Seth Guidry v. Entergy Services, Inc.; Entergy Louisiana, LLC; And Xylem, Inc. of Virginia

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

24-686 consolidated with 24-687

MCKINLEY WAYNE GUIDRY AND SETH GUIDRY

VERSUS

ENTERGY SERVICES, LLC

ENTERGY LOUISIANA, LLC AND

XYLEM, INC. OF VIRGINIA

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APPEAL FROM THE
THIRTY-EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CAMERON, NO. 10-20718 AND NO. 10-20719
HONORABLE PENELOPE QUINN RICHARD, DISTRICT JUDGE

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GUY E. BRADBERRY
JUDGE

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Court composed of Shannon J. Gremillion, Ledricka J. Thierry, and Guy E.
Bradberry, Judges.

REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND RENDERED.

Jennifer A. Jones
Jones Law Firm
1231 Marshall Street
Cameron, LA 70631
(337) 249-1056
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEES:
McKinley Wayne Guidry
Seth Guidry

Robert A. Mahtook, Jr.
Kaliste Joseph Saloom, IV
Mahtook & LaFleur, LLC
600 Jefferson Street, Suite 1000
Lafayette, LA 70501
(337) 266-2189
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:
Entergy Louisiana, LLC
Xylem, Inc. of Virginia

BRADBERRY, Judge.

Defendants, Entergy Louisiana, LLC and Xylem, Inc. of Virginia, appeal a

trial court judgment awarding damages to McKinley “Butch” Guidry and his son,

Seth Guidry, for the loss of live oak and pecan trees on their properties that were cut

down after Hurricane Laura in 2020. The trial court found that Defendants were

liable for negligently clear-cutting the oak and pecan trees on Plaintiffs’ properties

and awarded damages.

FACTS

Immediately following Hurricane Laura in 2020, Entergy began assessing the

damage in Cameron Parish. As part of the restoration efforts, Entergy contracted

with companies to clear trees, limbs, and bushes so that it could access utility lines

and poles to make the necessary repairs. Xylem was one of the companies Entergy

employed because it already had an existing base load contract with Xylem for

routine maintenance work in Arkansas, and Xylem knew Entergy’s policies for

trimming trees. Entergy entered into a storm contract with Xylem to perform the

post-hurricane work in Louisiana.

As part of the work following a hurricane, Entergy elevates senior journeymen

to the role of circuit bosses. In the present case, Mack LaVergne became the circuit

boss of the area fed by the Solac 190 substation, which included the Cameron Parish

area where the Guidrys’ property was located. As a circuit boss, he was responsible

for directing all the line contractors and vegetation contractors on that particular

circuit. Following a hurricane, the circuit boss initially sends out scouts to assess

the damage and identify what lines and poles are down. Then he sends out the

vegetation contractors like Xylem to clear the way for the repairs to be made.

Travis West, a certified line clearance tree trimmer arborist employed by

Xylem, was deployed to Lafayette at a staging area prior to the landfall of Hurricane

Laura. After the storm, Travis was assigned to the Cameron Parish area. He was an

on-site supervisor managing multiple tree-trimming crews. He would meet daily

with Mack LaVergne about the work that needed to be accomplished. Mack would

lay out the route of the Entergy line crews, and Xylem would work ahead of them to

clear the way. Travis explained that Xylem was trimming for access to repair the

equipment. Travis testified that at some point the scope of the work changed to

clearing so that all the poles could be changed.

Butch Guidry and his wife lived on Hebert Camp Road in Cameron Parish.

He donated part of the land to his son, Seth, who lived there with his wife and

children. They evacuated for Hurricane Laura but returned the day after to check on

their homes. Butch explained that the trees were still standing along the roadway.

The leaves were missing, and some limbs were broken. Eventually, Butch and his

wife moved back on the property on September 8, 2020, with generator power. Seth

was with them. At that time, he noticed that the trees had been cut down on his

property. The workers were still there with chainsaws in their hands, continuing to

cut down trees. Butch and Seth approached them and asked them to stop cutting the

trees down. Travis West testified that Xylem stopped cutting the trees down and

never returned to the property.

Butch and Seth each filed separate suits against Entergy and Xylem on

September 1, 2021, for intentional trespass, loss of timber, loss of aesthetic value,

mental anguish, cost of cleaning and clearing the damaged land, attorney fees and

court costs, and treble timber damages pursuant to La.R.S. 56:1478.1, now La.R.S.

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3:4278.1. Prior to trial, Seth and Butch filed a motion to consolidate the actions. A

judgment was signed on August 21, 2023, granting the motion to consolidate.

A two-day bench trial was held on November 20–21, 2023. At the close of

Plaintiffs’ case, Defendants moved for an involuntary dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims

for treble damages under La.R.S. 3:4278.1(E), which the court found inapplicable

finding no evidence that Defendants acted in bad faith. At the conclusion of the trial,

the case was taken under advisement. The trial court issued written reasons for

judgment on February 5, 2024. The trial court found Defendants were “liable for

failing to follow ENTERGY’s Line Clearance Specifications and for negligently

clear-cutting the Guidrys’ property instead of trimming plaintiffs’ trees for line

access.” The trial court awarded damages.

On April 16, 2024, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking clarification of the

apportionment of fault to each Defendant and clarification of the apportionment of

certain damages awarded to Plaintiffs. A hearing on the matter was held on July 1,

2024. A judgment was signed on August 2, 2024. Damages in the amount of

$78,850.00 were awarded to Butch, and Seth was awarded $79,850.00 in damages.

Fault was apportioned 50% to Entergy and 50% to Xylem on each award.

SERVITUDE

Defendants argue that they have a servitude established by a 1948 agreement

with the landowner at that time. They argue that the servitude allows them the right

to trim and cut trees on the Guidry property to allow access for the removal and

replacement of the utility lines and equipment that were damaged or destroyed by

Hurricane Laura. In the alternative, Defendants argue that a servitude was created

through the St. Julien Doctrine or by acquisitive prescription.

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The trial court’s reasons for judgment and judgment are silent as to the

existence of a predial servitude. “Silence in a judgment as to any part of a demand

or any issue litigated is construed as a rejection of that claim or issue by the trial

court.” Reed v. La. Horticulture Comm’n., 21-657, p. 5 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/21),

341 So.3d 66, 71, writ denied, 22-284 (La. 4/12/22), 336 So.3d 89.

Appellate courts review findings of fact pertaining to servitudes under the

manifest error standard of review. Carpenter v. Guillory Inv., Inc., 18-571 (La.App.

3 Cir. 2/27/19), 266 So.3d 581, writ denied, 19-748 (La. 9/17/19), 279 So.3d 384.

“An appellate court may not set aside a trial court’s findings of fact unless they are

manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong.” Allen v. Cotton, 11-1354, p. 3 (La.App. 3

Cir. 5/2/12), 93 So.3d 681, 683. “To reverse under the manifest error rule, an

appellate court must find from the record that there is no reasonable basis for the

trial court’s finding and that the record shows the finding to be manifestly erroneous.”

Id.

1948 Agreement

Defendants claim that Entergy’s servitude was establish through a 1948

agreement that gives them the right to cut and trim all trees within fourteen feet of

poles, lines, and equipment. Plaintiffs argue that the 1948 servitude has no

application in this case.

“Predial servitudes are established by all acts by which immovables may be

transferred.” La.Civ.Code art. 722. Predial “servitudes are regulated by the title by

which they are created[.]” La.Civ.Code art. 697. “A predial servitude may be

established on a certain part of an estate, if that part is sufficiently described.”

La.Civ.Code art. 727. “Doubt as to the existence, extent, or manner of exercise of a

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predial servitude shall be resolved in favor of the servient estate.” La.Civ.Code art.

730.

“Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the common intent of the

parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2045. “A doubtful provision must be interpreted in light

of the nature of the contract, equity, usages, the conduct of the parties before and

after the formation of the contract, and of other contracts of a like nature between

the same parties.” La.Civ.Code art. 2053.

In 1948, Agnes Hebert, Plaintiffs’ ancestor-in-title, granted a utility servitude

to Gulf States Utilities. Gulf States later merged with Entergy. The agreement

provided the utility company:

[W]ith the right to go on the land of Owner . . . to remove, trim and
keep trimmed any trees or bushes, without further payment, so that
there shall be a clearance of 14 feet between any part of any tree or bush
and the above mentioned poles, wire or other equipment.

Defendants note that both their surveyor and Plaintiffs’ surveyor indicated

that every tree that was trimmed or cut down was within fourteen feet of its utility

poles, lines, and equipment.

Plaintiffs refer to the location of the servitude in the right-of-way agreement

as: “Approx. 10 ft. S more or less from pop. line running along public road on S.

side and to run in southwesterly direction.” Plaintiffs note that both surveys

indicated that the poles and overhead power lines are located between forty and

forty-five feet south of the north property line, which is significantly more than ten

feet. It is Plaintiffs’ position that since the utility equipment is located outside the

specified boundaries of the 1948 contract, its provisions are inapplicable.

Defendants point to the fact that the description also contains the terms

“approx.[imately]”, “more or less”, and “southwesterly”. Defendants argue that

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installation of the poles in the exact location designated in the agreement would have

placed them in the center of Hebert Camp Road which is nonsensical. Defendants

argue that the final placement of the poles was the best place, and this placement

least restricted Plaintiffs’ property.

Jamie Chapman, Entergy’s senior regional manager over the distribution line

for the western region of Louisiana, testified about Entergy’s AMFM report

introduced into evidence by Defendants. The AMFM report gives linemen or

designers an idea of what poles, wires and equipment are in a specific area. Jamie

explained that the poles are marked with the year they are placed. Based on the

information contained in the AMFM report for this area, the power line on the

Guidrys’ property had been in place since at least 1954.

When Butch and his wife leased the property in the mid-1980s and later

purchased the property in 1988, the utility poles and lines were in the same location.

In 2004, they donated a portion of the property to Seth. There is no evidence in the

record that any landowner ever objected to the location of the poles and lines.

Defendants cite J.C. Trahan Drilling Contractor, Inc. v. Younger, 169 So.2d

15 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1964), and Burgas v. Stoutz, 174 La. 586, 141 So. 67 (1932), for

the proposition that any insufficiency in the description in a servitude agreement as

to the traversal of the right of way does not render the conveyance void for want of

certainty if the grantee actually constructs the line on the land in accordance with the

intent of the parties.

In Istre v. S. Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 329 So.2d 486 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied,

333 So.2d 233 (La.1976), this court held that landowners who acquiesced in the

construction of an underground telephone cable were barred from recovering

trespass damages. This court cited Gray v. State, Dep’t of Highways, 250 La. 1045,

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202 So.2d 24 (1967), which held that when an owner of land is aware his property

is being appropriated for public use and takes no action to prevent it, he cannot later

complain. These cases suggest that mere silence or lack of complaint by the

landowner may be interpreted as acquiescence. Furthermore, “Modification of a

written agreement can be presumed by silence, inaction, or implication.” Gucci 1

Field Servs., LLC v. Reeves, 23-73, 23-74, 23-75, 23-76, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir.

11/8/23), 377 So.3d 354, 360.

While the description is not exact, we do not find it vague. Further, we find

that there is nothing in the record establishing that an objection to placement of the

lines and poles by the landowner occurred. Therefore, it can be presumed that the

landowner consented to the placement of the lines and poles in the location they

were placed. We find that the trial court clearly erred in failing to find the 1948

Servitude Agreement in effect. This finding obviates the need to address Defendants’

alternative arguments that they have a servitude under the St. Julien Doctrine or by

acquisitive prescription of thirty years.

REASONABLE AND NECESSARY

In its reasons for judgment, the trial court found that Defendants failed to

follow their own line specifications by negligently clear-cutting the Guidrys’ trees

instead of trimming them for line access. Defendants argue that they had a right, as

the dominant estate, to maintain and preserve their servitude pursuant to

La.Civ.Code art. 744, which allows the owner of a dominant estate to make all works

that are necessary for the use and preservation of the servitude. Defendants also note

that the agreement allows them:

[T]he right to go on the land of Owner . . . to remove, trim and keep
trimmed any trees or bushes, without further payment, so that there

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shall be a clearance of 14 feet between any part of any tree or bush and
the above mentioned poles, wires or other equipment.

However, as noted by Plaintiffs, these rights “are to be exercised in a way

least inconvenient for the servient estate.” La.Civ.Code art. 743. The court in

Weigand v. Asplundh Tree Experts, 577 So.2d 125, 129 (La.App. 1 Cir.), writ denied,

580 So.2d 379 (La.1991), recognized that a utility company has the right to cut or

trim trees when it is necessary to preserve its servitude but also noted: “that when it

becomes necessary, in maintaining electrical lines, to remove, cut or trim trees and

shrubs, it must be done in a reasonable manner, with due regard to the rights of all

parties.” While the trees that were cut were in the fourteen-foot servitude, the

question is whether it was reasonable and necessary and exercised in a way least

inconvenient for Plaintiffs’ property.

Defendants claim that they established that the trees needed to be removed to

safely remove damaged lines and equipment through the testimony of Mack

LaVergne. Mack testified that he told Travis West that Entergy needed to access

every pole, not that they were going to be replaced. Mack explained that they needed

to clear to a point to be able to get the service line up safely because this was one of

the biggest storms he had ever seen as far as a widespread damage event. On Hebert

Camp Road, they had to restring all new lines, which would require access from pole

to pole, meaning complete clearance between poles.

Travis testified that Xylem was not brought in to do trimming and

maintenance but for storm response. The crews would meet daily with Mack on the

scope of work. He testified that the initial scope of the work changed based on his

conversations with Mack. The work went from trimming in order that lines could

be accessed for repair to clearing so that all poles and lines could be replaced.

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Entergy did not come out and tell him what trees to cut down. Travis made the

decision on what trees to cut down based off the information he had from Mack.

Travis explained that it may become necessary to deviate from standard pruning

practices when there is a widespread restoration project and clearance is needed to

rebuild and speed up the restoration process. Xylem deviated because it was his

understanding that the whole infrastructure was going to be rebuilt.

Travis testified that he would not have cut the trees in that manner if Entergy

was not replacing all poles. He explained that spot treating the areas requires less

clearing than a total rebuild. Maintaining trees and vegetation is an important part

of the job.

Travis testified that most of the trees cut down were directly under the power

lines. They did not finish cutting the trees because the Guidrys told them to stop,

and they never returned to the property. The three poles on the Guidrys’ properties

did not have to be replaced.

Defendants also argue that they followed Entergy’s line clearance

specifications, which allow for deviations during an emergency response to natural

disasters. Defendants contend that the elevated danger caused by Hurricane Laura

necessitated a deviation from the standard tree trimming practices.

Jamie Chapman explained that the Louisiana Public Service Commission

(LPSC), the governing body over utilities, requires Entergy to maintain written line

clearance specifications and file them annually. She testified that the standards

require, “ʻTree trimming and pruning shall be performed in accordance with modern

arboricultural standards.’” The LPSC also required Entergy to file written policies

for tree removal.

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Jamie explained that Entergy has specifications for its yearly trim cycle for

line clearance. The purpose of the maintenance program is to minimize the amount

of damage a tree can cause to a power line. These specifications are incorporated

into Entergy’s contracts with tree trimming contractors. Jamie admitted that nothing

in the specifications allowed a contractor to clear-cut around equipment in the event

of a storm or ignore the specifications in the event of a natural disaster.

Entergy’s written line specifications were introduced into evidence. The

specifications provide that “[t]rees shall be trimmed as to provide a maximum

clearance from primary conductors.” In rural areas, live oak trees should have a line

clearance of ten feet and pecan trees should have a clearance of fifteen feet. Tree

removal specifications require that trees with a greater than eight-inch diameter

should be considered removed if they are “[d]ead, dying, diseased, decayed, or

leaning . . . which endanger the safe operation and maintenance of energized primary

conductors[.]”

Defendants argue that Entergy’s Line Clearance Specifications also provide

that all work “shall be performed in accordance with modern arboricultural

standards.” Citing testimony from Plaintiffs’ expert in urban forestry and

arboriculture, Dr. Frederick Fellner, Entergy points out that the American National

Standards Institute A300 publication provides the modern arboriculture standards

for pruning trees. This standard provides that there is a deviation from standards

following storms as follows:

Following severe storms, tree damage is often widespread, and utility
services may be interrupted across a large area. At such times,
government authorities or utilities may declare an emergency.
Emergency service workers, including utility arborists, are likely to be
involved in a coordinated effort to restore critical services. Damaged
trees have the potential to imperil the safety of both the public and
utility workers. To expedite restoration efforts under such urgent

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circumstances, it may be necessary for workers to deviate from standard
pruning practices until the emergency is over and services are rendered.

While Defendants were not working under normal circumstances and were

responding to events following a catastrophic storm that rendered destruction on a

widespread basis to Entergy’s electrical system, evidence indicated that there were

no clear-cut directions on the process to be followed. Based on the evidence, the

trial court was correct in finding that there was a miscommunication between Mack

of Entergy and Travis of Xylem. Travis thought he was supposed to cut down trees

to make way for the placing of new poles and new electrical wire. Mack stated that

he told Travis that only the electric wire was going to be replaced. The line

specifications of Entergy do not call for the cutting down of trees after a storm, so it

would follow that line specifications as to trimming should still be followed. Travis

agreed that Xylem would not have cut down the trees if the poles were not going to

be replaced, and testimony established that none of the poles were replaced.

Therefore, we find no manifest error in the trial court’s finding that Entergy’s line

specifications were not followed and the cutting down of the trees was not necessary.

VALUE OF SOUTHERN LIVE OAKS

Defendants claim that the estimates to replace the southern live oaks provided

by Dr. Fellner were stale and inaccurate. Dr. Fellner’s estimates were prepared one-

and-a-half years before trial and estimated $10,000 per live oak tree to replace them.

They argue that the estimate given by their expert arborist, Dr. Brock Barker, should

be used because he contacted the same tree farm as Dr. Fellner forty-five days before

trial to ascertain the value and availability of replacement trees. The figure he

received was $2,500 less per live oak than the figure obtained by Dr. Fellner.

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The party responsible for causing property damage to another is liable for the

cost of restoring property to its former condition as it was immediately preceding

the damage. Hornsby v. Bayou Jack Logging, 04-1297 (La. 5/6/05), 902 So.2d 361;

Ivory v. Safeway Ins. Co. of La., 19-521 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/18/19), 287 So.3d 807.

Generally, the method of estimating the value of a shade or
ornamental tree wrongfully removed is to compare the value of the
surrounding property before and after the removal; however, the trial
court has discretion to apply a different measure of damages in cases
involving willful and wanton disregard for the interests of the property
owner.

Pearce v. L.J. Earnest, Inc., 411 So.2d 1276, 1279–80 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied,

414 So.2d 377 (La.1982).

“Special damages are those which have a ‘ready market value,’ such that the

amount of damages theoretically may be determined with relative certainty[.]”

Kaiser v. Hardin, 06-2092, p. 11 (La. 4/11/07), 953 So.2d 802, 810. “In reviewing

a jury’s factual conclusions with regard to special damages, an appellate court must

satisfy a two-step process based on the record as a whole: There must be no

reasonable factual basis for the trial court’s conclusions, and the finding must be

clearly wrong.” Id.

A total of seventeen trees were cut on Butch’s property, and a total of seven

trees were cut on Seth’s property. Butch lost three live oak trees. Seth lost two live

oak trees. The oak trees ranged in diameter from twenty-two inches to thirty-one

inches. The replacement trees were only eight to ten inches in diameter. Brock

agreed that all the replacement trees would be significantly smaller than the

destroyed trees. Brock also agreed that availability and pricing of the trees fluctuates.

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We find the trial court’s award of $10,000 for each live oak reasonable.

Plaintiffs are not even getting a similar tree since they are significantly smaller than

the trees that were cut down.

DAMAGES FOR DEBRIS AND STUMP REMOVAL

Defendants finally argue that the trial court erred in awarding damages for

debris and stump removal. They argue that testimony at trial established that

Plaintiffs would never be responsible for debris and stump removal, which the

Plaintiffs knew. Defendants claim that Butch, as a Cameron Parish police juror,

knew that FEMA paid for debris and stump removal. Plaintiffs argue that they did

not apply for FEMA stump removal because the stump had to be at a forty-five-

degree angle, and FEMA only removed stumps that were blown over by the

hurricane and not cut down by utility companies. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’

argument is in direct conflict with the collateral source rule.

“Under the collateral source rule, a tortfeasor may not benefit, and an injured

plaintiff’s tort recovery may not be reduced, because of monies received by the

plaintiff from sources independent of the tortfeasor’s procuration or contribution.”

La. Dep’t of Transp. and Dev. v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 02-2349, p. 6 (La. 5/20/03),

846 So.2d 734, 739. “Under this well-established doctrine, the payments received

from the independent source are not deducted from the award the aggrieved party

would otherwise receive from the wrongdoer.” Id. “A wrongdoer’s liability should

not be reduced by the amount of collateral source payments to an injured plaintiff,

even where the nature of the collateral source is a public relief provided to the

plaintiff by application of federal or state law.” Id. at 743.

We find that the trial court did not err in awarding damages for debris and

stump removal. First, there was no evidence that FEMA removed the debris and

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stumps associated with the cut-down trees. Second, even if there was, Entergy and

Xylem cannot benefit from its wrongdoing by any efforts made by FEMA.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we find that the 1948 servitude was

applicable and reverse the trial court’s finding as to that issue. We affirm the

judgment in all other respects. Costs of this appeal are assessed to Entergy Louisiana,

LLC and Xylem, Inc. of Virginia.

REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART; AND RENDERED.

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