Mary Fisher and Robert Hamilton v. the Town of Boyce

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

17-470

MARY FISHER, ET AL.

VERSUS

THE TOWN OF BOYCE, ET AL.

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SUPERVISORY WRIT FROM THE
NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 255,497
HONORABLE WILLIAM GREGORY BEARD, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

JOHN D. SAUNDERS
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of John D. Saunders, Elizabeth A. Pickett, and Shannon J.
Gremillion, Judges.

WRIT GRANTED IN PART AND MADE PEREMPTORY;
WRIT DENIED IN PART. STAY RECALLED.

Gremillion, J., concurs in the result and assigns written reasons.

Randall B. Keiser
Jeremy C. Cedars
Keiser Law Firm, P.L.C.
P. O. Box 12358
Alexandria, LA 71315
(318) 443-6168
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPLICANTS:
Mayor Alma Moore
Town of Boyce

Bradley C. Myers
Amanda M. Collura-Day
Kean Miller LLP
Post Office Box 3513
Baton Rouge, LA 70821
(225) 387-0999
COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE LOUISIANA:
Municipal Association Louisiana

SAUNDERS, Judge.

Defendants-Relators, the Town of Boyce and Mayor Alma Moore, seek

supervisory writ from the judgment of the Ninth Judicial District Court, Parish of

Rapides, the Honorable Greg Beard, presiding, which granted in part and denied in

part Relators’ motion for protective order.

This matter arises out of a suit for the alleged improper termination of

plaintiffs, Mary Fisher and Robert Hamilton, from their employment with the

Town of Boyce, by the unilateral actions of Mayor Moore taken “without obtaining

the recommendation or consent of Police Chief Eddie Washington or the action of

the Board of Aldermen for the Town of Boyce.” Police Chief Washington has

since intervened and asserted plaintiffs’ rights. In response, Relators filed a motion

for summary judgment, asserting plaintiffs could not be improperly terminated, as

they had not been properly hired. As part of their opposition thereto, plaintiffs’

counsel, Daniel Broussard, obtained and filed the affidavit of Leonard Ray Lacour,

a member of the Boyce Town Council.1 Prior to obtaining the affidavit, the Town

Council had met in executive session twice to discuss this litigation, and Relators’

counsel had also discussed the matter with Lacour. Relators, therefore, alleged the

communication between Lacour and plaintiffs’ counsel violated Rule 4.2 of the

Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct (Rule 4.2)2 because it was made outside

1
Relators explained that, for the purposes of this writ, the terms “Town Council” and “Board of
Aldermen” are used interchangeably.
2
Rule 4.2 provides:

Unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer or is authorized to do so by
law or a court order, a lawyer in representing a client shall not communicate about
the subject of the representation with:
(a) a person the lawyer knows to be represented by another lawyer in the matter;
or
(b) a person the lawyer knows is presently a director, officer, employee, member,
shareholder or other constituent of a represented organization and

the presence and without the consent of defense counsel. The trial court struck the

affidavit from the summary judgment proceedings and denied summary judgment,

but declined to exclude Lacour’s testimony at trial. Relators filed a motion for

protective order, requesting the trial court (1) preclude plaintiffs, their attorney,

and/or agents from meeting with any town official wherein the subject matter of

this litigation is discussed, and (2) exclude Lacour’s affidavit and

testimony/evidence. See Application, p. 34. Plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing

that Fisher, a “constituent,” had a right to talk to Lacour, but did not file their own

motion for protective order.

The trial court denied the motion in part “insofar as it seeks to exclude Ray

Lacour as a witness” and granted the motion in part, ordering: (1) defense counsel

may communicate with Mayor Moore; (2) plaintiffs’ counsel may communicate

directly with Police Chief Washington, “as he was and, depending upon the ruling

of the Third Circuit, may be a plaintiff in this matter”; but (3) neither counsel for

plaintiffs nor defendants “shall have further direct contact with any Alderman of

the Town of Boyce, or any other Town of Boyce employee with managerial

authority.” See Application, p. 85. Relators now seek review of the trial court’s

ruling, particularly as to its refusal to exclude Lacour as a witness and its

prohibiting defense counsel from communicating with the Town Council.

We find that this suit involves the res nova issue of whether Louisiana law

requires exclusion of evidence and testimony from an officer of a represented

(1) who supervises, directs or regularly consults with the organization’s lawyer
concerning the matter;

(2) who has the authority to obligate the organization with respect to the matter;
or

(3) whose act or omission in connection with the matter may be imputed to the
organization for purposes of civil or criminal liability.

2

organization who was improperly contacted by opposing counsel in violation of

Rule 4.2. On June 26, 2017, this court stayed the August 27, 2017 bench trial and

ordered additional briefing. Plaintiffs failed to file any opposition brief in this

court.

SUPERVISORY RELIEF

“The proper procedural vehicle to contest an interlocutory judgment that

does not cause irreparable harm is an application for supervisory writs. See La.

C.C.P. arts. 2087 and 2201.” Brown v. Sanders, 06-1171, p. 2 (La.App. 1 Cir.

3/23/07), 960 So.2d 931, 933. But see La.Code Civ.P. art. 2083, comment (b),

“Irreparable injury continues to be an important (but not exclusive) ingredient in an

application for supervisory writs.” (Citation omitted.) A court of appeal has

plenary power to exercise supervisory jurisdiction over trial courts and may do so

at any time, according to the discretion of the court. When the trial court’s ruling is

arguably incorrect, a reversal will terminate the litigation, and there is no dispute of

fact to be resolved, judicial efficiency and fundamental fairness to the litigants

dictate that the merits of the application for supervisory writs should be decided in

an attempt to avoid the waste of time and expense of a possibly useless future trial

on the merits. Herlitz Const. Co., Inc. v. Hotel Inv’rs of New Iberia, Inc., 396

So.2d 878 (La.1981) (per curiam).

ON THE MERITS

Pursuant to the general rules of discovery, a court has the authority to grant a

protective order “for good cause shown” if justice requires such an order “to

protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression or undue

burden or expense.” La.Code Civ.P. art. 1426. The granting or denial of a

protective order and the extent of protection are within the sound discretion of the

3

trial court. Boyd v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 99-1820 (La.App. 3 Cir.

12/20/00), 775 So.2d 649, writ denied, 01-220 (La. 3/23/01), 788 So.2d 430. An

appellate court will not modify or reverse the trial court in such matters absent a

showing of abuse of discretion. Doucet v. Crowley Mfg., 02-1065 (La.App. 3 Cir.

3/19/03), 846 So.2d 875. Similarly, the trial court has vast discretion in

determining whether to exclude or allow evidence, and its decisions will not be

overturned in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Bellsouth Telecomms., Inc. v.

City of Lafayette, 05-1478, 05-1505 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/5/06), 919 So.2d 844.

The primary basis for Relators’ request for such an order, as well as its

arguments to this court, is that plaintiffs’ counsel, in violation of Rule 4.2,

communicated with Lacour, an officer of a represented organization, outside the

presence and without consent of opposing counsel. Relators posit that the penalty

for such communication should be the exclusion of Lacour’s testimony in its

entirety at trial and, therefore, the trial court erred in failing to exclude Lacour’s

testimony. Citing the provisions of Rule 4.2, Relators assert the communication

between plaintiffs’ counsel and Lacour about the subject of this litigation was

prohibited because: (1) Lacour, as Alderman, is by definition an “officer” of the

Town, which is a defendant in this suit and which Broussard knew was represented

by counsel, La.R.S. 33:381,3 see Rule 4.2(b)(“person the lawyer knows is presently

. . . officer . . . of a represented organization”); (2) defense counsel discussed the

litigation with Lacour prior to the communication, see Rule 4.2(b)(1)(“who . . .

consults with the organization’s lawyer concerning the matter”); (3) the Town
3
La.R.S. 33:381(A) provides: “The officers of every municipality shall be a mayor, aldermen, a
chief of police, a tax collector, and a clerk.” Relators also cite Rule 4.02 of the Texas
Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct that explicitly prohibits an attorney from
communicating with an “entity of government the lawyer knows to be represented by another
lawyer regarding that subject, unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer or is
authorized by law to do so.”

4

Council met in executive session twice, with Lacour present, to determine what

direction to proceed in this litigation prior to the contact, see Rule 4.2(b)(2)(“who

has the authority to obligate the organization with respect to the matter”); and (4)

plaintiffs have placed the Town Council’s alleged inactions regarding plaintiffs’

hiring and termination front and center in this litigation as a basis for their suit, see

Rule 4.2(b)(3)(“whose . . . omission in connection with the matter may be imputed

to the organization for purposes of civil . . . liability”).

Relators also advance the dual purposes of Rule 4.2 to prevent disclosure of

attorney/client communications and to protect a party from “liability-creating

statements” elicited by a skilled interrogator.4 In the interest of furthering same,

Relators argue that, when an improper communication is discovered before trial

and an ethical violation is found, the communication should be held inadmissible

so to balance the scales and protect the sanctity of the attorney-client relationship

as well as the integrity of the profession. 5 As to plaintiffs’ “constituents”

argument, Relators note Broussard is not a constituent, but an attorney who does

not live in the town and who discussed the subject of the representation with a

“represented party.” Simply put, plaintiffs cannot, with impunity, place the

inactions of the Town Council at issue and then approach a member thereof in an

4
See Jenkins v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 956 F.Supp. 695 (W.D. La. 1997)(concluding plaintiff’s
counsel was not permitted under Rule 4.2 to effect ex parte contact with any current Wal-Mart
employee); In re Shell Oil Refinery, 143 F.R.D. 105 (E.D. La. 1992)(prohibiting plaintiffs’
counsel’s ex parte contact with any Shell employees other than plaintiffs).
5
See State v. Gilliam, 98-1320 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/15/99), 748 So.2d 622, writ denied, 00-493
(La. 9/29/00), 769 So.2d 1215 (suppressing statement elicited from criminal defendant by
investigator as taken in violation of Rule 4.2). See Cf. Boutte v. Winn-Dixie La., Inc., 95-1123
(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/17/96), 674 So.2d 299 (held improper ex parte communication between
plaintiffs’ treating physicians and defense counsel); Coutee v. Global Marine Drilling Co., 04-
1293 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/16/05), 895 So.2d 631, reversed on other grounds, 05-576 (La.2/22/06),
924 So.2d 112 (found abuse of discretion to allow testimony of plaintiff’s treating physician who
accepted documents from, engaged in telephone conversations with, and met with defense
counsel).

5

effort to establish liability outside the presence and without consent of opposing

counsel.

Relators also challenge the trial court’s sua sponte ruling, prohibiting

defense counsel from communicating with the Town Council, a client, which

Relators submit contradicts La.Rules Prof.Conduct, Rule 1.4.6 Moreover, it places

defense counsel in an impossible position to defend any claims made against the

Town Council as a lawyer employed or retained by an organization, like the Town

Council herein, represents the organization acting through its duly authorized

constituents, who would be the aldermen in this matter. Citing La.Rules

Prof.Conduct, Rule 1.13(a).

We find that this writ presents an issue that has not been directly addressed

by this court, specifically whether a protective order excluding the testimony of a

witness is the proper measure to take against allegedly unethical conduct in a

proceeding before the trial court. It raises the question of what evidentiary

consequences, if any, are wrought by an attorney’s disregard for the ethical rules

6
La.Rules of Prof.Conduct, Rule 1.4 provides:
(a) A lawyer shall:
(1) promptly inform the client of any decision or circumstance with respect to
which the client’s informed consent, as defined in Rule 1.0(e), is required by these
Rules;
(2) reasonably consult with the client about the means by which the client’s
objectives are to be accomplished;
(3) keep the client reasonably informed about the status of the matter;
(4) promptly comply with reasonable requests for information; and
(5) consult with the client about any relevant limitation on the lawyer’s conduct
when the lawyer knows that the client expects assistance not permitted by the
Rules of Professional Conduct or other law.
(b) The lawyer shall give the client sufficient information to participate
intelligently in decisions concerning the objectives of the representation and the
means by which they are to be pursued.
(c) A lawyer who provides any form of financial assistance to a client during the
course of a representation shall, prior to providing such financial assistance,
inform the client in writing of the terms and conditions under which such
financial assistance is made, including but not limited to, repayment obligations,
the imposition and rate of interest or other charges, and the scope and limitations
imposed upon lawyers providing financial assistance as set forth in Rule 1.8(e).

6

prohibiting communication with represented persons. Likewise, it brings to the

court’s attention the very abuses Rule 4.2 was enacted to prevent and poses a

penalty to further the goals our supreme court sought to achieve in its enactment.

While this court has been silent, the fourth circuit in Gilliam suppressed a

criminal defendant’s statement that was elicited by an investigator without defense

counsel’s consent in violation of Rule 4.2. Noting the lack of jurisprudence, the

Gilliam court held:

The dual purposes behind Rule 4.2 are to prevent disclosure of
attorney/client communications, and to protect a party from “liability-
creating statements” elicited by a skilled interrogator. Jenkins v. Wal–
Mart Stores, Inc., 956 F.Supp. 695 (W.D.La.1997). In a reported civil
case, the court held that an attorney was prohibited from making any
use of documents provided by an employee of the adverse corporate
party. In re Shell Oil Refinery, 143 F.R.D. 105 (E.D.La.1992),
amended on reconsideration in part, and order amended, 144 F.R.D.
73 (E.D.La.1992).
We conclude that where there is an improper communication
discovered or considered before it is used at trial, and a violation of
the ethical rule is found, it should be held inadmissible. Jenkins,
supra. Patterson, even if we believe that he went on his own, elicited
the kind of liability-creating statement that Merritt kept in his file for
further use for the benefit of Williams and to the detriment of Gilliam.
The purpose underlying Rule 4.2 and its analogues is to protect the
sanctity of the attorney-client relationship and by so doing, to
safeguard the integrity of the profession and preserve public
confidence in our system of justice.
No court should condone what happened here. O.I.D.P.
represented both Williams and Gilliam, at least until 11 July 1994.
The very organization through its investigator and ultimately through
its counsel, brought harm to a former client by using the statement
which had been obtained by Merritt’s agent without permission of the
defendant’s counsel. We do not wish to be considered as lending our
approval to the practice, if indeed a practice exists, of interviewing
accused represented persons in jail in the absence of counsel. The
better, fairer and safer practice is to afford the defendant’s attorney
reasonable opportunity to be present. While we have found no cases
on point, we hold that a case by case analytical approach is to be
utilized by courts contemplating whether supervisory suppression is
warranted.

Gilliam, 748 So.2d at 638.

7

The federal courts have also spoken on this issue, holding:
Federal courts have authority to remedy litigation practices that
threaten judicial integrity and the adversary processes. Indeed, the
“district court is obliged to take measures against unethical conduct
occurring in connection with any proceeding before it.” Musicus v.
Westinghouse Electric Corp., 621 F.2d 742 (5th Cir.1980). “The role
of the district court in enforcing the Rules [of Professional Conduct] is
a limited one, however, and unless an attorney’s questionable
conduct threatens to taint the litigation pending before the court,
‘the business of the court is to dispose of litigation and not to act
as a general overseer of the ethics of those who practice here.’ ”
MMR/Wallace Power & Industrial, Inc. v. Thames Assoc., 764
F.Supp. 712 (D.Conn.1991). See also Dondi Properties Corp. v.
Commerce Savings and Loan Assoc., 121 F.R.D. 284, 290
(N.D.Tex.1988).

Likewise, the treatise writers have addressed the evidentiary consequences

for violations of Rule 4.2, explaining:

A violation of the no-contact rule may have consequences
beyond formal discipline. In a criminal case, a Louisiana appellate
court stated, with Rule 4.2 in mind: “[W]here there is an improper
communication discovered or considered before it is used at trial, and
a violation of the ethical rule is found, it should be held inadmissible.”
A related issue surfaced in In re Shell Oil Refinery, a class
action case against Shell in which a group of plaintiffs’ lawyers,
organized as a “Plaintiffs’ Legal Committee,” acquired confidential
information about Shell through a Shell employee, outside the
discovery process. Shell asked the court to order the plaintiffs’
lawyers to reveal the identity of the employee, so that they could
determine if there had been a violation of Rule 4.2. Shell also sought
information about the documents that the employee had provided. The
court was unable to determine, at that stage, whether there had been a
violation of the rule, but said:

The receipt of Shell’s documents was more than
informal fact-gathering. The PLC [Plaintiffs’ Legal
Committee] has effectively circumvented the discovery
process and prevented Shell from being able to argue
against production. Had the PLC sought to obtain these
documents through the discovery process, Shell would
have had the opportunity to seek a protective order
pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure….
The Court is concerned with preserving the
integrity of this judicial proceeding. What matters is
balancing the scales. That can be done by prohibiting the
PLC from making any use of the documents, requiring

8

the PLC to identify and produce the documents to Shell,
and prohibiting the PLC from any further ex parte contact
with any Shell employees other than those who are
plaintiffs in this suit. That Shell may learn the identity of
the source once it reviews the documents and perhaps
retaliate against the employee is not this Court’s concern.

The court entered an order in accordance with those conclusions. The
case is interesting, in part, because it shows a court taking steps to
protect against some of the abuses that Rule 4.2 is intended to prevent,
and the court took those steps without concluding that Rule 4.2 had
been violated. If the court had found a Rule 4.2 violation, one suspects
that it would have done the same things, while perhaps reporting the
offending lawyers to disciplinary authorities.

FRANK L. MARAIST, N. GREGORY SMITH, JUDGE THOMAS F. DALEY (DECEASED),

THOMAS C. GALLIGAN, JR., CATHERINE M. MARAIST, 21 LA.CIV. L. TREATISE,

Louisiana Lawyering § 9.3 (June 2017 update) (footnotes omitted).

The exclusion or admissibility of evidence ultimately rests within the sound

discretion of the trial court. As to the exclusion of Lacour’s testimony, we find

that Relators have not shown the abuse necessary to reverse the trial court’s ruling,

especially in the absence of any evidence that the judicial process has been or will

be tainted. On this point, it is noteworthy that Relators stress the alleged inaction

of the Town Council as giving rise to the liability in this matter, but in the petition,

liability is based on Mayor Moore’s unilateral action taken “without obtaining the

recommendation or consent of Police Chief Eddie Washington or the action of the

Board of Aldermen for the Town of Boyce.” Therefore, it follows that it is not the

Town Council’s failure to act, but rather, Mayor Moore’s action in its absence that

gives rise to liability in this litigation.

We agree with the proposition of defense counsel that he has the right to

communicate with his client, the Town Council. The inappropriate action of

Plaintiff’s counsel should not be a basis for placing any limit on the ability of

9

defense counsel to defend his client. We therefore hold that the trial court abused

its discretion in limiting defense counsel’s ability to communicate with his client.

Accordingly, the writ is granted to reverse the trial court’s ruling prohibiting

defense counsel from contact with his client, the Town Council. Otherwise, the

application for supervisory writs is denied. The stay order issued by this court on

June 26, 2017, is hereby recalled.

WRIT GRANTED IN PART AND MADE PEREMPTORY; WRIT DENIED

IN PART. STAY RECALLED.

10

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

17-470

MARY FISHER, ET AL.

VERSUS

THE TOWN OF BOYCE, ET AL.

GREMILLION, J., concurs in the result and assigns written reasons.

I agree with the majority’s finding that the Relators have not shown that the

trial court abused its vast discretion in not excluding Lacour as a witness,

particularly since there was no evidence that the alleged improper contact in any

way tainted or will taint the judicial process. The trial court excluded Lacour’s

affidavit. Lacour’s testimony at trial is subject to cross-examination and the fear of

artful lawyering suggesting or prompting “liability-creating statements” is not

present here. I would further note that there has been no finding, nor would I find

based on the evidence before us, that a Rule 4.2 violation has occurred. Gilliam

supports a conclusion that an “improper communication” and a violation of a rule

of ethics is necessary in order to find a statement is inadmissible at trial. The

affidavit has been excluded; excluding the witness entirely from the trial is a far-

reaching consequence exceeding the allegations of this particular case.