisting problems and that

he was treating the child’s symptoms, regardless of the causation. When asked

whether some of that background information would “have been nice to have had”

in addressing the causation questioned posed, he responded: “Possibly. I would

definitely have wanted to learn more information about what took place back then.”

Mr. Melerin further explained to the jury that:

[P]lease - - please understand, my job is not necessarily about
determining that, you know. So when I have a child in my office and
we’re dealing with - - we’re not thinking - - I’m not trying to put a
percentage to things. It’s just not how, you know, we naturally operate,
but … being asked to do that right now, I’m trying, and there - - there
are just too many variables involved. And all - - you know, all I can
say about it is that I think it’s quite possible that there is a level of degree
that has affected him that no one will ever know for sure. There’s no
measuring tool for that, but - - but there’s a real possibility that it has.

In the least, the jury was informed of preexisting, documented behaviors supportive

of a finding that the child suffered from a continuum of emotional difficulties that

long predated the sexual conduct at issue here.

It is within that context of complex causative background that the jury

received the case, undermining the plaintiffs’ contention in its motion for JNOV that

7

greater damages were required. To the extent the jury’s assessment of damages was

based on credibility determinations of the witnesses’ testimony, plaintiffs’

testimony, that of their experts, or the jury’s review of all the evidence, those

determinations are inappropriately re-evaluated within the JNOV context. Id. They

instead must remain within the jury’s province.

The record similarly supports the jury’s rejection of the plaintiffs’ claim for

loss of consortium, whether due to issues related to evidence of causation or those

related to credibility of their testimony.

The remaining issue, the JNOV as it related to liability upon application of

La.Civ.Code art. 2320, is a legal one, although the trial court addressed it within its

consideration of the motion for JNOV. Whether by operation of La.Civ.Code art.

2320 or by La.R.S. 9:3921, the School Board is liable for the conduct of its own

employee. And, in fact, the jury found it was liable in that regard, assessing it with

50% of the fault. Neither the School Board’s own negligence nor that apportionment

is contested in this appeal.

As for the jury’s apportionment of the remainder of fault, the record is clear

that the ten (10) year old did, in fact, molest the plaintiffs’ child during that

approximate two week period while the children were on the bus. Plaintiffs’ counsel

made a calculated decision not to name the parents of that child as a joint tortfeasor,

hoping that the jury would ascribe 100% fault to the School Board. The judge

appropriately charged the jury and submitted a jury interrogatory allowing the jury

to apportion fault between the School Board and the intentional ten year old

tortfeasor who, admittedly, sexually molested the plaintiffs’ son. That charge and

resulting jury interrogatory were in keeping with the dictates of La.Civ.Code art.

2323(B), which provides that the principle of comparative fault “shall apply to any

8

claim for recovery of damages for injury, death, or loss asserted under any law or

legal doctrine or theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability.” See also

Dumas v. State ex rel. Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, 02-563 (La.

10/15/02), 828 So.2d 530.

Well prepared attorneys presented the case to the jury, and the jury, after due

deliberations, returned its verdict as follows:

1. Do you find that the Calcasieu Parish School Board was
negligent and, if so, did the negligence cause injury to [B.P.]?

YES __√__ NO _____

If you answered YES to Question 1, proceed to Question 2.

If you answered NO to Question 1, sign the form and advise the
Bailiff.

2. Please state the percentage of fault, if any, attributable to the
following:

Calcasieu Parish School Board ____50%

[K.M.] ____50%

Total ___100%

Obviously, the jury attributed a corresponding, but distinct, 50% of the fault to K.M.,

the ten (10) year old independent intentional tortfeasor.

Despite the jury’s apportionment of fault, the trial court further applied

La.Civ.Code art. 2320 in its ruling on the JNOV and found the School Board liable

for the intentional actions of the student, K.B., a ten (10) year old riding on the bus

after school. In my opinion, this was error and a departure from the plain language

of Article 2320.

As pointed out by counsel for the School Board, the supreme court has

explained that Article 2320 “is not a true ‘vicarious liability’ statute[.]” Wallmuth

9

v. Rapides Par. Sch. Bd., 01-1779, p. 13 (La. 4/3/02), 813 So.2d 341, 349. The

Article instead “‘requires independent fault on the part of the School Board in that

the School Board is only liable for damages caused by students under their

supervision when the school board, the teacher, or other school authorities ‘might

have prevented the act which caused the damages and have not done so.’” Id. That

is precisely the independent liability that the jury found on the part of the School

Board in this case when assessing fifty (50) percent fault to the School Board. To

apply Article 2320 to more broadly hold the School Board liable for the student’s

intentional tortious conduct at issue would hold it financially responsible for a tort

in which it did not contribute independent fault.

The plaintiff further points to that aspect of Article 2320 which indicates that:

“Teachers … are answerable for the damage caused by their scholars …, while under

their supervision[,]” as applicable in this case. The present situation, however,

plainly does not involve supervision by a teacher. “[B]y its nature, vicarious liability

mandates strict construction.” Roberts v. State, ex rel. La. Health & Human Res.

Admin., 404 So.2d 1221, 1225 (La.1981). Although the bus driver may have been

an employee, he was not a teacher so as to implicate the wording of La.Civ.Code

art. 2320 and shift the fault of the intentional tortfeasor student to the “teacher” and

School Board.

It is on this latter basis that the case cited by the trial court, Doe v. DeSoto

Par. Sch. Bd, 39,779 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/29/05), 907 So.2d 275, writ denied, 05-2020

(La. 2/10/06), 924 So.2d 167, is distinguishable. Significantly, in that second circuit

case, a school board was found liable under La.Civ.Code art. 2320 for the intentional

tort of a student on a fellow student when the supervision was by a coach. While

not explicitly stated in Doe v. DeSoto Parish School Board, the court seemingly

10

equated the position of coach as one of “teacher” for purposes of the Article. It is

clear, however, that the case did not involve a bus driver as here. Id.

More persuasive is the factually similar matter of Doe v. East Baton Rouge

Parish School Board, 06-1966, p. 9 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/21/07), 978 So.2d 426, 435,

writ denied, 08-189 (La. 3/28/08), 978 So.2d 306. In that case, the first circuit found

Doe v. DeSoto Parish inapplicable to the matter before it which, like here, involved

“students under the supervision of a bus driver, a non-teacher” rather than a coach.

See also Bell v. Ayio, 95-534 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/13/98), 731 So.2d 893, writ denied,

98-3115 (La. 2/5/99), 738 So.2d 7; Wijngaarde v. Parents of Guy, 97-2064 (La.

9/2/98), 720 So.2d 6, writs denied, 98-3144, 98-3152, 98-3162 (La. 2/12/99), 738

So.2d 574, 575. The panel further distinguished a fourth circuit case, Vaughn v.

Orleans Par. Sch. Bd., 01-0556 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/28/01), 802 So.2d 967, writ

denied, 02-0005 (La. 6/7/02), 818 So.2d 773, a case involving teacher supervision,

on the same basis.

After setting forth the supreme court’s discussion in Wallmuth, the first circuit

in Doe v. East Baton Rouge Parish School Board, 978 So.2d at 435-36 (footnotes

omitted), explained further that:

[A]fter an analysis of the terms of LSA–C.C. art. 2320, we find that the
School Board is not vicariously liable for the actions of H.B. under the
facts and circumstances of this case. As noted previously, the relevant
portion of Article 2320 arguably imposes liability on teachers for the
damage caused by their students while under their supervision. The
plaintiff’s argument for imposing vicarious liability on the School
Board for the fault of H.B. apparently is based upon an interpretation
of Article 2320 that would impose the same liability as that of teachers
on school bus drivers in their capacities as employees of the School
Board. We disagree.

The starting point for the interpretation of any codal article is the
language of the article itself. See Burnette v. Stalder, 00–2167
(La.6/29/01), 789 So.2d 573, 577. Generally, courts begin such an
interpretation with the premise that legislation is the solemn expression

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of legislative will, and that the interpretation of a law involves a search
for the legislature’s intent. LSA–C.C. art. 1; Falgout v. Dealers Truck
Equipment Co., 98–3150 (La.10/19/99), 748 So.2d 399, 401. When a
law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd
consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further
interpretation may be made in search of the intent of the
legislature. LSA–C.C. art. 9. Moreover, the words of a law must be
given their generally prevailing meaning. LSA–C.C. art. 11.

In light of these principles, we note that by its relevant
terms, LSA–C.C. art. 2320 discusses the liability of teachers. Clearly,
Ms. Hunt was employed as a bus driver and not as a teacher as that term
is commonly understood. In addition, we note that Vaughn, Doe,
and Wallmuth all involve incidents that occurred while the students
were under the immediate supervision of teachers, not bus
drivers. Accordingly, we find that the School Board is not vicariously
liable for the fault of H.B. under the facts and circumstances of this
case.

Like the first circuit case, the supervising employee in this case was not a

teacher, but a bus driver. That status places the present matter outside of that

addressed by the legislature in its clear, unambiguous use of the term “teacher” in

crafting Article 2320. Simply, the inclusion of this non-teacher employee within the

category defined by that specific term is contrary to the supreme court’s directive to

strictly construe vicarious liability provisions. Accordingly, I find that the trial

court’s shifting of the fault of the intentional tortfeasor student to the School Board

pursuant to Article 2320 was in error.

Likewise, the majority, in my view, is in error in its application of Article

2320. For these reasons, I concur in part and dissent in part. Although I join in the

majority’s remand to the trial court with instructions to create a reversionary trust

for the award of future medical treatment and to amend the judgment to reflect that

those damages will not accrue judicial interest, I dissent from the remainder of the

opinion. I would instead reverse the JNOV in its entirety upon a finding that the

trial court erred in granting a JNOV as to damages as well as in its determination

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regarding vicarious liability, and I would re-instate the jury’s verdict.

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