Charles Guillory and Tammy Guillory v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Co.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

22-634

CHARLES GUILLORY AND
TAMMY GUILLORY

VERSUS

LOUISIANA FARM BUREAU
CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY

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APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NUMBER 2021-1254
HONORABLE CLAYTON A. DAVIS, DISTRICT JUDGE

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SHARON DARVILLE WILSON
JUDGE

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Court composed of Shannon J. Gremillion, Van H. Kyzar, and Sharon Darville
Wilson, Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Michael K. Cox
Somer G. Brown
COX, COX, FILO, CAMEL, WILSON & BROWN, LLC
723 Broad Street
Lake Charles, Louisiana 70601
(337) 436-6611
Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellees:
Charles Guillory and Tammy Guillory

Charles C. Garrison
Staci Know Villemarette
Lauren Camel Begnaud
CAFFERY, OUBRE, CAMPBELL & GARRISON, LLP
100 East Vermillion Street, Suite, 201
Lafayette, Louisiana 70501
(337) 446-2442
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company

Wayne J. Lee
Heather S. Lonian
STONE PIGMAN WALTHER WITTMANN, LLC
909 Poydras Street, Suite 3150
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
(504) 581-3361
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company

WILSON, Judge.

Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company (LFBC) appeals

several adverse rulings in this suit for breach of contract, penalties, and attorney

fees regarding LFBC’s handling of a claim for damages resulting from Hurricanes

Laura and Delta. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s rulings,

the jury’s verdict and the judgment signed in accordance therewith, and the trial

court’s award of costs.

I.

ISSUES

This appeal presents the following issues:

1. Whether the trial court erred in denying LFBC’s motion to
recuse Judge Davis and/or in declining to refer the motion to an ad
hoc judge.

2. Whether the trial court correctly instructed the jury as to the
legal standard for claims asserted under La.R.S. 22:1973 and/or
22:1892.

3. Whether the jury committed manifest error in finding that each
and every payment by LFBC to Plaintiffs was not timely made within
thirty days of receiving satisfactory proof of loss.

4. Whether the trial court erred in permitting Plaintiffs to
introduce and argue that evidence concerning their withdrawn
additional living expenses (ALE) claim as evidence of their alleged
mental anguish, while simultaneously preventing LFBC from
introducing countervailing evidence on this issue.

5. Whether the trial court erred in awarding costs that are
allegedly not recoverable by law.

II.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

LFBC issued a homeowner’s policy covering the residential property owned

by Charles and Tammy Guillory and located on Oak Park Boulevard in Lake

Charles, Louisiana. The policy had coverage limits of $169,000.00. The property

was significantly damaged by Hurricane Laura on August 27, 2020, and by

Hurricane Delta on October 9, 2020.

On or about August 31, 2020, Plaintiffs initiated a claim under their

homeowners policy. LFBC sent its adjuster, Corey Daigle (Daigle), to inspect the

property on September 11, 2020. Plaintiffs contend that this is the date when

LFBC had sufficient proof of loss. Following the inspection, Daigle prepared an

estimate that calculated the replacement cost value of the residence at $51,721.61.

After Hurricane Delta made landfall on October 9, 2020, Plaintiffs contacted

LFBC and reported additional damage to their property. On October 19, 2020,

LFBC adjuster Kris Trahan (Trahan) inspected the property. Daigle and Trahan

consulted with each other regarding their inspections of the property, and Daigle

revised his earlier estimate.

LFBC made the following payments:

$44,370.83 on September 16, 2020 (damages caused by Laura)
$15,569.77 on October 19, 2020 (additional damages caused by Delta)
$5,440.86 on December 1, 2020 (supplement to roof replacement cost)
$25,955.98 on December 8, 2020 (remediation services)
$14,000.00 on December 10, 2020 (repairs to air conditioner)
$63,662.56 on August 19, 2021 (remaining unpaid dwelling limit)
$51,721.61 on October 5, 2021 (contents claim)

Plaintiffs retained the services of a public adjuster, Kermit Sonnier (Sonnier).

Sonnier estimated the replacement value cost at $198,441.66. LFBC then assigned

a claims representative, Chris Fontenot. Fontenot requested copies of any

estimates that Sonnier prepared on behalf of Plaintiffs. In the course of trying to

obtain these estimates, Fontenot was informed that Plaintiffs were represented by

counsel.

On March 31, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a petition for breach of contract,

penalties and attorney’s fees pursuant to La.R.S. 22:1973 and 22:1892. They

alleged that LFBC failed to pay all amounts owed under the policy within sixty

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days after LFBC received satisfactory proof of loss and underpaid their claims.

Plaintiffs alleged that this failure resulted in significant delays in their being able to

return to their home, thereby causing them severe anxiety, mental anguish, and

emotional distress. They further alleged that LFBC failed to compensate them for

their additional living expenses, but this claim was later dismissed.

On May 4, 2022, the 1442 deposition of LFBC was to take place. Plaintiffs

got a subpoena requiring LFBC to produce certain financial documents that were

not listed on the original notice of deposition. LFBC moved to quash the subpoena.

The trial court denied the motion, and LFBC applied for writs to this court. This

court denied the request for a stay and denied the writ application. Guillory v. La.

Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 22-286 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/11/22) (unpublished writ

decision), writ denied, 22-758 (La. 5/11/22). The Louisiana Supreme Court also

denied the request for stay and denied writs.

On May 3, 2022, LFBC filed a motion to recuse Judge Davis based on

certain adverse rulings and based on the assertion that Plaintiffs’ attorneys had

contributed 72.73% of the total contributions to Judge Davis’ campaign to get

elected to the Third Circuit in November of 2022. Judge Davis denied the motion

to recuse as untimely. No writ applications were taken with regard to the denial of

the motion to recuse.

The matter proceeded to trial by jury on May 19, 2022. The jury found in

favor of Plaintiffs. The jury specifically found that the payments (except those on

September 16, 2020, and October 5, 2021) were not made within thirty days of

LFBC’s receipt of satisfactory proof of loss and that such failure was arbitrary and

capricious. The jury found those payments were also not paid within sixty days of

satisfactory proof of loss. The jury awarded $65,000.00 to each Plaintiff for

mental anguish and emotional distress and statutory penalties in the amount of

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$260,000.00. Plaintiffs’ counsel was awarded attorney’s fees in the amount of

$152,978.60, and Farm Bureau was taxed with all costs. On July 5, 2022, the trial

court signed a judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict. Farm Bureau now

appeals.

III.

LAW AND DISCUSSION

Motion to Recuse

We must first determine whether the trial court correctly denied LFBC’s

motion to recuse Judge Davis as untimely. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure

Article 154(A) provides that the motion to recuse must be filed:

no later than thirty days after discovery of the facts constituting the
ground upon which the motion is based, but in all cases prior to the
scheduling of the matter for trial. In the event that the facts
constituting the ground upon which the motion to recuse is based
occur after the matter is scheduled for trial or the party moving for
recusal could not, in the exercise of due diligence, have discovered
such facts, the motion to recuse shall be filed immediately after such
facts occur or are discovered.

If the motion to recuse is untimely, the trial court can deny the motion without the

appointment of an ad hoc judge or hearing, but in that case, the trial judge “shall

provide written reasons for the denial.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 154(C). Judge Davis

denied the motion as untimely and filed written reasons in accordance with Article

154.

The notice of jury trial in this case is dated April 26, 2022. This motion to

recuse was not filed until a few days before trial in what the trial court and

Plaintiffs characterized as an attempt to get a continuance after their motion to

continue the trial date was denied during a conference call on March 31, 2022.1

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The motion to continue did not include a rule to show cause and instead contained a
decree rescheduling the trial date. That portion of the motion was lined through by the trial court
with annotation that the motion was denied. In the written reasons for the denial of the motion to
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LFBC alleges it was not aware of the contributions to Judge Davis’

campaign by Cox, Cox, Filo, Camel, Wilson & Brown, LLC, until shortly before

its motion was filed, but Plaintiffs assert that in the exercise of due diligence, as

required by La.Code Civ.P. art. 154(A), LFBC should have known about the

contributions because such information was publicly available. The comments to

Article 154 warn against “a late-filed motion to recuse as a manner of obtaining a

continuance of the trial.”

Here, LFBC relies on Riddle v. Premier Plaza of Monroe, LLC, 51,173

(La.App. 2 Cir. 2/15/17), 216 So.3d 170, to relieve them of their burden of due

diligence by asserting that Plaintiffs and the trial judge were in the best position to

recognize a potential conflict that would merit recusal and should have disclosed

this fact to LFBC. In that case, the trial judge was a member of the board of the

Monroe Symphony Orchestra, which was the organization for which the plaintiff

had been hired to direct a fund-raising event and against whom the plaintiff filed a

breach of contract action that was pending before the trial judge. The Riddle case

is distinguishable since it involved a petition to annul a judgment that Riddle

alleged was obtained by fraud or ill practices perpetrated by the trial judge who

dismissed her suit.

In Langlinais v. Union Oil Co. of Ca., 20-229 (La. 5/14/20), 296 So.3d 601,

the motion to recuse was filed on June 28, 2019, over a year after the suit was filed,

and nearly three years after the campaign advertisement, which mentioned the

plaintiffs’ counsel, was published. The plaintiffs’ counsel admitted that they were

aware of the advertisement in April of 2018 when they first filed suit. The

Supreme Court found that the motion to recuse was untimely.

recuse, the trial court noted that LFBC did not object to the informal handling of the motion in
the conference call.
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In this case, the Candidate’s Report filed by Judge Davis was attached to

LFBC’s motion to recuse. That report was filed on January 13, 2022, and the

report indicates that the contributions in question were made on November 9, 2021.

Thus, it is clear that the facts that form the basis for the motion to recuse were

discoverable on January 13, 2022. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article

154(A) requires the exercise of due diligence. Thus, we agree with the trial court

that the exception provided in Article 154 is not applicable to extend the thirty-day

time period because the facts that LFBC allege as the grounds for recusal were

discoverable, with the exercise of due diligence, before this matter was set for trial.

“[T]he applicable standard of review of the recusal issue is one for abuse of

discretion.” Menard v. Menard, 19-580, 19-581, p. 19 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/11/20),

297 So.3d 82, 95. We find no abuse of discretion in either the trial court’s failure

to refer the matter to an ad hoc judge for hearing or the trial court’s denial of the

motion to recuse as untimely. Therefore, we need not consider the merits of the

motion.

Jury Instructions

LFBC asserts that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury as to the

definition of the term “arbitrary and capricious” as used in La.R.S. 22:1973 and

La.R.S. 22:1892. LFBC’s proposed jury instruction number two stated:

An “arbitrary” act is one “based on random choice or personal
whim, rather than reason or system[.]”[] Capricious is “given to
sudden and unaccountable changes in behavior.” The phrase
“arbitrary, capricious, or without probably cause” is synonymous with
“vexatious,” and a “vexatious refusal to pay” means “unjustified,
without reasonable or probable cause or excuse[.]”[]

Proposed jury instruction number three stated: “Arbitrary and capricious describes

an insurer whose willful refusal of a claim is not based on a good faith defense.”

Proposed jury instruction number five stated: “When there are substantial,

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reasonable and legitimate questions as to the extent of an insurer’s liability or an

insured’s loss, the insurer’s failure to pay within the statutory time period is not

arbitrary, capricious or without probable cause.”

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 1793(C) provides, in pertinent

part, that: “A party may not assign as error the giving or failure to give an

instruction unless he objects thereto either before the jury retires to consider its

verdict or immediately after the jury retires, stating specifically the matter to which

he objects and the grounds of the objection.” “[O]ff-the-record objections are

insufficient.” Libersat v. J&K Trucking, Inc., 00-192, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir.

10/11/00), 772 So.2d 173, 176, writ denied, 01-458 (La. 4/12/01), 789 So.2d 598.

In this instance, the record reflects that defense counsel specifically objected

to the trial court’s failure to include LFBC’s proposed jury instruction number

eleven 2 and to the inclusion of Plaintiffs’ third supplemental and proposed jury

instruction.3 While the charge conference was not transcribed, the trial transcript

reflects that objections to the jury charges were made on the record. Defense

counsel’s objections make no mention of the requested jury instructions that are

the basis of this assignment of error.

In Libersat, this court exercised its discretion to review the defendant’s

objections to the jury instructions because the trial court made statements that

caused the defense to erroneously believe that their objections, which were made

during an off-the-record charge conference, were being preserved for review. That

is not the case here. The record reflects that defense counsel was given the

2
LFBC’s proposed jury instruction number eleven reads: “An insured who fails to
provide his insurer with information required to process his claim cannot then claim the insurer
acted arbitrary in delaying payment.”
3
Plaintiffs’ third supplemental and proposed jury instructions reads: “Statutory penalties,
if awarded, shall not be used by the insurer in computing either past or prospective loss
experience for the purpose of setting rates or making rate filings.”
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opportunity to make his objections on the record and did so with respect to two

separate charges. No blanket objection to the charges was made, and defense

counsel made no objection to the trial court’s failure to include proposed jury

instructions numbers two, three, and five. Therefore, we find that this assignment

of error is not properly before this court as it was not preserved for review.

Timeliness of Payments

“The determination of whether [an insurer] acted in an arbitrary and

capricious manner or in bad faith in its refusal to fairly and quickly settle its

insured’s claim is a question of fact which will be reviewed on appeal under the

manifest error standard of review.” Urrate v. Argonaut Great Cent. Ins. Co., 04-

256, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/31/04), 881 So.2d 787, 791, writs denied, 04-2644, 04-

2685 (La. 01/07/05), 891 So.2d 686, 690. This court “may not set aside a trial

court’s or a jury’s finding of fact in the absence of ‘manifest error’ or unless it is

‘clearly wrong.’” Stobart v. State through Dept. of Transp. & Dev., 617 So.2d 880,

882 (La.1993). Thus, in order to reverse the jury’s verdict, this court must find: (1)

that record does not reflect a reasonable factual basis for the finding of fact; and (2)

that the record establishes that the finding of fact is clearly wrong. Id.

LFBC asserts that the jury’s conclusion that LFBC’s payments to Plaintiffs

were untimely is not supported by the evidence or testimony in this case. LFBC

argues that the “overwhelming evidence” shows that it promptly inspected the

property and issued payment upon receipt of satisfactory proof of loss well within

the time limits imposed by La.R.S. 22:1973 and 22:1892. Specifically, LFBC

points to the testimony of Daigle regarding the inspection of the property in

September 2020, in the presence of Plaintiffs. Daigle testified that he included all

visible damages that they observed in his estimate and that Plaintiffs did not

contact him to inform him of anything left out of the estimate. LFBC also alleges

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that it presented uncontested testimony and documentary evidence that the post-

Delta October 19, 2020 payment was issued on or about the same day as Trahan’s

inspection. LFBC also argues that the December 1, 2020 supplemental payment

was issued the same day that it received the invoice for the full roof replacement;

that the December 8, 2020 payment was issued the same day that Plaintiffs

submitted the invoice for remediation services; that the December 10, 2020

payment was issued the same day that the invoice for air conditioner repairs was

submitted; and that the August 19, 2021 payment was made after it decided to

issue a payment for the remainder of the Coverage A policy limits to resolve the

claim. According to LFBC, the only significant delays in processing this claim

resulted from Sonnier’s arbitrary and capricious failure to submit his estimate

despite numerous requests.

Plaintiffs argue, on the other hand, that LFBC’s argument concerning the

timeliness of its payments fails based on what constitutes satisfactory proof of loss

under Louisiana law. The statutory obligation to inspect the property and provide

payment for the undisputed damages rests on the insurer, and Plaintiffs point out

that LFBC’s argument improperly shifts the burden to them or to the public

adjuster that they hired. However, “[t]he party claiming entitlement to penalties

and attorney fees for bad faith claims handling has the burden of proving: (1) the

insurer received satisfactory proof of loss; (2) the insurer failed to pay the claim

within the applicable statutory period; and (3) the insurer’s failure to pay was

arbitrary.” Aghighi v. La. Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp., 12-1096, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir.

6/19/13), 119 So.3d 930, 933, writ denied, 13-1737 (La. 10/30/13), 124 So.3d 1102.

“Satisfactory proof of loss . . . is that which is sufficient to fully apprise the insurer

of the claim and extent of the damage.” Id. at 934.

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“A personal inspection of an insured’s property by an adjuster for the

insurance company also constitutes satisfactory proof of loss.” J.R.A., Inc. v. Essex

Ins. Co., 10-797, pp. 32-33 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/27/11), 72 So.3d 862, 881.

The insurer’s duty under La.R.S. 22:1892 mandates more than
merely sending an adjuster to the insured’s property to take pictures
and calculate numbers on less than all the damage. It would defeat the
purpose of the statute to allow an inadequate and unreasonably low
adjustment, done within the requisite time delays, to satisfy the
insurer’s obligation to the insured. Likewise, allowing a
“readjustment” done approximately six months later to cure the
original bad conduct without any penalty would be condoning the
insurer’s actions.

Aghighi, 119 So.3d at 935.

In this case, the jury concluded that LFBC had satisfactory proof of loss at

the time of its original inspection, and we find no manifest error in the jury’s

finding. Although LFBC assigns as error that the jury abused its discretion by

awarding excessive damages and statutory penalties, it does not argue this point in

brief. We, therefore, consider this assignment of error to be abandoned. Uniform

Rules of Court—Courts of Appeal, Rule 2–12.4(B)(4).

Admissibility of Evidence of Additional Living Expenses

LFBC argues that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting Plaintiffs

to present evidence and argument concerning their voluntary decision to live in a

camper on their own property in support of their claim for bad faith while denying

LFBC the opportunity to fully cross examine plaintiffs and to present evidence to

contradict Plaintiffs’ testimony. Specifically, LFBC argues that Plaintiffs

withdrew their claims for additional living expenses because they were not entitled

to recover them under the terms of the policy such that any testimony in this regard

was irrelevant. LFBC also argues that it was not allowed to question Plaintiffs

regarding Mrs. Guillory’s claim for mental anguish damages in a separate lawsuit

seeking to recover for hurricane related damages to her beauty salon. But, as

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pointed out by Plaintiffs, Mrs. Guillory did testify that the damage to her salon

caused her stress and anxiety.

Plaintiffs assert that the evidence that they were not able to live in their

home for nearly two years after the hurricanes because of LFBC’s failure to

reasonably and timely compensate them for repairs to their home was introduced to

show the anguish associated with seeing it in disrepair for such a long time.

It is well settled that it is proper to award damages for mental anguish

resulting from an insurer’s breach of its duties. Orellana v. La. Citizens Prop. Ins.

Co., 07-1095 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/5/07), 972 So.2d 1252, writ denied, 08-41 (La.

10/24/08), 25 So.3d 777. In Orellana, the court noted that the plaintiff “had to

watch his home sustain ongoing damage as a result of Louisiana Citizens’ decision

to not pay timely insurance payments[.]” Id. at 1256 (footnote omitted). For these

reasons, we find that Plaintiffs’ testimony was relevant to their claims for mental

anguish damages and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing it.

Costs

“The district court has great discretion in awarding costs, including expert

witness fess, deposition costs, exhibit costs, and related expenses.” Reynolds v. La.

Dept. of Transp., 15-1304, p. 4 (La.App. 1 Cir. 4/16/16), 194 So.3d 56, 59. The

trial court’s assessment of costs will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of

discretion. Id.

The trial court taxed “all costs of the prosecution of the claims by [P]lantiffs”

to LFBC. In addition to those costs, the trial court taxed a total of $16,875.88,

which included expert fees and fees for depositions and exhibits used at trial, as

additional costs that LFBC was required to pay. The judgment specifically

identified those amounts.

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LFBC argues that several of those items are not taxable under La.Code

Civ.P. art. 1920. Specifically, LFBC takes issue with certain costs it identifies as

unnecessary, including amounts for exhibits and depositions that were not used at

trial. LFBC also objects to the expenses associated with the mock jury and the jury

consultant. LFBC argues that these items are not recoverable under La.Code Civ.P.

art. 1920.

“Except as otherwise provided by law, the court may render judgment for

costs, or any part thereof, against any party, as it may consider equitable pursuant

to La.C.C.P. art. 1920, which has been liberally interpreted as granting broad

discretion to the trial court.” Carr & Assoc., Inc. v. Jones, 22-946, p. 8 (La. App. 1

Cir. 5/10/23), ___ So.3d ___. “[T]he only costs which can be taxed against a

litigant are those specifically provided for by statute.” Id. “The costs of the clerk,

sheriff, witness’ fees, costs of taking depositions and copies of acts used on the

trial, and all other costs allowed by the court, shall be taxed as costs.” La.R.S.

13:4533 (emphasis added). The jurisprudence recognizes that “the positive law in

this instance allows for discretion on the part of the trial court to set costs other

than those specifically enumerated, as equitable.” Barre-Williams v. Ware, 20-665,

p. 6 (La.App. 4 Cir. 4/28/21), 365 So.3d 760, 769. There is support in the

jurisprudence for the award of costs for depositions not introduced at trial. For

example, in Butler v. LAMMICO, 15-1191, p. 10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 5/25/16), 195

So.3d 570, 577, the court stated that: “costs necessary to bring a case to trial,

though not expressly introduced into evidence, are within the trial court’s

discretion to tax.” “[T]he trial court judge is in a better posture to determine what

costs were necessary to bring the case to trial.” Id. We find that the same

reasoning applies to the expenses incurred for the mock trial and jury consultant.

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Louisiana Revised Statutes 22:1892(B)(1)(a) provides for a penalty, attorney

fees, and costs. Plaintiffs argue that this allows the recovery of all costs incurred

by a plaintiff, without restriction to the ordinary taxable costs, as a penalty and that

to interpret the use of the term “costs” in La.R.S. 22:1892 as limited to those

allowable in any suit would render its use meaningless and superfluous. We agree

and affirm the entirety of the trial court’s award of costs in this matter.

IV.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of the motion to recuse, the

jury’s verdict and the trial court’s judgment signed in accordance therewith, and

the trial court’s award of costs. All costs of this appeal are assessed to the

Defendant/Appellant, Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company.

AFFIRMED.

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