The Sweet Lake Land and Oil Company, LLC v. Oleum Operating Company, L.C.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

21-169

THE SWEET LAKE LAND AND OIL COMPANY, LLC

VERSUS

OLEUM OPERATING COMPANY, L.C., ET AL.

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 2010-1272
HONORABLE DAVID RITCHIE, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

JOHN E. CONERY
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Elizabeth A. Pickett, John E. Conery, and Candyce G. Perret,
Judges.

AFFIRMED AND RENDERED.
MOTION TO DISMISS ANSWER GRANTED IN PART
AND DENIED IN PART.
ATTORNEY FEES AWARDED FOR WORK PERFORMED ON APPEAL.
REMANDED.

Pickett, J., dissents and assigns written reasons.

Guy E. Wall
Paul E. Bullington
Jonathan R. Cook
Sara M. Lewis
Wall, Bullington & Cook, LLC
540 Elmwood Park Boulevard
Harahan, Louisiana 70123
(504) 736-0347
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE:
The Sweet Lake Land and Oil Company, LLC

Alan J. Berteau
R. Benn Vincent, Jr.
Matthew B. Smith
Hattie V. Guidry
James Patrick Dore
Kean Miller, LLP
Post Office Box 3513
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70821
(225) 387-0999
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Sohio Petroleum Company
BP Exploration & Oil, Inc.
BP Products North America, Inc.

Kelly B. Becker
Liskow & Lewis
701 Poydras Street, Suite 5000
New Orleans, Louisiana 70139
(504) 581-7979
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Sohio Petroleum Company
BP Exploration & Oil, Inc.
BP Products North America, Inc.

Paul Matthew Jones
Brian W. Capell
Liskow & Lewis
Post Office Box 52008
Lafayette, Louisiana 70505
(337) 232-7424
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:
AKSM, L.C.
Oleum Operating Company, L.C.

Thomas E. Balhoff
Judith R.E. Atkinson
Carlton Jones, III
Roedell Parsons Koch Blache Balhoff & McCollister
8440 Jefferson Hwy. Suite 301
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809-7652
(225) 929-7033
HEARING OFFICERS FOR:
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources

Guillermo A. Iturralde
Hearing Officer
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources
Office of General Counsel
Post Office Box 94396
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804
(225) 342-2710

F. Jonathan Rice
John W. Adams
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservation
Post Office Box 94275
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804

CONERY, Judge.

Plaintiff Sweet Lake Land and Oil Company, LLC (Sweet Lake) pursued this

legacy oilfield litigation against British Petroleum corporate entities (BP), among

others, seeking remediation and damages associated with decades-long oilfield

operations on its property. After a 2015 trial at which a jury determined BP to be

solely responsible for environmental damage on the property, the trial court referred

the matter to the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (LDNR) for

development of a most feasible remediation plan pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29

(sometimes referred to as Act 312). With no final remediation plan approved by

2020, and citing the lengthy delay after the initial referral for a remediation plan

under La.R.S. 30:29, the trial court issued an interim award of fees and costs, and

designated that judgment as a partial final judgment subject to immediate appeal.

BP appeals, questioning the certification of the judgment as final, the referral to

remediation under La.R.S. 30:29, and the award of attorney fees and costs. By

Answer to Appeal, Sweet Lake seeks a new trial on the jury’s rejection of its private

causes of action against BP and seeks additional attorney fees for work performed

on appeal. BP further moves to dismiss Sweet Lake’s Answer.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Sweet Lake is the historical owner of Section 34 in Township 10 South, Range

6 West in Calcasieu Parish. Although the record indicates that the larger Sweet Lake

property is multi-use, a succession of oilfield operators has performed exploration

and production on the portion of the property at issue. Sweet Lake filed this oilfield

legacy suit in 2010 seeking remediation of the subject property by its operators under

two pertinent oil, gas, and mineral leases, and seeking additional damages in tort and

contract.

Sweet Lake granted the first Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease in April 1947 (the

1947 Lease) to J.A. Bonham, a lease broker, who immediately sold and assigned his

interest to Sohio Petroleum Company, a predecessor of BP. Sohio drilled a gas well

on the property in 1948 and later added additional oil and gas wells which resulted

in alleged contamination, including contamination by “produced water.” 1 Sohio

initially used clay-lined pits for disposal of the produced water and, in 1957, added

the first of two saltwater injection wells to the property for that purpose.

In 1989, the Louisiana Department of Conservation amended Order 29-B

pertaining to oilfield pit registration, closure, and remediation. Sohio began the

process of closing and registering its clay pits.2 During that time period, BP acquired

Sohio (hereinafter collectively referred to as BP). BP assigned the 1947 Lease to

Jerry Suire in 1989, who in turn conveyed his interest to Flash Gas & Oil Northeast,

Inc. (Flash). Numerous smaller operators thereafter worked the property, including

Janex Oil Company, Arbol Resources, Inc. (Arbol), J&J Onshore Production, Inc.

(J&J), Panterra Energy Group, LLC (Panterra), Oleum Operating Company, L.C.

(Oleum), and AKSM, L.C. By a 2003 Amendment resulting from litigation 3

1
The Louisiana Administrative Code defines “Produced water” as “liquids and suspended
particulate matter that is obtained by processing fluids brought to the surface in conjunction with
the recovery of oil and gas from underground geologic formations, with underground storage of
hydrocarbons, or with solution mining for brine.” LA. ADMIN. CODE tit. 43, Pt. XIX § 301.
2
Order 29-B required the registration and closure of oilfield pits as they existed at that time.
Now set forth in LA. ADMIN. CODE tit. 43, Pt. XIX § 101, et seq., Order 29-B provides general
requirements for operation of oil and gas facilities as well as requirements for the
plugging/abandonment of wells, the operation/closure of oilfield pits, the operation of wells and
surface facilities, and the storage, treatment, and disposal of non-hazardous waste. Order 29-B
also provides for the remediation of contaminants to designated standards.
3
In March 2000, Sweet Lake filed suit for lease cancellation and damages contending that
the 1947 Lease had terminated or lapsed for various reasons. See Sweet Lake Land and Oil Co. v.
J&J Onshore Prod. Co., bearing 14th Judicial District Court Docket Number 2000-001653. The
parties entered into a May 28, 2003 settlement agreement, which obligated the parties to amend
the 1947 Lease. Suit was dismissed in July 2003.

2

between Sweet Lake and Oleum and J&J as defendants, the acreage subject to the

1947 Lease was reduced. The 2003 Amendment further imposed remediation

obligations on Oleum.4 Oleum continued as operator for five years, with the 1947

Lease terminating in 2008.

Sweet Lake entered into a second lease on March 1, 2008 (the 2008 Lease)

with AKSM. The 2008 Lease permitted AKSM to continue operations on certain

acreage, but required it to abandon the area of historic BP operations, designated as

the “Existing Oil Facility,” and to remove “any contaminated soil” from that area.5

AKSM permitted Oleum, a related company, to act as the operator on the property.

4
The 2003 Amendment imposed remediation obligations as follows:

II. The 1947 Lease is hereby amended by the inclusion and addition of the
following paragraphs:

....

16. Within 24 months of the execution date of this Amendment of Oil and Gas
Lease, Lessee shall evaluate and establish production in the SLL&O C-2,
C-3, C-7, and C-8 Wells. If at the expiration of the 24 month period, any
one of the C-2, C-3, C-7, or C-8 Wells have not been evaluated, or are not
producing in paying quantities, and Lessee is not actively conducting
mining operations on said nonproducing wells, or fails to continue such
operations without the lapse of more than 90 days between the abandonment
and resumption of its work to restore production of oil or gas in paying
quantities, Lessee shall plug and abandon said nonproducing well and
restore the site to the requirements of Title 43, Statewide Order No. 29-B
within 6 months of the cessation of production in paying quantities or within
6 months of ceasing operations to establish production in paying quantities.

17. Within 6 months of determining that any well among the Nos. C-2, C-3, C-
7, C-8, or C-9 Wells have no future utility, Lessee shall plug and abandon
the well and restore the surface area around the well to the requirements of
Title 43, Statewide Order No. 29-B.

18. Lessee shall plug and abandon the C-4 Well and restore the site to the
requirements of Title 43, Statewide Order No. 29-B within 6 months of the
date of this Amendment to Oil, Gas, and Mineral Lease.
5
The 2008 Lease provides, in part:

(j) Existing Oil Facility. LESSEE agrees to abandon the existing oil
facility, located West of the Lands subject hereto and shown on Exhibit A, remove
the tanks and other equipment, remove any contaminated soil and transport same
for disposal of same off of the lands of LESSOR and to conduct a site assessment

3

Sweet Lake initiated this suit in March 2010, naming BP and the other

operators as defendants. It claimed that its contamination concerns had not been

addressed, despite the contractual and legal obligations in place. Sweet Lake

identified the operative leases, described the sixty-plus years of production, and

alleged that:

Defendants’ operations on the Property contaminated the soil
and groundwater with produced water, oil, drilling muds,
technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials
(sometimes referred to as “TENORM”), hydrocarbons, metals, and
other wastes, toxic or hazardous substances and pollutants (sometimes
collectively referred to as “substances”). Defendants also left scrap
equipment, pipelines, concrete and other debris (sometimes collectively
referred to as “scrap”) on the Property.

Sweet Lake maintained that “[t]he substances released onto the Property by

each defendant combined with the substances left by the other defendants to

contaminate and damage the property.” Sweet Lake alleged that “[e]ach defendant

is obligated by the mineral leases, surface leases, other contracts and law to restore

the Property and has breached that obligation.” Sweet Lake asserted that Oleum

breached its obligation under the 2003 Settlement Agreement to “restore promptly

the surface of the property” and that AKSM breached its obligations under the 2008

Lease to abandon the existing oil facility, to remove all contaminated soil thereon,

and to conduct a site assessment.

of same as provided in Subparagraph 16(i) hereof and to provide a written copy of
the site assessment to LESSOR by October 31, 2018 all at LESSEE’s sole cost, risk
and expense. LESSEE agrees to complete said abandonment not later than
September 30, 2008 and agrees to give LESSOR 30 days’ notice prior to
commencement of said abandonment. LESSOR hereby consents to LESSEE’s
construction of a tank battery and related facilities at the location currently
delineated near the C-9 location of the east side of Section 34.

(Emphasis added.)

4

Along with its contractual claims, Sweet Lake alleged that the defendants

“negligently, recklessly or intentionally stored and disposed of the substances in pits

located on or adjacent to the Property[,]” and that they knew or should have known

that the practice would result in seepage and cause soil and water contamination.

Sweet Lake also maintained that the defendants negligently or intentionally released

substances on the property, purportedly resulting in contamination and migration of

some or all the substances. Identifying “[s]ome or all of the substances” as bio-

available and susceptible of uptake by humans, animals, and plants, Sweet Lake

alleged that the defendants acted with wanton or reckless disregard of public safety

by “intentionally, recklessly or negligently” storing, handling, transporting, or

disposing of “hazardous or toxic substances” on the property.

Sweet Lake explained that it uses the property for cattle grazing, hunting, and

farming and alleged that the defendants’ conduct interferes with the use and

enjoyment of the property and has diminished its value. Seeking damages, Sweet

Lake claims:

As a result of defendants’ breach of contract, tortious conduct
and violations of law, including but not limited to statewide order 29-
B, plaintiff has sustained damages in the amount of (a) the cost to
evaluate and clean up the Property and to protect human health and
environment, (b) diminution in the value of the Property including the
stigma associated with property even after it has been cleaned up, (c)
lost revenues, (d) exposure to potential liability to the government,
neighbors, and others and (e) other losses and damages.

Sweet Lake further asked for penalties, punitive damages, attorney fees, and costs.

The suit reached trial in 2015. By that time, only BP, Oleum, and AKSM

remained as substantive defendants.6 Over a two-week period, the parties presented

the jury with fact and expert testimony regarding BP’s forty-year presence on the

6
Flash also remained as a nominal defendant but did not make an appearance at trial.

5

property, BP’s use and closure of the clay pits in its operations, and Oleum/AKSM’s

assumption of obligations to restore the property formerly occupied by BP. Much

of the testimony and expert evaluation focused on the level of required remediation.

Figures offered by experts for Sweet Lake and BP varied greatly with Sweet Lake

offering remediation contingency estimates of up to $32 million dollars and BP

offering a remediation estimate of $1.4 million dollars.

The jury was presented with a verdict sheet inquiring whether “environmental

damage exists on Sweet Lake’s property” and, if so, which party was “responsible”

therefor. That specific inquiry reflects the requirements for referral for the

regulatory remediation process of La.R.S. 30:29,7 as discussed further below. The

verdict sheet additionally inquired as to the plaintiffs’ private causes of action

sounding in tort and contract.

In response to the questions regarding regulatory remediation under La.R.S.

30:29, the jury found “environmental damage” on Sweet Lake’s property and

designated “Sohio Petroleum Co./BP” as the sole operator “responsible” for that

damage. The jury assessed the “cost to clean up Sweet Lake’s property” at $1.5

million dollars, a figure only marginally higher than BP’s remediation estimate.

The jury rejected Sweet Lake’s claims as to whether the operators: 1) were

“strictly liable for damages”; 2) “unreasonably or excessively” used the property; or

3) were negligent. The jury also rejected Sweet Lake’s breach of contract claims as

to BP, Oleum, and AKSM.

By its September 11, 2015 judgment, the trial court commemorated the jury’s

finding that BP was “responsible for environmental damage” on the Sweet Lake

7
As previously indicated, the parties and jurisprudence at times refer to La.R.S. 30:29 as
Act 312 in keeping with common parlance. This opinion uses “Act 312” only as quoted.

6

property. In keeping with the requirements of La.R.S. 30:29, the trial court further

ordered BP to submit a plan to remediate the property to LDNR within 60 days. The

trial court ordered that: “The plan shall remediate to applicable regulatory standards

the contamination that resulted in the environmental damage to the Property.” The

trial court allowed Sweet Lake an additional 60 days from its receipt of BP’s

submittal to provide LDNR and the court with its own remediation plan and

comment in response.

The September 11, 2015 judgment further reflected the jury’s rejection of

Sweet Lake’s private causes of action, dismissing its claims against “AKSM, L.C.,

Oleum Operating Company, and Flash Oil and Gas Northeast, Inc.” with prejudice.

The judgment further dismissed “Sweet Lake’s claims for money damages against

BP[.]” It assessed BP with all court costs and permitted Sweet Lake to “submit a

motion to assess the other fees and costs, e.g., attorney’s fees and costs and expert

fees and costs, pursuant to La.[R.S.] 30:29.E.1.”

After the trial court denied Sweet Lake’s motion for JNOV or alternative

motion for new trial with regard to Oleum and AKSM’s responsibility for damages,

Sweet Lake appealed from the partial final judgment dismissing the contract claims

as to Oleum and AKSM.

The panel considering Sweet Lake’s initial partial appeal as to Oleum and

AKSM concluded that the jury erred in rejecting the breach of contract claims

against Oleum and AKSM. Sweet Lake Land & Oil Co., LLC v. Oleum Operating

Co., L.C., 16-429 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/8/17), _ So.3d _,8 writ denied, 17-1107 (La.

10/27/17), 228 So.3d 1224. (Sweet Lake I). Notwithstanding the origin of the

8
2017 WL 914767.

7

contamination on the property, Oleum acknowledged that it assumed a restoration

obligation by the 2003 Amendment to the 1947 Lease.9 A portion of that obligation

required restoration of the area around the C-3 Well. Expert testimony demonstrated

the existence of contamination in that area. While the parties disputed the degree of

contamination, its existence was nonetheless established as was the fact that Oleum

failed to remediate that area in keeping with its obligation under the 2003

Amendment to its lease. AKSM also assumed a restoration obligation by the 2008

Lease as it agreed to “remove any contaminated soil and transport same for disposal”

from the historic “Existing Oil Facility.”10 Expert testimony was “conclusive that

the area around the Existing Oil Facility was contaminated.” Id. at _. The panel

accordingly determined that, like Oleum, AKSM breached its contract. Id.

Although the Sweet Lake I panel concluded that the record required a finding

that Oleum and AKSM were in breach of contract, the panel found the record fell

“woefully short of establishing with any measure of reasonable certainty the amount

of damages required to remediate” the areas surrounding the C-3 Well and the

Existing Oil Facility. Id. at _. The panel thus remanded the matter for the trial

court’s determination of damages due on the contractual claims. Id. On remand, the

trial court conducted a bench trial on the damages issue, finding Oleum and AKSM

liable for damages in the amount of $12,921,124.00.11

9
The panel specifically pointed to the 2003 Amendment’s provision that “[w]ithin 6
months of determining that any well among the Nos. C-2, C-3, C-7, C-8, or C-9 Wells have no
future utility, Lessee [Oleum] shall plug and abandon the well and restore the surface area around
the well to the requirements of Title 43, Statewide Order No. 29-B.”
10
The panel explained that “[t]estimony established the Existing Oil Facility was in an area
located near the salt water disposal wells that had been used by BP and other operators to store
hydrocarbons and processed water.” Id. at _.
11
Although the trial court conducted the bench trial in December 2019, it included the
award in the July 28, 2020 judgment now under review. Neither Oleum nor AKSM appealed from
that aspect of the judgment however and it is not at issue in this proceeding. The record under

8

While Oleum and AKSM’s liability was resolved via Sweet Lake I and the

second trial, Sweet Lake and BP addressed the pending order for remediation

pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29, before LDNR. In October 2016, LDNR issued its “Most

Feasible Plan[12] and Written Reasons in Support as Required by La.R.S. 30:29.”

LDNR estimated the cost of implementation at $881,593.45. BP moved to adopt the

plan as submitted, requesting that the estimated costs be deposited into the registry

of the court for the court’s continued jurisdiction and oversight of the remediation.

Sweet Lake opposed the motion, arguing to the trial court that the plan was not a

final one as it did not adequately address the evaluation and cleaning of the property.

Following a hearing, the trial court denied BP’s motion for adoption of the

original LDNR plan, finding ambiguity in LDNR’s final report, noting that LDNR

had been limited by a lack of information that remained to be developed at the time

consideration does not include a transcript or documentation from the bench trial as to Sweet
Lake’s claims against Oleum and AKSM.
12
The Louisiana Administrative Code provides pertinent definitions as follows:

Environmental Damage - actual or potential impact, damage, or injury to
environmental media caused by contamination resulting from activities associated
with oilfield sites or exploration and production sites.

....

Feasible Plan - the most reasonable plan which addresses environmental damage
in conformity with the requirement of Louisiana Constitution Article IX, Section 1
to protect the environment, public health, safety and welfare, and is in compliance
with the specific relevant and applicable standards and regulations promulgated by
a state agency in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act in effect at the
time of clean-up to remediate contamination resulting from oilfield or exploration
and production operations or waste.

LA. ADMIN. CODE tit. 43, Pt. XIX § 603. It further provides that “Contamination” is “the
introduction of substances or contaminants into a groundwater aquifer, a USDW or soil in such
quantities as to render them unusable for their intended purposes.” LA. ADMIN. CODE tit. 43, Pt.
XIX § 301.

9

of its consideration of the matter.13 By its May 9, 2017 judgment, the trial court

ordered that:

[T]he Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservation (the
“LDNR”) submit a final plan to the Court that includes a remediation
plan for all environmental damage that needs to be remediated.
LDNR’s Plan is not complete with regard to groundwater remediation,
removal of flow lines and other matters. The plan shall:

a. Address groundwater remediation on the property owned by
Sweet Lake, in Section 34, Township 10 South, Range 6 West,
Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana (the “Property”). The final
remediation plan may contain clean up options that depend upon
the results of additional information and should be accompanied
by an estimate of the cost to obtain the additional information. If
LDNR is unable to provide the foregoing final remediation plan,
it shall provide the Court with information to help the Court
better order LDNR to do what needs to be done;

b. Specify the regulation or standard for each clean up activity so
that the Court can enforce it;

c. Specify the flowlines on the property and include a remediation
plan for flowlines that must be removed; and

13
In so ruling, the trial court explained at the hearing, in part, that:

I don’t say this to criticize the LDNR. I simply say this to say that what I am
expecting or what I expected was something very well done like this report, but I
think it’s lacking as far as its completeness with regard to certain aspects. I guess
namely the groundwater plan and then the flowline plan.

. . . I need to know what the plan is. And I don’t want to end up finding out later
that there’s something else that LDNR has decided that’s different from what I
believe they represented to be in this plan. And that’s just one example with the
flowlines.

....

And so I don’t think that - - I don’t find that … this plan is complete. I don’t
know if it’s the most feasible one or not to remediate the - - because they haven’t
submitted a plan for me to look at for the - - for at least part of this, for the
groundwater and the flowlines, et cetera.

And so what I’m going to do is I’m going to order that within 60 days the
LDNR to submit a final plan to this Court that includes a remediation plan for all
aspects of this project that needs to be remediated, all aspects of the area of the - -
that has environmental damage that needs to be remediated.

10

d. State whether a response or comment was received from any
other agency to whom the October 3, 2016 LDNR plan was
submitted pursuant to La. R.S. 30:29(3)(b)(i) and (ii).

BP filed a writ application from the May 9, 2017 judgment, seeking

consideration of the res nova issue of whether La.R.S. 30:29 granted the trial court

the authority to reject LDNR’s feasible plan and to order the agency to re-submit its

final remediation plan. A panel of the court denied the writ by published opinion,

finding that the trial court acted within its authority. See Sweet Lake Land & Oil Co.

v. Oleum Operating Co., L.C., 17-464 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/18/17), 229 So.3d 993

(Sweet Lake II).

Pertinent to the appeal under consideration, the May 9, 2017 judgment also

addressed the parties’ conflicting views of the attorney fees and costs available to

Sweet Lake under La.R.S. 30:29(E). While Sweet Lake sought recovery of its fees

and costs associated with the entirety of the litigation against all defendants, BP

countered that La.R.S. 30:29 limited its recovery to those claims on which it was

successful, i.e., the remediation proceedings before LDNR. Following a hearing,

the trial court granted, in part, Sweet Lake’s Motion and Order to Assess Fees and

Costs against BP, stating:

With BP’s stipulation that it does not contest the reasonableness of the
attorney’s fees and expert fees, the Court finds that the fees and costs
were reasonable and rules that Sweet Lake is entitled to recover all of
the fees and costs submitted with the Motion to Assess Fees and Costs
pursuant to La.[R.S] 30:29. BP’s arguments that some fees and costs
are not recoverable under La.[R.S.] 30:29, or should be reduced based
upon the ultimate result obtained in this case, are rejected.”

(Emphasis added.)

Given its pending order for the submission of a final remediation plan, the

trial court deferred a final award of fees and costs “to the hearing on the adoption of

the final plan … after additional work is completed on this case.”

11

The record shows that LDNR informed the trial court of its response to the

May 9, 2017 judgment, including LDNR’s issuance of a Compliance Order to BP

for further evaluation and delineation of specified contamination, for further

investigation of groundwater quality, and for an associated work plan. In October

2018, LDNR approved a Work Plan developed by BP’s expert, Hydro-

Environmental Technology (HET), for submission of data findings from the

necessary delineation and testing activities required by the Compliance Order. The

Work Plan included a timeline for activities on the property with a projected deadline

of September 2019.

In April 2019, well before the projected deadline, Sweet Lake filed a Motion

to Set Deadlines for Most Feasible Plan asserting that “BP has not provided LDNR

the information necessary to formulate the feasible plan[,]” and that “LDNR has not

imposed deadlines on BP to provide LNDR with the needed information.” BP

opposed the motion and noted that Sweet Lake did not object to the September 2019

deadline included in the October 2018 Work Plan. It referred to its efforts in

addressing LDNR’s Compliance Order and in performing pursuant to the October

18 work plan, stating that its expert, HET, had “acted when it could act,” receiving

oversight and guidance from LDNR as needed. BP further stated that it was only

“forced to delay completion of the necessary work in order to obtain the necessary

approval of that work from the U.S. Corps of Engineers.”

Despite the apparent conflict, the parties reached a stipulation at the hearing

on the motion to set deadlines in August 2019. The trial court entered a September

24, 2019 judgment reflecting that stipulation and setting deadlines for work on the

property. The judgment included an order that BP would submit a written report on

the first of every month to the trial court describing the status of its work performed

12

under the schedule. The trial court provided Sweet Lake a corresponding period for

its comment or for submission of its own written report.

BP’s work status report for October 2019, along with Sweet Lake’s report in

response, reflected that the permitting process before the Corps of Engineers was

ongoing and that the parties differed as to whether that lack of a final permit

prohibited BP from proceeding with work immediately. By the time of BP’s

Supplemental November 5, 2019 report, however, the Corps of Engineers had

approved HET’s submitted work proposal and issued the subject permit. BP

informed the trial court that HET began immediate sampling of the groundwater

monitoring wells on the site and that it would begin further soil and groundwater

assessment and pit remediation work the following week.

Later in November 2019, BP filed a Motion for Approval of Proposed Work

and explained that during its work under the October 2018 Work Plan, HET

discovered an area of phase-separated hydrocarbons (PSH) at one of its monitoring

wells on the property.14 BP therefore submitted a proposed soil remediation plan

(the Area 1 Plan) for that area to LDNR and Sweet Lake in order to remove PSH “as

an interim corrective action, while HET work[ed] to complete other aspects of the

approved plan, including the delineation assessment and aquifer classification.”

Sweet Lake objected to BP’s request and argued that BP was attempting to

circumvent the requirements of La.R.S. 30:29. Sweet Lake explained that since the

PSH was only recently discovered during HET’s investigation of the site, BP’s

14
BP explained in its motion that phase-separated hydrocarbons (PSH) is “oil present as a
discrete substance rather than mixed with water and soil.”

13

proposed remediation of Area 1 had not been approved by LDNR,15 nor had it been

adopted by the trial court as part of a final feasible plan. Sweet Lake maintained that

the lack of progress deprived it of the opportunity to address the discovery of the

PSH, or the proposed remediation thereof with either LDNR or the trial court. Sweet

Lake additionally observed that BP did not propose to place the funds for the Area

1 Plan in the registry of the court as required by La.R.S. 30:29. The trial court set

the motion for approval of proposed work for a June 2020 hearing.

BP continued to file monthly reports regarding its performance of sampling

and testing activities, some of which were completed. These activities did not

involve the contested work proposed as part of the Area 1 Plan. By the time of the

May 2020 report, however, and through the last report filed into the record in August

2020, certain aquifer testing remained uncompleted. As reasons for the delay, BP

cited ongoing weather-related conditions at the site as well as the necessity of LDNR

intervention in the testing proposal due to concerns Sweet Lake lodged with the

department.

Given this ongoing activity in furtherance of LDNR’s 2017 Compliance Order

and the 2018 Work Plan, Sweet Lake continued to accrue fees and costs associated

with the proceedings during that expanse of time. As noted above, by its May 9,

2017 judgment, the trial court determined that Sweet Lake was entitled to an award

of fees and costs in full, but deferred a final judgment in that regard “to the hearing

on the adoption of the final plan … after additional work is completed on the case.”

Three years later, in April 2020, Sweet Lake filed a “Motion to Assess Additional

15
Sweet Lake questioned BP’s representation that LDNR had approved of its “Area 1
Work Plan.” It instead asserted that LDNR merely indicated by email that it did not object to the
remediation plan.

14

Fees and Costs Against BP[,]” and stated that at the time of the May 9, 2017

judgment, it had anticipated that a final feasible plan would be adopted by the end

of 2017. Sweet Lake explained that at the time of the initial hearing on attorney fees,

it had incurred $4,372.392.95 in fees and costs, but that the sum had grown to a total

of $5,261.932.30 in the interim. Citing the passage of three years since the May 9,

2017 judgment, Sweet Lake requested that the trial court issue “a final judgment for

its fees and costs because there is literally no end in sight as to when LDNR will

submit a revised plan to the Court.” BP argued in opposition that any award of fees

and costs would be premature until the trial court approved a final feasible plan.

The trial court considered the motion to assess additional fees in June 2020,

rendering an oral ruling. As seen in his reasons set forth below, the trial court

recognized the lengthy period that the regulatory matter had been proceeding before

LDNR—now several years—and entered a partial final judgment on fees and costs

at the time of its ruling. The trial court determined that the documentation of fees

and costs was reasonable and explained that it would award Sweet Lake’s attorney

fees, expert fees, and costs to date in their entirety as requested.

The resulting July 28, 2020 judgment was cast, in part, as a final judgment to

the extent it reflected the trial court’s award of $12,921,124.00 against Oleum and

AKSM for breach of contract, and to the extent these two defendants were cast in

judgment for fees and costs. That aspect of the judgment has not been appealed and

is now final.

In its July 28, 2020 judgment, the trial court also entered the partial final

judgment now under review against BP and awarded a total of $5,330,479.72 in

“attorney fees, expert fees and costs” in favor of Sweet Lake; a figure comprised of

15

$3,201,824.39 in attorney fees and costs and $2,128,654.72 in expert fees and costs.

The trial court cast BP, Oleum, and AKSM liable in solido for these amounts.

The judgment further reflected the plaintiff’s right to seek additional fees and

costs associated with LDNR’s ongoing effort to produce a final plan of remediation.

As urged by Sweet Lake, the judgment fashioned the relief granted in favor of Sweet

Lake and against BP as “a partial final judgment because there is no just reason for

delay of the Court’s ruling that BP is responsible for environmental damage and

liable, in solido with AKSM, L.C. and Oleum Operating Company, L.C., for Sweet

Lake’s attorney’s fees, expert fees, and costs.”

BP filed a timely suspensive appeal of the July 28, 2020 judgment.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR AND ANSWER TO THE APPEAL

In its appellant’s brief, BP includes the following assignments of error:

1. The Trial Court erred in designating the July 28, 2020 [judgment]
as a partial final judgment with regard to the finding of
environmental damage as to BP and the assessment of fees and
costs pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29.

2. The Trial Court erred in implementing the post-trial procedures
established by La.R.S. 30:29 – establishment of a most feasible
plan and awarding attorney’s fees – when the jury found BP not
liable to Sweet Lake under any theory of liability.

3. The Trial Court erred in awarding attorney’s fees and costs to
Sweet Lake in excess of the amount of such fees and costs
allowed under La.R.S. 30:29.

4. The Trial Court erred in finding that BP was solidarily liable with
Oleum and AKSM for attorney’s fees and costs under La.R.S.
30:29.

5. The Trial Court erred in overruling BP’s exception of
prescription.

6. The Trial Court erred in overruling BP’s exception of res
judicata.

(Emphasis added.)

16

Sweet Lake filed an Answer to the appeal, asserting that:

1. The jury manifestly erred in finding that BP had not breached the
mineral lease by negligence or excessive or unreasonable use.

By its Answer, Sweet Lake further requests attorney fees for work performed on

appeal.

BP responded to Sweet Lake’s Answer, filing a Motion to Dismiss Answer to

Appeal and suggesting a lack of jurisdiction for its consideration.

We address the parties’ submissions in turn.

DISCUSSION

BP Assignment of Error Number One

Partial Final Judgment

Although it appears as the appellant in this case, BP asserts that the trial court

improperly certified the July 28, 2020 judgment on attorney fees and costs as a

partial final judgment suitable for appeal pursuant to La.Code Civ.P. art. 1915(B).

BP contends that the judgment reflects a “picking and choosing” of certain issues

for appeal while leaving others to be addressed by a final judgment and likely appeal

at a later time. BP particularly points to the dismissal of Sweet Lake’s claim for

private causes of action against BP as a remaining issue not yet reduced to a final,

appealable judgment.16

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 1915(B)(1) (emphasis added)

provides, in pertinent part, that “[w]hen a court renders a partial judgment … as to

one or more but less than all of the claims, demands, issues, or theories against a

party … the judgment shall not constitute a final judgment unless it is designated as

16
BP also makes this argument in its Motion to Dismiss Answer to Appeal wherein it
challenges Sweet Lake’s ability to seek review of the dismissal of its tort and contract claims by
an answer in this restricted appeal.

17

a final judgment by the court after an express determination that there is no just

reason for delay.”

In 2005, the supreme court issued R.J. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 04-1664,

p. 4 (La. 3/2/05), 894 So.2d 1113, 1117 in order to address the “limited procedural

issue” of whether the “express determination that there is no just reason for delay”

as required by La.Code Civ.P. art. 1915(B)(1) “requires the trial court to give

specific reasons for designating a partial judgment as final[.]” The supreme court

resolved that issue, which arrived before it following a split among the circuits, and

held that a “trial court should give explicit reasons, either oral or written, for its

determination that there is no just reason for delay” in order to assist an appellate

court’s review of designated partial final judgments. Id. In the event the trial court

provides such explicit reasons, an appellate court considers whether the trial court

abused its discretion in the designation. Id. If no reasons are given, but justification

for the trial court’s ruling is apparent on the record, an appellate court considers the

designation following a de novo review.

The supreme court listed the following non-exclusive factors that the court

may consider in determining whether a judgment should be designated as appealable

pursuant to La.Code Civ.P. art. 1915(B)(1) as follows:

1) The relationship between the adjudicated and unadjudicated
claims;

2) The possibility that the need for review might or might not be
mooted by future developments in the trial court;

3) The possibility that the reviewing court might be obliged to
consider the same issue a second time; and

4) Miscellaneous factors such as delay, economic and solvency
considerations, shortening the time of trial, frivolity of
competing claims, expense, and the like.

18

R.J. Messinger, 894 So.2d at 1122 (citing Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Philadelphia Elec.

Co., 521 F.2d 360, 364 (3d Cir. 1975). The supreme court explained, however, that

“the overriding inquiry for the trial court is whether there is no just reason for delay.”

Id. at 1122-23.

Challenging the trial court’s designation of the partial final judgment in this

case, BP contends that the appeal should be dismissed because the trial court

allegedly “ignored” the Messinger factors and that any de novo review of the

Messinger factors by this court would similarly result in a dismissal due to the

certainty of future litigation in this matter. BP does not acknowledge that the

supreme court provided the Messinger factors as ones that a trial court “may” 17

consider and that it further described them as non-exclusive.

The trial court did, in fact, render explicit oral reasons for its designation of

its ruling as a partial final judgment, as it explained that:

[W]ith regard to the attorney fees, expert witness fees and costs … I’ve
reviewed the costs as they requested and the fees, as well as the …
memos and the affidavits and the testimony last week, as well as the
arguments … I think they’re all reasonable.

This is very, very difficult litigation, very time consuming, very
expensive, very expert intensive, time intensive; and under the
circumstances for this type of litigation, I find that it’s all - - all of the
costs and fees are reasonable. I think all of the factors that were set
forth and discussed last week, I think are met. And as discussed on the
record last week, I think that those fees are - - well, by the way, you
know, I’m going to say that - - even though I said that last time or three
years ago that I wanted to wait until we had a final plan developed. I
thought it would be by the end of the year or whatever. I think that was
like in May that we had that hearing. I assumed that it would be by the
end of the year that we would have the final plan.

17
BP states in its brief that the supreme court provided the factors as ones that trial courts
“should” consider. The supreme court instead held that its non-exclusive factors “may be used by
trial judges when considering whether a partial judgment should be certified as appealable[.]” R.J.
Messinger, 894 So.2d at 1122 (emphasis added).

19

I never dreamed it would be three years later … that the Plaintiff
in this case would be out all of those expenses and all of those fees.
That is a long time to be out of all of those expenses. So that was my
original plan was to try to wrap all of that stuff up together. But it’s not
- - it’s not - - it was never my intention to have this be put off for years
before addressing this issue and so - - because it has the potential,
heaven forbid, to go on for another year or two or three. I pray that it
doesn’t happen[]. I hope we get it resolved this year. I have no idea
when it is going to get resolved at this point. So - - and it can always
be, you know, there can always be some supplemental request later to
address any additional fees and costs that are necessary as we go; but I
think we can do a final judgment that includes all of the fees and costs
up to this point. I think the law contemplates that; and something like
this shouldn’t just hold everybody up, especially with the amount of
costs and fees in this case; that years and years and years have gone by
without anything being paid.

While the trial court did not specifically articulate and discuss each of the

“Messinger factors” separately, the trial court clearly complied with the supreme

court’s direction in that case. Far from “ignoring” those considerations as suggested

by BP, the trial court instead focused on the overriding inquiry of whether it found

just reason for delay. It pointedly recognized the unforeseen three-year-time lapse

between the initial May 2017 hearing at which it found Sweet Lake entitled to

recover all fees and costs pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29, and the June 19, 2020 hearing

on the fees and costs issue. Given that grossly excessive period of time, as well as

the trial court’s recognition of the sizeable fees and costs already incurred by Sweet

Lake, it can hardly be said that the trial court abused its discretion in its designation

of the partial judgment as final. Rather, the trial court’s focus on the unique and

protracted nature of the underlying litigation corresponds with the supreme court’s

description of the Messinger factors as non-exclusive and supports its reasons for

designation of its partial judgment on the fees and costs issue herein as final.

Moreover, BP’s analysis of the Messinger factors is in conflict with the facts

of this case. It contends that “the adjudicated and unadjudicated claims in this matter

20

are so closely interrelated that it is all but inevitable that this Court will be presented

with one or more subsequent appeals that will require it to address issues identical

to those presented here.” That analysis is incorrect. The trial court awarded partial

attorney fees and costs to date pursuant to the specific authority of La.R.S. 30:29.

The judgment does, in fact, reserve Sweet Lake’s right to pursue “additional

attorneys’ fees, expert fees and costs incurred hereafter in connection with this case

or the proceedings before the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources to develop

a final plan of remediation.” (Emphasis added.) However, consideration of the

referral itself, and the question of the right to the actual availability of fees and costs

at issue herein are unlikely to return to this reviewing court absent review and

remand by the supreme court.

Neither is Messinger factor two implicated here, as there is little possibility

that the present review might be mooted by future developments in the trial court.

BP suggests that Sweet Lake’s continued claim to private causes of action could

affect the fees and costs that are the subject of this appeal. Again, however, the

judgment reflects that all fees and costs, as awarded by this judgment, were under

the authority of La.R.S. 30:29 and were awarded as of the date of the hearing.

Finally, in its briefing of the fourth Messinger factor—which addresses

miscellaneous issues such as judicial economy, solvency of the parties, frivolity of

competing claims, and expense—BP suggests that the trial court should have

considered “the unnecessary expense to the parties of a premature appeal, judicial

efficiency, and the judicial policy against multiple appeals and piecemeal

litigation[.]” Certainly Messinger, 894 So.2d at 1122 recognizes that “Article

1915 … attempts to strike a balance between the undesirability of piecemeal appeals

and the need for making review available at a time that best serves the needs of the

21

parties.” Dismissal of the present appeal would not, in any way, further the

recognized benefit of permitting review, and perhaps finality, of the discrete issues

raised herein. Rather, this matter has already spurred multiple reviews of both

interlocutory and final judgments and arrives at this court with 62 volumes of record,

several supplements, and 178 volumes of exhibits.

Accordingly, we find no merit in BP’s arguments on the partial final judgment

designation.

BP Assignment of Error Number 2

Louisiana Revised Statutes 30:29 (Act 312)

BP’s foundational argument on appeal, raised by its second assignment of

error, addresses the jury’s determination that it is the sole party “responsible” for

the contamination on the Sweet Lake site while making a corresponding

determination that Sweet Lake failed to prove the private causes of action in tort and

contract. BP observes that based upon the finding of “responsibility,” the trial court

ordered the matter referred to LDNR for development of a remediation plan and, in

turn, awarded fees and costs. BP contends, however, that the trial court erred in

implementing either post-trial measure given the jury’s finding that Sweet Lake

failed to prove private liability.

BP notes that the procedure of La.R.S. 30:29 provides, in pertinent part:

C. (1) If at any time during the proceeding a party admits liability
for environmental damage or the finder of fact determines that
environmental damage exists and determines the party or parties who
caused the damage or who are otherwise legally responsible therefor,
the court shall order the party or parties who admit responsibility or
whom the court finds legally responsible for the damage to develop a
plan or submittal for the evaluation or remediation to applicable
regulatory standards of the contamination that resulted in the
environmental damage. The court shall order that the plan be developed
and submitted to the department and the court within a time that the
court determines is reasonable and shall allow the plaintiff or any other

22

party at least thirty days from the date each plan or submittal was made
to the department and the court to review the plan or submittal and
provide to the department and the court a plan, comment, or input in
response thereto. The department shall consider any plan, comment, or
response provided timely by any party. The department shall submit to
the court a schedule of estimated costs for review of the plans or
submittals of the parties by the department and the court shall require
the party admitting responsibility or the party found legally responsible
by the court to deposit in the registry of the court sufficient funds to pay
the cost of the department's review of the plans or submittals. Any plan
or submittal shall include an estimation of cost to implement the plan.

(Emphasis added.) BP thus maintains that a trial judge shall order LDNR’s

development of a most feasible remediation plan and, in turn, impose related fees

and costs,18 only after either: 1) a party’s admission of liability for environmental

damage; or 2) the factfinder’s determination that environmental damage exists and

that a particular party/parties caused and or is otherwise legally responsible therefor.

BP points out that La.R.S. 30:29(C) does not include a definition of “legal

responsibility,” but contends that “caselaw makes clear that legal responsibility only

lies if there is an independent basis for private liability outside” of La.R.S. 30:29.

Citing Tensas Poppadoc, Inc. v. Chevron USA, Inc., 08-1266 (La. 5/6/09), 10 So.3d

1259, writ denied, 09-1265 (La. 9/18/09), 17 So.3d 976; Wagoner v. Chevron USA,

Inc., 45,507 (La.App. 2 Cir. 8/18/10), 55 So.3d 12, writ denied, 10-2773 (La. 3/2/12),

83 So.3d 1032. It contrasts that jurisprudence with other cases in which a jury found

underlying private causes of action and, in turn, the regulatory procedure was

triggered. BP contends that these latter cases demonstrate the proper working of the

post-trial procedures under La.R.S. 30:29. Citing Savoie v. Richard, 13-1370

(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/2/14), 137 So.3d 78, writs denied, 14-1283, 14-1287 (La.

11/14/14), 152 So.3d 880; State v. La. Land & Expl. Co., 19-248 (La.App. 3 Cir.

18
An award of fees and costs pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29(E)(1) will be discussed in more
detail in the discussion of BP’s assignment regarding that award.

23

5/6/20), 298 So.3d 296. BP further points out that the supreme court decision in

State v. La. Land & Expl. Co., 12-884 (La. 1/13/13), 100 So.3d 1038 (La. Land &

Expl. I) indicates that La.R.S. 30:29 is merely procedural, does not provide an

independent cause of action, and merely addresses the method by which the remedy

is implemented.

BP’s argument fails in two respects. As BP acknowledges, the first avenue

for a trial court’s referral to LDNR for a final remediation plan is a party’s admission

of responsibility for environmental damage. Review of the transcript indicates that

BP made judicial admissions as to both environmental damage and BP’s

responsibility for the La.R.S. 30:29 remediation procedure.

Louisiana Civil Code Article 1853 defines a “[j]udicial confession” as “a

declaration made by a party in a judicial proceeding. That confession constitutes

full proof against the party who made it.” Such a confession must be explicit and

cannot be implied. Yesterdays of Lake Charles, Inc. v. Calcasieu Par. Sales & Use

Tax Dep’t, 15-1676 (La. 5/13/16), 190 So.3d 710. Pertinent to this case, counsel’s

declaration has the same effect as if made by the party itself. See C.T. Traina, Inc.

v. Sunshine Plaza, Inc., 03-1003 (La. 12/3/03), 861 So.2d 156.

Although BP contests such a judicial confession, BP’s counsel made patent

admissions of responsibility for the regulatory cleanup in both opening and closing

argument, seemingly explaining to the jury that BP’s participation in the procedural

remedy of La.R.S. 30:29 was an inevitability if not already ongoing.19 Although BP

disagreed with Sweet Lake’s estimate as to the extent of the environmental damage

and the remediation required, counsel nonetheless recognized BP’s responsibility to

19
See, e.g., Record Volume. 50, p. 12375, pp. 12383-87, pp. 12396-97; Record Volume
61, p. 15112; pp. 15118-15121, pp. 15151-15153.

24

provide the regulatory response due to the presence of at least a degree of

environmental damage. Following much debate as to whether counsel would be able

to inform the jury regarding its initial submission of a “plan” to LDNR, counsel for

BP stated in opening argument that:

You’re going to hear lots of evidence, but the bottom line is this is about
doing the responsible thing. It’s about doing what is reasonable over
what is exaggerated, what is not harmful compared to something that is
not only harmful but destructive. You’re going to see very different
approaches to how this matter should be solved, how this problem
should be solved.

Sohio and BP are not here to say we’re not willing to do anything
out here as the plaintiffs would have you believe. What we’re willing
to do is exactly what they suggest, which is they’re entitled by the
contract they have and the law that applies that they’re entitled to a
regulatory cleanup, a regulatory remediation plan that puts this
particular piece of property back into compliance with whatever the
regulation is and, by the way, that’s regardless of who may have caused
any of the problems that they claim to exist. We completely disagree
on the nature of what is out there, that is a fact.

We talked about regulations in our voir dire. We discussed the
fact that regulations are necessary, regulations are proper. There needs
to be some kind of control over what’s going on in several industries,
not just the oil and gas industry, but obviously that’s what we’re talking
about here today. That’s what those regulations are for. Plaintiffs
would like to pick and choose the regulations they would like to use
and do not want to use the ones that they think are not going to allow
them to put an incredibly huge number on a board and say give me 75
or $74,000,000. That’s what this is about. You’re going to see all the
evidence. You’re going to be - - as many people, all of you, we want
to see the evidence. We want to make a determination based upon what
that is about. Well, that is what I would like for you to do. When you
see this evidence, when you hear the evidence, when you look at the
documents then you get to decide which is more responsible, which is
more reasonable, which complies with the regulations, whose experts
know exactly what should be done and who does not know what should
be done.

25

I think you’re going to see Sohio and BP are committed to doing
the response [sic] thing. That is what they would like to do. They want
to make sure that this property is fixed to where there’s no harm to
human health involved, no harm to the environment involved, and
specifically this property can be used for exactly the same purpose it
could’ve been used had there never been an oil and gas well ever on
this property. That’s what we believe the contract says they’re entitled
to and the law says they’re entitled to and that is what they will get if
they allow the plan to go on as opposed to their plan[.]

(Emphasis added.)

BP’s counsel further cited the parties’ differences in approach in contrast to

areas of agreement, explaining: “There are a couple of things we do agree on.

There’s some things that need to be addressed, that need to be improved, and that is

something that we certainly can do and will do. That is what hopefully both sides

can agree upon. That’s where the agreement ends.” (Emphasis added.) Counsel

reminded the jury of the series of operators working the Sweet Lake property and

discussed the course of litigation before returning to BP’s commitment to the

regulatory procedure, explaining:

But what happened after this was filed? After this was filed - -
these cases take on a life of their own. I asked you about a legacy suit
and this is a legacy suit and they have a schedule they go by. Plaintiffs
go out and they do testing and operating and you’ll see something about
that in a moment, but they do all the testing and sampling and they come
up with what they think is wrong with the property and their plan to
take care of it and then the defendants, BP, Oleum, and everybody goes
out and now mind you all the other people were involved in this
litigation originally. So now we’ve got BP and Oleum and they come
up with a plan based upon this lawsuit that has been filed that they think
will address all of the issues, a regulatory cleanup to which these
people are entitled.

(Emphasis added.)20

20
Counsel for Oleum similarly referenced pre-trial attempts to reach an agreement to
remediate, both in questioning of a witness and in closing argument. Sweet Lake I, _ So.3d _
referenced Oleum’s discussion within the context of a violation of a motion in limine entered in
favor of Sweet Lake. We do not return to that discussion here.

26

BP again acknowledged “impact” on the property in its closing argument with

counsel referencing its own expert’s testimony regarding the measure of required

remediation and the nature of the obligations imposed by the 1947 Lease. Counsel

stated that:

When we discussed the contract initially we talked about normal wear
and tear. We talked about expected impact. We talked about the fact
that prudent operations are not perfect operations, and they’re not.

We’ll tell you, there is impact on this property; we don’t deny
that. Occasionally, things went wrong; we don’t deny that. The parties
to that lease expected things to go wrong, not out of control, things
would happen.

The issue is always, always, what do you do when things go
wrong. Now, so many things go wrong that it’s no longer excusable,
that’s a problem. That didn’t happen here.

Counsel maintained its position regarding the reasonableness of BP’s

operations in the field and the extent of its responsibility but nonetheless conceded

environmental damage by referencing the “impact” to the property as follows:

That goes back to my issue about normal impact. There is impact
from oil and gas operations, there’s impact. There is no question about
that. But where the impact is known, where the impact is accepted,
acted on, then I think you can take - - you can definitely take that into
account, interpreting what the parties expected when they did the lease
and what they deemed to be normal wear and tear.

....

There is impact, there’s no question there’s impact. And the
reason I focus your attention on this is because this goes to this notion
that Sohio knew these pits would leak. That’s absurd, that’s absurd.

....

Now, what the evidence shows. BP had the right to do what it
did under the contract. There was no breach of contract. The parties
expected impact. The impact that you see today is reasonable impact;
just normal wear and tear. BP has proposed a plan to deal with it.

27

Counsel suggested that Sweet Lake pursued litigation rather than contact BP and

work within the regulatory confines to seek redress and stated:

Mr. Vickers[ 21 ] was up there, said, what do you do when a
landowner contacts you? We sit down with them, we try to work it out,
go to LDNR and make sure there is an appropriate plan and then we
address it.

That’s the way to do it. A suit is not necessary to accomplish
this. So why wouldn’t’ they come and do it? BP should have the
opportunity, hopefully, to sit down and talk with these people and talk
about an appropriate remediation effort. Go to LDNR and get the plan
approved.

Even if there is no award here, that can be done. Remember, Mr.
Pooler said you never lose as an operator or lessee on an oil and gas
lease, you never lose the obligation to address whatever you did out
there. Ever.

And so this can be accomplished. They simply and very
carefully - - there can be a hearing if necessary, Sweet Lake can ask for
that. And this can all be worked out by them.

So there may be an opportunity for plaintiffs - - and they have a
right if they choose to respond and get up again - - that’s the second
bite at the apple. So I would suggest to you as we sit here, what you’ve
seen and what you’ve witnessed for the last almost three weeks is an
effort to prove something that whether or not this lawsuit - - according
to the plaintiffs - - and it’s their burden - - is really about what’s on the
property and what is the process to deal with it.

BP is committed, stands ready as Mr. Vickers testified to. It will
address in whatever fashion necessary, whatever LDNR says, whatever
this Court says, they are going to do.

And that is the way and the appropriate way to address this, not
through an award of however many million dollars - - and I’m sure
they’re not concerned that it’s one or the other, they’ll take whatever
you can give - - if in fact they’re entitled to it.

....

And we believe as you look at this you will agree there is no
reason whatsoever to destroy this property in an attempt to have some
award.

21
Former BP employee Troy Vickers offered general testimony regarding BP’s policies
regarding its oilfield sites.

28

What is necessary is to clean up the property appropriately and
as necessary and allow that to be done. I appreciate your patience and
your kindness.

(Emphasis added.)

By opening and closing its presentation to the jury in this manner, BP made a

strategic choice and acknowledged 1) environmental damage, at least to an extent;

2) its responsibility for that environmental damage, at least to the extent required by

law; and 3) its responsibility for that damage within the confines of the regulatory

process. By doing so, BP provided the jury with a path to relieve BP of the expansive

and costly contamination and remediation plans urged by Sweet Lake, as well as

Sweet Lake’s additional private damages claims. The jury accepted BP’s approach,

returning a verdict reflecting only the regulatory cleanup offered by BP and required

by law.

Given BP’s patent admission in furtherance of that strategy, it cannot now

argue that the jury manifestly erred in finding either environmental damage, or that

it was responsible for a regulatory cleanup. BP instead purposefully conceded both

issues in pursuit of the strategy of having the jury reject Sweet Lake’s tort and

contract claims against BP in favor of the regulatory procedure acknowledged by

BP. The strategy proved successful in hindsight as the jury did just as BP requested.

The trial court’s referral to LDNR simply followed that determination by operation

of the procedures as set forth in La.R.S. 30:29. BP cannot now claim that its

acknowledged responsibility was in error.

Moving beyond BP’s judicial confession, we further reject BP’s primary

contention that the jury’s verdict is inconsistent. BP contends that a “legal

admission” of responsibility can only exist under La.R.S. 30:29 if there is an

29

independent basis for private liability outside of that statute. BP, however, raises the

specter of inconsistency as if it was objectively true, i.e., that the regulatory remedy

must fail because the fact finder determined that the plaintiff did not prove breach

of obligations in tort or contract. However, BP does not, per se, challenge the finding

of “responsibility,” only the trial court’s implementation of post-trial procedures

absent proven private claims. Louisiana Revised Statutes 30:29(H) contains no

provision making the regulatory remedy contained therein dependent on a private

cause of action. Instead La.R.S. 30:29(H), as amended in 2012, explicitly recognizes

the independence of private causes of action, stating:

This Section shall not preclude any owner of land from pursuing a
judicial remedy or receiving a judicial award for private claims suffered
as a result of environmental damage, except as otherwise provided in
this Section. Nor shall it preclude a judgment ordering damages for or
implementation of additional remediation in excess of the requirements
of the plan adopted by the court pursuant to this Section as may be
required in accordance with the terms of an express contractual
provision. Any award granted in connection with the judgment for
additional remediation is not required to be paid into the registry of the
court. This Section shall not be interpreted to create any cause of
action or to impose additional implied obligations under the mineral
code or arising out of a mineral lease.

(Emphasis added.)

The two independent avenues for remedy—regulatory and private—is further

reflected throughout the jurisprudence that followed the enactment of La.R.S. 30:29.

Determinative in this case is the supreme court’s recent decision in State of

Louisiana v. Louisiana Land & Exploration, 20-685 (La. 6/30/21), _ So.3d _22 (La.

Land & Expl. II), a case rendered after BP and Sweet Lake filed their initial briefs.23

22
2021 WL 2678913.
23
La. Land & Expl. II was rendered June 30, 2021. Sweet Lake addressed that release by
its July 9, 2021 “Reply and/or Supplemental Opposition Brief of the Sweet Lake Land and Oil Co.,
LLC, Appellee to BP’s Reply Brief and Opposition to Answer to Appeal.” Although BP’s briefing
period had closed by that period, this court granted BP’s motion to file a supplemental reply brief

30

Like the present case, La. Land & Expl. II involved a jury’s verdict finding a

defendant, UNOCAL, responsible for environmental cleanup pursuant to La.R.S.

30:29. UNOCAL asserted on appeal that the jury’s verdict was inconsistent as it

involved a referral to LDNR but a rejection of the plaintiff’s contract claim. The

supreme court explained that the jury’s verdict was not inconsistent “when viewed

in light of the improper jury instructions given to them” and that:

Essentially, they were told to find UNOCAL liable for remediation
damages. They were told to assess and find the amount of damages
necessary to remediate the land. They were properly instructed on the
law as regards strictly liability, contract claims, and the other various
private causes brought by VPSB. This was all done in light of this
Court’s 2013 [State of Louisiana v. Louisiana Land & Expl. Co., 12-
0884 (La. 1/30/13), 110 So.3d 1038 (La. Land & Expl. I)] decision,
which we now see with clarity, was made in error.

Id. at _ (emphasis added).

BP relies, in part, on La. Land & Expl. I in its appellant’s brief, suggesting

that the earlier decision indicates that “to trigger the remedial provision under [Act

312]—a most feasible plan and attorney’s fees—a plaintiff must first prove a tort,

breach of contract, or other private law claim[,] and then satisfy the additional

requirement of the Act—establishing environmental damage.” It quotes that aspect

of the case in which the supreme court originally stated in La. Land & Expl. I, 110

So.3d at 1058 that, “Only after all of the plaintiffs’ claims have been heard, and a

finding is made the plaintiffs are entitled to remediation of the property, will the

procedure mandated in La.R.S. 30:29 come into play[.]”

In La. Land & Expl. II, _ So.3d at _, however, the supreme court explained:

La. Land & Expl. I included two critical errors that now make up
the implicit arguments by UNOCAL. More importantly, that previous

in order to address La. Land & Expl. II. BP filed its reply brief on July 8, 2021. We note that the
Louisiana Supreme Court has now granted a rehearing in that case. See La. Land & Expl. II, 20-
685 (La. 10/19/21), _ So.3d _ (2021 WL 4859941).

31

decision gave rise to the complete confusion noted by the court of
appeal and by VPSB as to what the Legislature’s intended proper role
for the jury in remediation decisions exactly entails, and the confusion
caused by the jury’s seemingly consistent [sic] verdict in this case. The
La. Land & Expl. I Court incorrectly held that excess remediation
damages were allowed under Act 312. La. Land & Expl. I, 12-0884, p.
22, 110 So.3d at 1054. Essentially, the misguided decision allowed the
following: (1) juries to decide the amount of damages necessary to
remediate land to department standards; and (2) juries could award to
the petitioner-landowners damages in excess of actual costs to
remediate the land. We need look no further than the plain language of
Act 312 itself to recognize this Court’s prior error. We also note the
Legislature cured this court’s error by amendment in 2014 to La.R.S.
30:29(M) (2014).[24]

In so ruling, the supreme court referenced Act 312, now La.R.S. 30:29, as the

“primary source of law,” noting that the legislation,

did not allow for juries to determine the amount of damages
necessary to fund remediation of land to government standards. It
also did not allow for petitioner-landowners to obtain an award for
remediation damages in excess of the amount necessary to fund the

24
As amended in 2014, La.R.S. 30:29 provides:

M. (1) In an action governed by the provisions of this Section, damages may be
awarded only for the following:

(a) The cost of funding the feasible plan adopted by the court.

(b) The cost of additional remediation only if required by an express contractual
provision providing for remediation to original condition or to some other specific
remediation standard.

(c) The cost of evaluating, correcting or repairing environmental damage upon a
showing that such damage was caused by unreasonable or excessive operations
based on rules, regulations, lease terms and implied lease obligations arising by
operation of law, standards applicable at the time of the activity complained of,
provided that such damage is not duplicative of damages awarded under
Subparagraph (a) or (b) of this Paragraph.

(d) The cost of nonremediation damages.

(2) The provisions of this Subsection shall not be construed to alter the traditional
burden of proof or to imply the existence or extent of damages in any action, nor
shall it affect an award of reasonable attorney fees or costs under this Section.

As in La. Land & Expl. II, however, the 2014 amendment is inapplicable in this case as the enacting
legislation provided: “The provisions in this Act shall not apply to any case in which the court, on
or before May 15, 2014, has issued or signed an order setting the case for trial, regardless of
whether such trial setting is continued.” 2014 La. Acts No. 400, § 3. The designated record in
this case indicates that early trial settings were before that date.

32

remediation plan, except in specific and expressly allowed
exceptions.

Id. at _ (emphasis added). Observing the rules of statutory construction and what it

described as the “plain, unambiguous language of Act 312,” the supreme court

concluded that its earlier decision in La. Land & Expl. I constituted “palpable

error[.]” Id. at _. It reasoned that the doctrine of the law of the case did not require

it to “blindly adhere” to its “previous, incorrect interpretation of the plain language

and intent of Act 312[.]” Id. at _.

The supreme court further specifically ruled:

Act 312 is clear and unambiguous: (1) outside of an express
contractual provision, Act 312 does not allow for remediation damages
in excess of those required to fund the court adopted remediation plan;
(2) the plan is left to the sole judgment of the trial court itself, not the
jury; and therefore, (3) Act 312 provides no intent for the jury to decide
the amount of remediation damages that meet Act 312 compliance. Act
312 only allows the jury to award excess remediation damages when
an express contractual provision providing for such an award exists.
Outside of any express contractual provision being present, it is error
to have the jury consider any damages related to Act 312 remediation
of the property. The jury’s sole role is to consider liability and damages
for private causes of action, as well as for contractual causes of action
where an express provision allows for remediation and damages in
excess of governmental standards.

Outside of these two exceptions, “all damages or payments in
any civil action, including interest thereon, awarded for the evaluation
or remediation of environmental damage shall be paid exclusively into
the registry of the court in an interest-bearing account with the interest
accruing to the account for clean up.” La.R.S. 30:29(D)(1)(2006).
Thereafter, if the trial court determines additional funds are necessary
to implement the court adopted remediation plan, it may order the
responsible party or parties to deposit additional funds into the registry
of the court. La.R.S. 30:29(D)(4)(2006). Otherwise, any excess funds
remaining in the registry after the completion of the remediation plan
shall be returned to the depositor upon court order. Id.

Id. at _25 (emphasis added).

25
It is unquestioned in this case that the contractual provisions ensuring remediation in
excess of government standards arose only with the 2003 Amendment and 2008 Lease. BP was

33

Returning to Defendant’s UNOCAL’s argument in La. Land & Expl. II that

the jury verdict was inconsistent, the supreme court further explained:

In light of the above, it is then evident the jurors, through no fault
of their own, improperly considered the amount of damages necessary
for Act 312 compliance. In the end, the jury awarded an amount that
exceeded the necessary costs to fund the court adopted remediation
plan. This occurred in a case where it is undisputed the contracts do
not contain express provisions demanding remediation in excess of Act
312 requirements. The jury’s verdict ultimately spawned the confusion
anchoring the appeal before us.

We are cognizant that these extraneous instructions and
considerations permeated the jury’s decisions on the entirety of its
verdict. Therefore, we find it appropriate to remand to the trial court
for a new trial. This will allow the jury to make a sound verdict, without
the confusion of extraneous instructions caused by this Court’s
previous, incorrect decision in La. Land & Expl. I.

Accordingly, we reverse and vacate the $3,500,000.00 judgment
for remediation damages, finding there is not, and never was, statutory
support for the award. Rather, specific performance of remediation, i.e.
the cost of actual clean-up, is appropriate. The feasible plan developed
with input of the parties and the LDNR, and adopted by the trial court,
is the sole remedy for UNOCAL’s limited admission of liability for
environmental damage. The remainder of any non-remediation causes
of action are remanded to the trial court for a new trial.

Id. at _.

The jurors were instructed similarly in this case and were asked to resolve, as

they did, questions of “legal responsibility” and “cost to clean up Sweet Lake’s

property[.]” The jury returned its verdict finding only BP legally responsible and

assessing $1.5 million in remediation costs. The jury rejected all tort and contract

claims against BP. As recognized by the supreme court in La. Land & Expl. II, such

“extraneous instructions and considerations” affected the juror’s consideration of

not a party to either. This court addressed the contractual obligation for that higher level of
remediation under both the 2003 Amendment and 2008 Lease in Sweet Lake I. The trial court’s
award of $12,921,124.00 in related damages on remand was rendered against Oleum and AKSM,
not BP. That judgment is now final.

34

private causes of actions against BP. This is particularly true in light of BP’s

confession of its responsibility for environmental damages and the evidence

considering the multi-generational contamination of the oilfield property in this case.

As the supreme court did in La. Land & Expl. II, we leave undisturbed the trial

court’s referral to LDNR for the regulatory process of La.R.S. 30:29. 26

BP Assignment of Error Number 3

Fees and Costs

BP argues that the trial court erred in awarding all attorney fees, expert fees,

and costs incurred as of the time of the hearing. It seeks, instead, an award tailored

to Sweet Lake’s limited claim leading to the referral to LDNR. Sweet Lake

successfully argued to the trial court that the totality of all fees and expenses incurred

in the overall litigation, including unsuccessful claims, were recoverable under

La.R.S. 30:29. The trial court ordered all incurred fees/costs to date, making all

defendants liable in solido.

Louisiana Revised Statutes 30:29(E)(1) provides:

E. (1) In any civil action in which a party is responsible for damages or
payments for the evaluation or remediation of environmental damage,
a party providing evidence, in whole or in part, upon which the
judgment is based shall be entitled to recover from the party or parties
admitting responsibility or the party or parties found legally responsible
by the court, in addition to any other amounts to which the party may
be entitled, all costs attributable to producing that portion of the
evidence that directly relates to the establishment of environmental
damage, including, but not limited to, expert witness fees,
environmental evaluation, investigation, and testing, the cost of
developing a plan of remediation, and reasonable attorney fees incurred
in the trial court and the department.

26
We are, as noted earlier, cognizant that the Louisiana Supreme Court has granted a
rehearing in La. Land & Expl. II. However, when and until the supreme court’s ruling in that case
is vacated, we agree with the rationale of that decision and apply it herein.

35

BP suggests that the provision identifies limited, recoverable costs as those 1)

“attributable to producing that portion of evidence that directly relates to the

establishment of environmental damages;” 2) incurred in the trial court or

department; and only those that are 3) reasonable. BP contends that this limitation

reflects the legislature’s intent to distinguish successful remediation claims governed

by the statute from those for private causes of action. It argues that an award of the

totality of fees and costs for pursuit of what it terms as “unsuccessful claims” is

contrary to the provision’s explicit recognition that La.R.S. 30:29 neither creates an

independent right/cause of action, nor does it affect private causes of action. BP

thus contends that the figure awarded should be reduced to reflect only: 1) fees/costs

associated with claims against BP and 2) work in the trial court and LDNR through

the time of establishment of environmental damage as reflected by the jury verdict

of May 27, 2015. It suggests that the invoices support an award of attorney fees of

no more than $1,297,975.80 and expert fees of $1,279,001.99. The latter figure

reflects the work of only two of Sweet Lake’s four experts.

In contrast, Sweet Lake argues that the trial court’s award for all fees and costs

is appropriate as it proved that BP was, in fact, “responsible for environmental

damage on the property.” Sweet Lake argues that BP focuses too narrowly on

La.R.S. 30:29(E)(1)’s provision for fees and costs, and BP’s argument that fees and

costs should be restricted to “producing that portion of the evidence that directly

relates to the establishment of environmental damages.” Sweet Lake instead argues

that the provision must be viewed as providing for three categories of fees and costs

as reflected by the three bracketed phrases below:

E. (1) In any civil action in which a party is responsible for damages or
payments for the evaluation or remediation of environmental damage,
a party providing evidence, in whole or in part, upon which the

36

judgment is based shall be entitled to recover from the party or parties
admitting responsibility or the party or parties found legally responsible
by the court, in addition to any other amounts to which the party may
be entitled, [1] all costs attributable to producing that portion of the
evidence that directly relates to the establishment of environmental
damage, including, but not limited to, expert witness fees,
environmental evaluation, investigation, and testing, [2] the cost of
developing a plan of remediation, and [3] reasonable attorney fees
incurred in the trial court and the department.

La.R.S. 30:29 (emphasis added).

Sweet Lake notes that the legislature chose to begin each phrase with “cost”

or “fee,” denoting its intent to create three categories of recovery. Sweet Lake

contends that BP’s assertion that the provision creates only one category of fees and

costs ignores basic rules of statutory interpretation and punctuation usage. Citing

State v. Thomas, 26,116 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/22/94), 639 So.2d 408, writ denied, 94-

2332 (La. 1/13/95), 648 So.2d 1337. Practically, Sweet Lake argues that BP’s

interpretation is too narrow. Given its more expansive view of Paragraph (E)(1),

Sweet Lake contends that all claimed fees and costs fit within one of the three

categories.

While the parties present compelling statutory construction arguments, the

parsing of the legislature’s phraseology overlooks the reality of the presentation of

this case, which necessarily involves remediation arising under La.R.S. 30:29, as

well as claims outside of that regulatory context, i.e., Sweet Lake’s tort and contract

claims disallowed by the jury, but for which there has been no final judgment

rendered in the trial court. Although the conduct of any given defendant may result

in damages above or even separate from the statutorily required remediation, the

development and presentation of that evidence is necessarily attributable to

“producing evidence that directly relates to the establishment of environmental

37

damage.” Sweet Lake successfully presented a case that resulted in referral for the

La.R.S. 30:29 remediation process as well as significant contractual damages against

two of its operators. The totality of Sweet Lake’s recovery stemmed from the

underlying environmental damage, which was successfully established by BP’s

confession as well as the record evidence on this issue. To require post-trial, line-

item identification of each report, cost, expert fee, and attorney fee, by degree of

contribution to the underlying environmental damage, as BP suggests, ignores the

overall purpose of the statute to protect, conserve, and replenish the natural resources

of the state as required by La.Const. art. 9, § 1. 27 The legislature explicitly

incorporated its purpose in enacting La.R.S. 30:29(A) within its text, echoing Article

9, § 1 and providing:

The legislature hereby finds and declares that Article IX, Section 1 of
the Constitution of Louisiana mandates that the natural resources and
the environment of the state, including ground water, are to be
protected, conserved, and replenished insofar as possible and consistent
with the health, safety, and welfare of the people and further mandates
that the legislature enact laws to implement this policy. It is the duty of
the legislature to set forth procedures to ensure that damage to the
environment is remediated to a standard that protects the public interest.

We accordingly maintain the trial court’s determination that Sweet Lake “is

entitled to recover all of the fees and costs submitted with the Motion to Assess Fees

and Costs pursuant to La.R.S. 30:29” and affirm the trial court’s partial final

judgment in its entirety.

27
Louisiana Constitution Article 9, § 1 provides:

The natural resources of the state, including air and water, and the healthful,
scenic, historic, and esthetic quality of the environment shall be protected,
conserved, and replenished insofar as possible and consistent with the health, safety,
and welfare of the people. The legislature shall enact laws to implement this policy.

38

BP Assignment of Error Number 4

Solidary Liability for Fees and Costs

BP also challenges the trial court’s casting it in judgment for fees and costs in

solido with Oleum and AKSM. In its argument in its appellants’ brief, BP points

out that neither the jury nor the trial court made a determination regarding solidarity

of the parties’ actions and that the parties’ liability rested on independent bases. BP,

alone, was liable under La.R.S. 30:29, and the other two defendants were liable in

contract.

While true that the trial court did not elaborate on its finding that the parties

were solidary obligors, it made a specific determination in that regard nonetheless

as it explained in ruling on fees and costs: “There was an issue about whether these

warrants [sic] can be solidary - - whether there the Defendants are solidary obligors

or not. I do find that based on the - - my interpretation of the law that the Defendants

are solidary obligors in this matter.” We leave that determination undisturbed as

each party shared liability for at least a baseline of remediation in this case. See

La.Civ.Code art. 1794. As stated above, the award of fees and costs all originated

in the claim that centered on that remediation.

Furthermore, while BP may have been held responsible for regulatory

remediation under La.R.S. 30:29, Oleum and AKSM assumed not only a

remediation obligation by operation of law, but one at a higher level by contract.

This alternative source of obligation is of no moment as La.Civ.Code art. 1797

provides that “[a]n obligation may be solidary though it derives from a different

source for each obligor.”

Accordingly, we maintain the trial court’s award as rendered.

39

BP Assignment of Error Numbers 5 and 6

Exceptions of Prescription and Res Judicata

During the pre-trial history of this case, the trial court overruled BP’s

exceptions of prescription and res judicata. The trial court’s ruling denying the

exception of res judicata was maintained following writ review by this court.28 The

trial court’s decision overruling the exception of prescription was likewise

maintained following writ review both by this court and, in turn, the supreme court.29

BP presents its arguments as to the trial court’s alleged error on these

exceptions only in the alternative and only in the event this court chose to grant

Sweet Lake’s Answer to Appeal and consider B.P.’s liability in tort and contract. As

noted infra, this court dismisses Sweet Lake’s Answer to Appeal as premature, in

part, and notes that the trial court has not yet signed a final judgment on the merits

of Sweet Lake’s tort and contract claims against B.P.

Sweet Lake’s Answer to the Appeal and BP’s Motion to Dismiss Answer

As addressed above, BP asserted by its second assignment of error, that “[t]he

Trial Court erred in implementing the post-trial procedures established by La.R.S.

30:29 – establishment of a most feasible plan and awarding attorney’s fees – when

the jury found BP not liable to Sweet Lake under any theory of liability.”

(Emphasis added).

28
See, e.g., Sweet Lake Land & Oil Co., LLC v. Oleum Operating Co., et al., 14-535
(La.App. 3 Cir. 8/8/14) (an unpublished denial of BP’s application for supervisory writ of the
overruling of its exception of res judicata).
29
See, e.g., Sweet Lake Land & Oil Co., LLC v. Oleum Operating Co., et al., 14-319, p. 7
(La.App. 3 Cir. 5/6/14) (an unpublished denial of BP’s application for supervisory writ of the
overruling of its exception of prescription), writ denied, 14-1001 (La. 6/13/14), 141 So.3d 273.

40

When B.P. did so, Sweet Lake then filed its “Answer to Appeal” which

specifically alleged “The jury manifestly erred in finding that BP had not breached

the mineral lease by negligence or excessive or unreasonable use.” Sweet Lake in

turn requested a new trial on the jury’s rejection of its private tort and contract claims

in its Answer to the Appeal.

We find however that Sweet Lake’s request is premature as the trial court has

not yet rendered a final judgment on the merits of its tort and contract claims in this

case. This partial appeal applies only to the issue of the trial court’s judgment dated

July 28, 2020 on the issue of attorney fees and costs to date. We accordingly grant

BP’s Motion to Dismiss Answer in this limited regard.

Sweet Lake also argues that its Answer must be maintained with regard to its

plea for additional attorney fees for work performed on appeal, as those relate

directly to its defense of the July 2020 judgment awarding fees and costs. See

Gloria’s Ranch, L.L.C. v. Tauren Expl., Inc., 17-1518, p. 23 (La. 6/27/18), 252 So.3d

431, 446 (“Additional attorney fees for work done on appeal can be available when

a party is entitled to an attorney fee by statute or contract, actually receives one at

trial, and defends the defendant’s unsuccessful appeal.”). See also Deshotels

Plantation, LLC v. Torrent Gulf Coast, LLC, 19-750 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/22/20), 297

So.3d 1034. We find that Sweet Lake is entitled to additional fees and costs incurred

in its successful defense of BP’s appeal of the trial court’s judgment in favor of

Sweet Lake and against B.P. in the total amount of $5,330,479.72 and deny BP’s

motion to dismiss answer on this issue.

Accordingly, we below render judgment in favor of Sweet Lake and against

BP for attorney fees for work performed in defending this appeal in the amount of

$25,000.00.

41

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the July 28, 2020 judgment of the trial court in

favor of The Sweet Lake Land and Oil Company, Limited Liability Company and

against BP Products North America, Inc., BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., BP

Exploration, Inc., in the amount of $5,330,479.11 in attorney fees, expert fees and

costs is affirmed in full. The judgment is further affirmed to the extent it found BP

“liable in solido for the attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs and interest thereon”

with AKSM, L.C. and Oleum Operating Company, L.C.

Judgment is further rendered in favor of Appellee The Sweet Lake Land and

Exploration Company, Limited Liability Company and against Appellants BP

Products North America, Inc., BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., BP Exploration, Inc., and

Sohio Petroleum Company in the amount of $25,000.00 for attorney fees for work

performed on appeal. The Motion to Dismiss Answer, filed by Appellants BP

Products North America, Inc., BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., BP Exploration, Inc., and

Sohio Petroleum Company, is otherwise granted.

All appellate court costs are assigned to Appellants BP Products North

America, Inc., BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., BP Exploration, Inc., and Sohio

Petroleum Company.

This matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

AFFIRMED AND RENDERED.
MOTION TO DISMISS ANSWER GRANTED IN PART
AND DENIED IN PART.
ATTORNEY FEES AWARDED FOR WORK PERFORMED ON
APPEAL.
REMANDED.

42

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

21-169

THE SWEET LAKE LAND AND OIL COMPANY, LLC

VERSUS

OLEUM OPERATING COMPANY, L.C., ET AL.

Pickett, J., dissents and assigns written reasons.

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to affirm the judgment of

the trial court awarding attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs. I concur in the

opinion to the extent that it dismisses the answer to the appeal filed by The Sweet

Lake Land and Oil Company. For the reasons expressed herein, I would dismiss the

appeal as atken from a non-appealable judgment.

Courts have long cautioned that piecemeal appeals are not favored. Our

supreme court expressed this sentiment in R.J. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 04-

1664, p. 13 (La. 3/2/05), 894 So. 2d 1113, 1122:

Historically, we have a policy against multiple appeals and piecemeal
litigation. We also ensure that our courts operate under principles of
sound judicial administration to promote judicial efficiency and
economy. The United States Supreme Court, discussing determination
of whether there is no just reason for delay under Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 54,
declared a district court must take into account judicial administrative
interests as well as the equities involved. Curtiss–Wright [Corp. v.
General Elec. Co.], 446 U.S. [1,] 8, 100 S.Ct. [1460,] 1465.
Consideration of judicial administrative interests is necessary to assure
that application of the Rule effectively “preserves the historic federal
policy against piecemeal appeals.” Id. citing Sears, Roebuck & Co. v.
Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 438, 76 S.Ct. 895, 901, 100 L.Ed. 1297
(1956). Article 1915, like Rule 54, attempts to strike a balance between
the undesirability of piecemeal appeals and the need for making review
available at a time that best serves the needs of the parties. Therefore
we find a rule requiring remand or dismissal when the trial court fails
to give explicit reasons for its determination, even when the propriety
of immediate appeal is apparent, would not optimally balance the
competing concerns that should inform the court’s interpretation
of article 1915.

1

In this case, the trial court clearly stated reasons for certifying this appeal of an award

of fees and costs as a final judgment for the sake of allowing an immediate appeal.

In response, the plaintiff filed an answer to the appeal seeking reversal of the jury’s

verdict. I would find the trial court abused its discretion in making the determination

that the judgment should be certified as final, and I would dismiss the appeal.

In Messinger, the supreme court held that a trial court should give reasons for

certifying a judgment as final, although the failure of the trial court to give reasons

does not invalidate the certification. Pursuant to Messinger, the appellate court is

tasked with review of the certification of the judgment as final to determine if the

trial court abused its discretion.

The judgment at issue in this appeal, as it relates to BP, states as follows:

The Court hereby renders partial final judgment in favor of
plaintiff, Sweet Lake, and against defendants, BP Produsts North
America, Inc., BP Exploration & Oil, Inc., BP Exploration, Inc., and
Sohio Petroleum Co. (collectively “BP”), holding BP responsible for
environmental damage on Sweet Lake’s property in Section 34,
Township 10 South, Range 6 West, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana (the
“Property).

The Court hereby renders final judgment in favor of plaintiff,
Sweet Lake, and against defendants AKSM, L.C. and Oleum Operating
Co., L.C., and partial final judgment in favor of Sweet Lake, and against
BP for $5,330,479.11 in attorneys’ fees, expert fees and costs,
consisting of $3,201,824.39 in attorneys’ fees and costs and
$2,128,654.72 in expert fees and costs, with legal interest on said
attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs from the date of this judgment.
AKSM, L.C., Oleum Operating Company, L.C., and BP are liable in
solido for the attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs and interest thereon.

The relief granted in favor of Sweet Lake and against BP in this
judgment is designated as a partial final judgment because there is no
just reason for delay of the Court’s ruling that BP is responsible for
environmental damage and liable, in solido with AKSM, L.C. and
Oleum Operating Company, L.C. for Sweet Lake’s attorneys’ fees,
expert fees, and costs.

BP’s Motion for Approval of Proposed Work is denied.

2

AKSM, L.C., Oleum Operating Company, L.C., and BP are
hereby taxed with all costs of these proceedings.

I find that the factors set forth in Messinger do not support a finding of

immediate appealability. I find that the adjudicated claims subject to the judgment

(attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and costs) are dependent on claims still unresolved in

the court below. The trial court has yet to render a final judgment on the merits of

the underlying claims for remediation. The entitlement to attorneys’ fees, expert

fees, and costs hinges on whether the decisions made in the court below are upheld.

Further, the opinion makes clear that the trial court may award additional attorneys’

fees, expert fees, and costs, so the judgment certified as final does not even

adjudicate the entirety of the limited claim before it.

I agree that this case has dragged on for six years since trial, but I do not find

that in itself constitutes “no just reason for delay.” The requirements of La.R.S.

30:29 do not facilitate a speedy resolution of cases, given the introduction of LDNR

as a key player in remediation planning and oversight.

3