Faye Harvey & Nelford Harvey v. Laramie D. Harper

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

22-744

FAYE HARVEY AND NELFORD HARVEY

VERSUS

LARAMIE D. HARPER

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
ELEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF SABINE, NO. 68,862
HONORABLE ERIC R. HARRINGTON, JUDGE PRO-TEMPORE

**********

GARY J. ORTEGO
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Elizabeth A. Pickett, Chief Judge, Sharon Darville Wilson, and
Gary J. Ortego, Judges.

REVERSED AND RENDERED.

Adam M. Sullivan
Attorney at Law
730 San Antonio Ave
Many, LA 71449
(318) 256-0076
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE:
Laramie D. Harper

Elvin Fontenot
Attorney At Law
110 East Texas Street
Leesville, LA 71446
(337) 239-2684
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTS:
Faye Harvey
Nelford Harvey

ORTEGO, Judge.

In this matter, the trial court granted the mother’s motion to modify a prior

consent custody judgment, granting her principal custody of her six-year-old child,

and removing custody from the child’s paternal grandparents, who had custody for

the last four years. The grandparents appeal.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The principal parties are Faye and Nelford Harvey (the Harveys), paternal

grandparents of the now seven-year-old minor child Cheyenne (Cheyenne), born

February 15, 2016, and Cheyenne’s mother, Laramie Harper (Ms. Harper). Also

named as party to these proceedings is Cheyenne’s biological father, Jonathan Ebarb

(Ebarb).

The facts originally giving rise to this custody dispute are largely undisputed.

The record establishes that on or about January 27, 2018 the Harveys assumed the

physical custody and primary responsibility for their grandchild, Cheyenne, who was

not quite two years old when, by her own admission, Ms. Harper was suffering from

serious untreated substance abuse and mental health issues that overwhelmed her

ability to properly care for Cheyenne. The record shows that Ms. Harper’s drug

abuse and erratic behavior continued and became particularly evident that one night

in 2018, when the grandmother, Mrs. Harvey, was summoned to their house in

response to Ms. Harper’s uncontrolled behavior and Ms. Harper saying she wanted

to leave, in her compromised condition, with Cheyenne, to go to Waco, Texas, where

her father resided. At this point, Mrs. Harvey offered to take physical custody of

Cheyenne, and pleaded with Ms. Harper to seek help. Ms. Harper agreed to leave

Cheyenne with the Harveys and she left the house. Cheyenne has remained in the

physical care and custody of the grandparents, the Harveys, from January 2018

through Christmas Eve 2022.

In those four plus years, Cheyenne has lived with the Harveys, in Sabine

Parish, while Ms. Harper has resided in various locations, including the Shreveport-

Bossier area.

2018 Proceedings

This custody litigation was initiated in April 3, 2018, when Cheyenne’s

grandparents, the Harveys, filed a “Petition for Temporary Custody”, including Ex

Parte Custody Order, pursuant to the informal custody agreement by the parties,

which the trial court granted and signed. The Ex Parte Order granted the Harveys

“immediate temporary care, custody, and control” of Cheyenne, subject to Ms.

Harper’s “reasonable visitation as permitted by Oxford House and as coordinated

with Ms. Harper’s extended family.” The trial court’s order scheduled a full hearing

for April 19, 2018, so Ms. Harper could “show cause” why the Harveys “should not

be granted sole custody” of Cheyenne, subject to her “reasonable supervised

visitation.”

However, on that April 19, 2018 hearing date, the matter was continued to

allow Ms. Harper additional time to retain counsel, while by stipulation the parties

agreed that Ms. Harper would be allowed “24 hours supervised visitation with

Cheyenne.” By agreement of all parties the full custody hearing was rescheduled to

May 10, 2018.

Presumably still unable to secure counsel, Ms. Harper appeared pro se for the

custody hearing. The transcript of that hearing clearly shows that both Ms. Harper

and the Harveys vied for custody and principal domiciliary status over Cheyenne.

The hearing resulted in a custody judgment, dated and signed May 21, 2018, by

which the Harveys were granted temporary custody of the minor Cheyenne, subject

to reasonable supervised visitation by Ms. Harper, the father, Ebarb, the

grandparents or anyone else agreed to by the parties. The judgment further ordered
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the parties to return to court November 9, 2018, “to determine the permanent custody

of Cheyenne Harper.” On that date the parties entered into stipulations and a consent

judgment, extending the May 21, 2018 custody decree with continued custody by

the Harveys, which stipulated custody judgment was approved and signed by the

trial court on November 9, 2018.

2018-2021 Dormancy

The record lay dormant between November 9, 2018, and these proceedings,

initiated by Ms. Harper’s Motion to Modify Custody, filed June 13, 2022, resulting

in the judgment before us presently on appeal.

2022 Hearing and Judgment

The record shows that for about four years after the Consent Judgment of

November 9, 2018, continued custody of Cheyenne remained with the Harveys when

Ms. Harper’s Motion to Modify Custody was filed on June 13, 2022. Throughout

this extended period, Ms. Harper was allowed visitation one day per week from 8:30

a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and permitted to call Cheyenne daily at 7:00 p.m. The record shows

that prior to Ms. Harper’s filing her Motion in 2022, Ms. Harper inconsistently

exercised her daily call allowance and sporadically exercised her reasonable

supervised visitation privileges with Cheyenne. Those visits were almost

exclusively exercised in Sabine Parish, with Ms. Harper’s grandfather, Larry White,

who lived near the Harveys and Cheyenne.

This November 2018 Consent Judgment, like other custody orders/judgments

that came before it, were a direct result of Ms. Harper’s admitted continuing

substance abuse and mental health issues.

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Evidence Adduced at Trial

Ms. Harper’s Motion to Modify Custody was heard on July 15, 2022. The

trial court was presented with testimony by movant, Ms. Harper, and her grandfather,

Larry White, in support of her motion. The paternal grandparents, the Harveys,

presented both testimony and other evidence to the trial court in their opposition to

Ms. Harper’s motion. The Harveys testified and presented corroborating testimony

from other witnesses as to their providing Cheyenne with a safe, secure and nurturing

environment, as to her school and education, and as to their continuing care and

custody of Cheyenne for the last four years. This factual evidence presented included

the testimony of their niece, Cassie Bell, longtime friends Sandra Wells and Robert

Lewis, along with Cheyenne’s kindergarten teacher, Sherry Sepulvado.

The only documentary evidence submitted by Ms. Harper and admitted into

evidence at the July hearing were Ms. Harper’s drug abuse treatment records from

CADA from 2018 through January of 2019, along with psychiatric progress notes

and a Prozac prescription dated July 3, 2019, without any evidence of any further

follow-up drug testing or treatment for Ms. Harper since 2019.

As to Cheyenne’s father, Ebarb admitted that he had recently been arrested on

charges of drug possession and distribution. Although Ebarb testified, he refused to

answer questions related to the particulars about his arrest, including his proximity

to Cheyenne at the time of his arrest, asserting his Fifth Amendment rights. We note

that although Ebarb was made a party in Ms. Harper’s motion for modification, he

neither objected to nor appealed either the stipulated custody order of November 9,

2018 or the December 24, 2022 judgment at issue in this appeal.

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In addition, and by stipulation the entire suit record going back to the initial

April 3, 2018 hearing, was introduced, but its contents revealed no additional

probative evidence.

After receiving Post-Trial Memoranda from the parties, the trial court granted

Ms. Harper’s Motion to Modify the November 2018 Consent Judgment, granting the

Harveys and Ms. Harper shared joint custody, with the Harveys to be designated

domiciliary “parents” through December 24, 2022, at 6 p.m., and then designating

Ms. Harper to become domiciliary parent of Cheyenne thereafter. The judgment

further spelled out the visitation schedules for the Harveys thereafter. From that

judgment the Harveys perfected this appeal by Motion and Order dated August 25,

2022.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

The Harveys’ only assigned error is that the trial court erred when it found

that the best interest of the child, Cheyenne, was to modify the consent custody

decree of November 9, 2018.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The trial court’s factual conclusions are given substantial deference by

appellate courts in child custody matters. Steinebach v. Steinebach, 07-38 (La.App.

3 Cir. 5/2/07), 957 So.2d 291. Unless there is a legal error, “[t]he determinations

made by the trial judge as to custody…will not be set aside unless it clearly appears

[from the record] that there has been an abuse of discretion[.]” Nugent v. Nugent,

232 So.2d 521, 523 (La.App. 3 Cir.1970); see also Mulkey v. Mulkey, 12-2709 (La.

5/7/13), 118 So.3d 357. “The basis for this principle for review is grounded not only

upon the better capacity of the trial court to evaluate live witnesses, but also upon

the proper allocation of trial and appellate functions between the respective courts.”

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McCorvey v. McCorvey, 05-174, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/05), 916 So.2d 357, 362,

writ denied, 05-2577 (La. 5/5/06), 927 So.2d 300.

Absent legal error, appellate courts must “review the record in its entirety and

(1) find that a reasonable basis does not exist for the finding, and (2) further

determine that the record clearly establishes that the fact finder is clearly wrong or

manifestly erroneous” before a court’s factual findings and conclusions can be

reversed. Moss v. Goodger, 12-783, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/12/12), 104 So.3d 807,

810.

Additionally, when a trial court applies incorrect legal principles and these

errors materially affect the outcome of a case and deprive a party of substantial

rights, legal error occurs. Evans v. Lungrin, 97-541, 97-577 (La. 2/6/98), 708 So.2d

731. “[W]here one or more trial court legal errors interdict the fact-finding process,

the manifest error standard is no longer applicable, and, if the record is otherwise

complete, the appellate court should make its own independent de novo review of

the record and determine a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 735.

The time parents with joint legal custody share with their children is a physical

custody allocation of a joint custody plan. Francois V. Leon, 02-460 (La.App. 3

Cir. 11-27-02), 834 so.2d 1109. In an action to modify a custody decree, the trial

court must first determine whether the decree is a considered decree or a consent

decree. See Moss, 104 So.3d 807. “A consent judgment is a bilateral contract [.]”

Burns v. Burns, 17-343, p. 6 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/3/17), 236 So.3d 571, 575. When

the underlying decree is a stipulated judgment, as it is in this matter, the moving

party has the burden of proving that a material change in circumstances has occurred

since rendition of the underlying decree, and that the modification will be in the

child’s best interest. See Evans, 708 So.2d 731.

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In Prather v. McLaughlin, 16-604, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/16), 207 So3d

581, 585, this court stated as to this twofold burden of proof:

However, in order to achieve stability and avoid continuous
litigation our courts…have also added an additional condition on
a parent who wishes to modify a prior stipulated joint custody
decree-proof that there has been a material change in circumstance
since the last decree warranting a change in custody that the court
finds is in the best interest of the child.

Moreover, “the ultimate question which must be answered is whether the

change in circumstances will negatively impact the welfare of the child.” Leblanc v.

Leblanc, 06-1052, p. 9 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/14/07), 951 So.2d 500, 507, writ denied,

07-562 (La. 4/5/07), 954 So.2d 146.

In Joubert v. Joubert, 19-349, p. 6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/13/19), 285 So.2d 7,

12-13, this court stated:

Should the party urging a change of the physical custody
allocation of a joint custody plan fail to show a material change in
circumstances, the inquiry ends, and there is no basis for altering
the consent judgment. Lunney v. Lunney, 11-1891 (La.App. 1 Cir.
2/10/12), 91 So.3d 350, writ denied, 12-610 (La. 4/4/12), 85 So.3d
130. Each “custody case must be viewed withing its own peculiar
set of facts.” Cedotal, 927 So,2d. at 437. Thus, a trial court’s
determination of whether a material change in circumstances has
occurred is a factual finding. See Kyle v. Kier, 17-134 (La.App. 3
Cir. 11/15/17), 233 So.3d 708; See also Bonnecarrere v.
Bonnecarrere, 09-1647 (La.App. 1 Cir. 4/14/10), 37 So3d 1038,
writ denied, 10-1639 (La. 8/11/10), 42 So.3d 387.

Nevertheless, “[a]n appellate court … is not compelled to slavishly

rubberstamp a trial court’s finding.” Guin v. Guinn, 16-926, p. 21 (La.App. 3

Cir.5/31/17), 223 So.3d 139, 152; Moss, 104 So.3d at 810.

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LAW AND DISCUSSION

In this matter, Ms. Harper was seeking to modify a stipulated consent

judgment of November 9, 2018, that awarded sole temporary custody to the non-

parents, grandparents, the Harveys.

On appeal, the parties agree that Ms. Harper, as the parent seeking to modify

this stipulated consent judgment bears the burden of proof of a “material change in

circumstances,” as well as the “best interest” of the minor child. The Louisiana

Supreme Court has explained the two-step burden of proof applicable to stipulated

custody awards:

[A] biological parent with joint custody, who seeks modification
of a stipulated custody award to obtain greater custodial rights,
must prove: 1) there has been a material change in circumstances
after the original custody award; and 2) the proposed modification
is in the best interest of the child. See Evans v. Lungrin, 97–0541,
97–0577, p. 13 (La.2/6/98), 708 So.2d 731, 738; cf. Bergeron v.
Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193 (La.1986).

Tracie F., 15-1812, p. 2 (La. 3/15/16), 188 So.3d 231, 235 (emphasis

added).

This two-step burden of proof stands in contrast to the far more onerous three-

step burden of proof that applies to parties who wish to modify permanent custody

judgments previously rendered by “considered decree.” Tracie F, 188 So. 3d at 239–

40.

Given that the November 9, 2018, judgment, as well as the others rendered to

essentially identical effect pertained to temporary, not permanent custody, we

conclude that the trial court correctly suggested that Ms. Harper was required to

discharge both prongs of the Tracie F. two-step burden of proof to prevail on her

motion to modify the stipulated custody status by Cheyenne’s grandparents, the

Harveys.

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Application of Tracie F. Two-Step Burden of Proof

Having acknowledged that the two-step burden of proof fell upon Ms. Harper

to modify the prior custody decree, we next examine whether the trial court correctly

applied it before rendering judgment in favor of Ms. Harper’s motion.

We do so while bearing in mind the well settled Constitutional due process

protected rights of parents when it concerns their biological children:

[B]iological parents have constitutionally protected rights
regarding their children. Further, as this court has explained, the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
a biological parent's due process right to “the companionship,
care, custody, and management” of a child. See Tracy F., 188
So.3d at 242 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59,
102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982), and Lassiter v.
Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 27, 101 S.Ct. 2153,
68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981)). Similarly, “we have implicitly recognized
that the reciprocal rights and obligations of natural parents and
children are among those unenumerated rights retained by
individuals pursuant to La. Const. art. 1, § 24.” In re Adoption of
B.G.S., 556 So.2d at 551. A biological parent cannot be deprived
of these and other related rights without a procedure that
adequately balances three factors.

Tracie F., 188 So.3d at 242.

Here, while Ms. Harper has the highest priority and constitutional protection

as to her minor child, Cheyenne, so too as the parent seeking to modify the current

consent judgment of November 9, 2018, Ms. Harper bears the burden of proof of a

“material change in circumstances”, as well as the “best interest” of the minor child

in her requested modifications.

Nevertheless, assuming all parties’ due process rights are protected, these

considerations are subordinate to our principal concern, that the best interest of the

child is paramount:

The best interest of the child is the sole criterion to be met in
making a custody award, as the trial court sits as a sort of fiduciary
on behalf of the child and must pursue actively that course of
conduct which will be of the greatest benefit to the child. C.M.J.
v. L.M.C., 14–1119 (La.10/15/14), 156 So.3d 16, 28, quoting
9

Turner v. Turner, 455 So.2d 1374, 1378 (La.1984). It is the child’s
emotional, physical, material and social well-being and health that
are the court’s very purpose in child custody cases; the court must
protect the child from the real possibility that the parents are
engaged in a bitter, vengeful, and highly emotional conflict. Id.
The legislature has mandated that the court look only to the child’s
interests so that the court can fulfill its obligations to the child. Id.
at 28–29.

Hodges v. Hodges, 15-585, pp. 2-3 (La. 11/23/15), 181 So.3d 700, 702.

“When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to

absurd consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation

may be made in search of the intent of the legislature,” La.Civ.Code art. 9, and

La.Civ.Code art. 131 plainly states that “In a proceeding for divorce or thereafter,

the court shall award custody of a child in accordance with the best interest of the

child.”

This is why, as the Court in Tracie F. underscored, all child custody

determinations, including actions to modify custody, must be centered squarely this

“sole criterion” by reference to La.Civ.Code arts. 131 and 134.

Indeed, the legislative comments to La. C.C. art. 131 are greatly
instructive for this case. According to 1993 Revision Comment
(a), “the best interest of the child [is] the overriding test to be
applied in all child custody determinations. The primacy of that
test has been statutorily mandated in Louisiana since 1979
(C.C.Arts.134, 131(A) (1992); Acts 1979, No. 718), and the best
interest principle itself has been jurisprudentially and legislatively
recognized at least since 1921.” (Emphasis added.) Leaving no
room for doubt that the best interest of the child is the test for “all
child custody determinations,” (La. C.C. art. 131, 1993 Revision
Comment (a)), a later comment to Article 131 stresses that “[t]his
Article should be followed in actions to change custody as well as
in those to initially set it.” La. C.C. art. 131, 1993 Revision
Comment(d) (emphasis added). Similarly, the comments to La.
C.C. art. 134, which lists factors for determining the best interest
of the child, indicates: “Article [134] should be followed in actions
to change custody, as well as in those to fix it initially.” La. C.C.
art. 134, 1993 Revision Comment (d) (emphasis added).

10

Relying on these comments, this court stated that “[t]he
primary consideration in a determination of child custody is the
best interest of the child. This applies not only in actions setting
custody initially, but also in actions to change custody.” Mulkey v.
Mulkey, 12–2709, pp. 9–10 (La.5/7/13), 118 So.3d 357, 364
(citing Gray v. Gray, 11–548, p. 19 (La.7/1/11), 65 So.3d 1247,
1258, which cited La. C.C. art. 131, 1993 Revision Comment (d))
(footnotes omitted).5 See also AEB v. JBE, 99–2668, p. 7
(La.11/30/99), 752 So.2d 756, 760–61. Comment (d) to article 131
states that the (“article should be followed in actions to change
custody as well as in those to initially set it.”).

Tracie F., 188 So.3d at 238-39 (First emphasis added; footnotes omitted).

Thus, as the Court stated in Tracie F., “Factors for ascertaining the best

interest of the child are set forth in La. C.C. art. 134.” Id. at 248. In its current form,

there are fourteen such factors:

(1) The potential for the child to be abused, as defined by
Children's Code Article 603, which shall be the primary
consideration.

(2) The love, affection, and other emotional ties between each
party and the child.

(3) The capacity and disposition of each party to give the child
love, affection, and spiritual guidance and to continue the
education and rearing of the child.

(4) The capacity and disposition of each party to provide the
child with food, clothing, medical care, and other material
needs.

(5) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, adequate
environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity of
that environment.

(6) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or
proposed custodial home or homes.

(7) The moral fitness of each party, insofar as it affects the
welfare of the child.

(8) The history of substance abuse, violence, or criminal
activity of any party.

(9) The mental and physical health of each party. Evidence
that an abused parent suffers from the effects of past abuse by

11

the other parent shall not be grounds for denying that parent
custody.

(10) The home, school, and community history of the child.

(11) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems
the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference.

(12) The willingness and ability of each party to facilitate and
encourage a close and continuing relationship between the
child and the other party, except when objectively substantial
evidence of specific abusive, reckless, or illegal conduct has
caused one party to have reasonable concerns for the child's
safety or well-being while in the care of the other party.

(13) The distance between the respective residences of the
parties.

(14) The responsibility for the care and rearing of the child
previously exercised by each party.

Applying these fourteen factors, the trial court determined, pursuant to the

evidence presented, that nine of these Factors (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13) were

either irrelevant or favored neither party; none favored Ms. Harper; and the trial

court found that Factors 4, 5, 6, 10 and 14 favored the Harveys.

Yet notwithstanding these fact findings, the trial court rendered judgment in

favor of Ms. Harper and granted her request to modify these parties’ long-standing

custody arrangements and their stipulated consent custody order.

Additionally, and except as limited to questions of law by this constitution,

the appellate jurisdiction of courts of appeal extends to both law and facts, who are

authorized to render judgments as provided by law or in the interest of justice. La.

Const. art. 5, § 10. Of particular relevance to this appeal, “Courts have inherent

power to determine a child's best interest and to tailor a custody order, including

visitation, that minimizes the risk of harm to the child.” Beene v. Beene, 43,845

(La.App. 2 Cir. 10/22/08), 997 So.2d 169, 172.

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MATERIAL CHANGES IN CIRCUMSTANCES

From the outset, the Harveys argue that Ms. Harper, as Mover, failed to carry

her burden to establish both a material change in circumstances, and that Ms.

Harper’s proposed modification would be in Cheyenne’s best interest, as to her

request for modification of the stipulated custody decree of November 9, 2018.

We agree.

Factors 1, 2 & 3:

We find that the trial court correctly determined, and there is no doubt this

record shows, that both the Harveys and Ms. Harper love Cheyenne very much and

both parties have the capacity and disposition to continue same.

However, we find that there is a significant difference as to Cheyenne’s

continuing education as to these parties. Specifically, a review of the factual

evidence presented at trial shows that the Harveys were the sole and primary persons

involved in Cheyenne’s education, and educational activities over the last four to

five years. The evidence further shows that the Harveys had enrolled Cheyenne

in pre-school and currently in kindergarten classes at Ebarb High School in Sabine

Parish.

Additionally, according to the uncontroverted testimony of Cheyenne’s

kindergarten teacher, Sherry Sepulvado (Ms. Sepulvado), Cheyenne is an

“excellent” student, and Cheyenne is a “very happy” child at her school. Ms.

Sepulvado further testified that, as it relates to Cheyenne and her schooling, the

primary persons are the Harveys, and that Ms. Harper has never called, visited, or

participated in any of Cheyenne’s pre-school or school meetings or other school

activities.

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When questioned at the trial, Ms. Sepulvado testified:

Q. Would you say she’s happy with them?

A. Yes. I mean, I’ve known these people all my life, and I’ll say
that I’m here for the – for the best- for the- for the little girl, not
for you, not for them.

….

She’s happy at school. She talks about her rabbits, and I’m not
saying anything, but she never speaks of her mom. Never does she
ever tell you anything or talk to the kids about her mom. It’s about
these people.”

Therefore, and although the trial court determined that factor three favored

neither party, we are compelled to disagree given the undisputed factual evidence

presented at the trial as to this factor and Cheyenne’s continuing education.

Factors 4 & 5:

As to the Harveys, the record is clear that under their guidance and physical

custody these grandparents have provided Cheyenne with a safe, secure and healthy

environment in which Cheyenne has grown and flourished individually,

educationally, and socially, to become a very bright healthy young girl. After

weighing these factors, the trial court also explicitly found:

“The factors favoring the Harveys almost all revolve around the
fact that the child has been living with them, as they argue, in a
safe and stable environment for over 4 years.”

Additionally, the record shows that Ms. Harper had never provided any

financial assistance in those four years prior to the July 2022 hearing, and the

Harveys were the sole and primary care takers of Cheyenne. Ms. Harper did testify

that she “was of the understanding” that whoever had the physical custody of

Cheyenne, here the Harveys, would be responsible for her expenses. Nevertheless,

and although Ms. Harper also testified that she was employed full time at an I-Hop

restaurant, the record is clear that from November 2018 to December 2022, Ms.

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Harper failed to provide any financial support, either to the Harveys or directly to

Cheyenne. Notwithstanding this factual evidence and these fact findings, the trial

court, after initially finding that these factors favored the Harveys, discounted same

and found that these factors did not favor either party.

Thus, we are compelled to disagree with the trial court given the

uncontroverted factual evidence as to these factors.

Factor 6: Permanence of Family Home

As found, the factual evidence clearly shows that the Harveys have provided

Cheyenne with a safe and permanent home and environment in which Cheyenne has

grown and flourished individually, educationally, and socially.

As to this factor, the only evidence submitted by Ms. Harper was her own

testimony. Ms. Harper testified that she now has stable housing. However, she

presented no corroborative or documentary evidence to support her contention that

she in fact possesses her own apartment, and that it is occupied only by herself and

her older daughter, Kimberly, such as a lease, utility bills, or such, bearing her name.

Moreover, and while Ms. Harper testified that she lived alone with her other

daughter, Kimberly, there were indications that Ms. Harper had a “boyfriend” living

with her. Both questions are very relevant as to factor 6, particularly as to the history

of Ms. Harper’s lack of any permanent or stable housing/living arrangements over

the last three to four years prior to the July 2022 hearing. Thus, although the trial

court determined that this factor favored neither party, we are compelled to disagree

given the absence of sufficient and corroborating evidence produced by Ms. Harper

as to this housing factor.

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Factor 8: Ms. Harper- History of Substance Abuse.

A review of the record clearly shows that the central element that coursed

throughout these proceedings, since 2018, has been Ms. Harper’s admitted substance

abuse and mental health issues, both of which directly led to the stipulated custody

order at issue herein. The record also shows that Ms. Harper initially spent ten days

at Brentwood Hospital, followed by one month on an inpatient basis with CADA

(“Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse), from February 6, 2018, to March 6, 2018.

Ms. Harper is to be commended for her initially seeking assistance with these

drug abuse problems in 2018, and now wishing to assume a larger everyday role in

Cheyenne’s life. However, the record is unexplainedly void of any evidence beyond

January 2019 as to Ms. Harper’s drug abuse problems, and as to her follow-up of

CADA’s out-patient recommendations, all to ensure her continued sobriety for that

three to four year period. Specifically, the record shows that upon release from her

in-house treatment, CADA’s out-patient recommendations were that Ms. Harper

attend Intensive Outpatient (IOP) care, get a sponsor, and attend AA/NA/CA

meetings. However, the record contains no evidence or documentation of any kind

for the period from January 22, 2019 to the July 2022 hearing date, which would

corroborate Ms. Harper’s testimony of her continuing sobriety or ever having

relapsed as to her drug abuse problems since first getting help in 2018.

Despite this lack of evidence, the trial court’s states in its findings as to this

factor and issue:

Ms. Harper has a past history of substance abuse, and apparently,
therefore, criminal activity in the acquisition and/or use of illegal
substances. However, the evidence presented at trial was that she
was in recovery and had rehabilitated herself. There is no such
history on behalf of the Harveys. The court does not find that this
factor favors either party.

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We find that the limited documentary evidence Ms. Harper presented was

simply too limited, and outdated, with too large of a “gap” as to her treatment and

follow-up, if any, she allegedly accomplished as to her drug abuse problems to carry

her burden of proof. Here, the record contains no evidence beyond January 2019

demonstrating that Ms. Harper either attended Intensive Outpatient (IOP) care,

acquired a sponsor, or attended AA/NA/CA meetings, to support her testimony that

she never relapsed since first getting help in 2018.

In sum, we find that, except for Ms. Harper’s self-serving testimony, the

record is void of any evidence as to this very important issue/factor as to her

continued sobriety and as to Ms. Harper’s follow-up and continuing out-patient

treatment, if any, since her initial treatment in 2018. Additionally, the trial court’s

finding that this factor does not favor either party totally ignores the fact that Ms.

Harper has failed to provide evidence as to her continuing drug testing prescribed

and ordered by the Consent Judgment of November 9, 2018.

Thus, in the absence of more contemporaneous evidence, we conclude that

the trial court erred when it determined that Ms. Harper produced sufficient recent

evidence to show that she had neutralized the impact of her drug abuse problems.

Thus, although the trial court determined that this factor favored neither party,

we are compelled to disagree given the lack of sufficient evidence and unanswered

questions as to this most critical issue in this custody matter as to the continued

sobriety of Ms. Harper.

Factor 13: Distance and Transportation

The record establishes that the Harveys reside in Sabine Parish and Ms.

Harper’s latest residence is in Bossier Parish, with approximately seventy-eight

miles separating Ms. Harper’s apartment from the Harvey’s home, yet the trial court

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concluded that factor 13, the distance between the respective residences of the

parties, held no bearing.

A review of this record shows that, again, except for Ms. Harper’s own

testimony, Ms. Harper failed to provide any proof that she currently has access to

reliable transportation, a vehicle of her own, or even that she currently possesses a

valid operator’s/driver’s license. These are a very important questions and issues in

this custody matter given that the evidence presented at the trial shows Ms. Harper

received a DWI citation, and the outcome, both criminally and administratively,

from this said offense was still unknown at the time of the trial in December of 2022.

This factor of reliable transportation is very important not only as to Ms. Harper’s

ability to safely and regularly transport Cheyenne on a daily basis to her activities,

her school, and such, but more importantly as to transportation for Cheyenne or Ms.

Harper in the event of an emergency on a 24-hour basis as the custodial parent.

As to the Harveys, the record is clear that they have provided and continue to

provide sufficient and reliable transportation, as necessary to provide Cheyenne with

any of her personal, educational and other needs, during their physical custody of

Cheyenne over the last three to four years.

Therefore, and again given the absence of sufficient evidence by Ms. Harper

as to this vital transportation issue, we find that the trial court erred in finding that

this critical factor benefited neither party.

BEST INTEREST OF CHEYENNE

Our thorough review of the factual evidence contained in the record, including

the trial court’s findings, and after reviewing the evidence presented as to the 14

factors set forth in La. Civil Code article 134, we find that the trial court manifestly

erred when it discounted those critical, original and continuing problems and factors.

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Specifically, as to Ms. Harper’s drug abuse and mental issues, which were the

primary basis for this longstanding custody arrangement, and current stipulated

custody order of November 9, 2018. All of which were specifically taken into

consideration by these parties and the trial court as placed into this consent judgment

to protect Cheyenne from harm, and provide for Cheyenne’s best interest.

Therefore, we find that the factual evidence presented by Ms. Harper was

insufficient to carry her burden of proof necessary to establish either a material

change in circumstances, or to establish that Ms. Harper’s proposed modification

would be in Cheyenne’s best interest, sufficient to allow for the modification of the

stipulated custody decree of November 9, 2018.

Accordingly, we find that the best interest of the minor child, Cheyenne, is

that the trial court’s judgment of December 24, 2022, granting Laramie D. Harper’s

motion to modify the current stipulated custody order, be reversed and set aside; and

that the parties’ stipulated consent custody decree of November 9, 2018, be and is

hereby immediately reinstated in full force and effect, with the custody of the minor

child, Cheyenne, to be immediately returned to Faye and Nelford Harvey.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and vacate the trial court’s judgment of

December 24, 2022, granting Laramie D. Harper’s motion to modify custody, and

further order that the stipulated custody decree of November 9, 2018 be and is hereby

immediately reinstated in full force and effect. All court costs of this appeal are

assessed to Laramie D. Harper.

REVERSED AND RENDERED.

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