State of Louisiana v. Albert C. Girtley, Sr.

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

CR03-0654

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

ALBERT C. GIRTLEY, SR.

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 265,027
HONORABLE HARRY F. RANDOW, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

JIMMIE C. PETERS
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Ned E. Doucet, Jr., Chief Judge, Billie Colombaro Woodard and
Jimmie C. Peters, Judges.

AFFIRMED.

Woodard, J., dissents and assigns written reasons.

Charles E. Johnson, Jr.
Assistant District Attorney
Post Office Box 1472
Alexandria, LA 71309
(318) 473-6650
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Christopher A. Aberle
Post Office Box 8583
Mandeville, LA 70470
(985) 871-4084
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Albert C. Girtley, Sr.

PETERS, J.

The defendant, Albert C. Girtley, Sr., entered guilty pleas to one count of

attempted manslaughter, a violation of La.R.S. 14:31 and La.R.S. 14:27,1 and one

count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, a violation of La.R.S. 14:95.1,2

on December 16, 2002. After obtaining a presentence investigation report, the trial

court sentenced the defendant to serve twenty years at hard labor on the conviction for

attempted manslaughter and to serve fifteen years at hard labor, without the benefit

of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence, and to pay a $1,000.00 fine on the

conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The trial court then

ordered that the sentences run consecutively. After the trial court rejected his motion

to reconsider his sentence, the defendant filed this appeal.

The factual background is not in dispute. On September 17, 1991, the

defendant had been convicted of attempted manslaughter. On April 6, 2002, he shot

Michael Dwane Joseph twice with a firearm. In his sole assignment of error, the

defendant asserts that the trial court erred in accepting his guilty pleas without

adequately explaining the possible maximum incarceration sentences that could be

imposed for the convictions. Specifically, the defendant asserts that the trial court

erred in not advising him that the sentences could be imposed consecutively.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 556.1 lists the subjects which the

trial court must personally address with a defendant before accepting a felony guilty

plea. Included within those subjects is the requirement that the trial court inform the

defendant of “[t]he nature of the charge to which the plea is offered, the mandatory

minimum penalty provided by law, if any, and the maximum possible penalty

1
Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:27 was amended by 2003 La. Acts Nos. 166 and 745.
However, these amendments do not affect the outcome of this case.
2
Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:95.1 was amended by 2003 La. Acts No. 674. However, the
amendment does not affect the outcome of this case.

provided by law.” La.Code Crim.P. art. 556.1(A)(1) (emphasis added).

As charged in this case, the offense of attempted manslaughter has no

mandatory minimum penalty and has a maximum possible penalty of twenty years at

hard labor. La.R.S. 14:31(B); La.R.S. 14:27(D)(3). An individual convicted of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is subject to a mandatory minimum

penalty of ten years at hard labor and a $1,000.00 fine and a maximum possible

penalty of fifteen years at hard labor and a $5,000.00 fine. La.R.S. 95.1(B). Any

incarceration sentence under that statute is to be served without benefit of parole,

probation, or suspension of sentence. Id.

At the hearing in which the defendant entered his pleas, the trial court

specifically advised the defendant of the following:

You understand that to the charge of attempted manslaughter the court
could give you no time in jail up to twenty years and to the charge of one
count of possession of a firearm by a felon the court could give you ten
years up to fifteen years without benefit, or pay a fine of $1,000.00 not
to exceed $5,000.00 or both, do you understand that?

The defendant responded, “Yes sir.” Thus, the trial court clearly informed the

defendant of the mandatory minimum penalty and the maximum possible penalty for

each charge.

The defendant argues on appeal that he believed the maximum sentence he

could receive was twenty years and that, had he known he could be sentenced to

thirty-five years, he would not have entered his guilty pleas. He points out that

La.Code Crim.P. art. 883 provides that, generally, “[i]f [a] defendant is convicted of

two or more offenses based on the same act or transaction, or constituting parts of a

common scheme or plan, the terms of imprisonment shall be served concurrently

unless the court expressly directs that some or all be served consecutively.”

The defendant directs us to no reported Louisiana cases interpreting La.Code

2

Crim.P. art. 556.1 in which multiple pleas are entered at the same time. In his

appellate brief, he cites us to Iowa v. White, 587 N.W. 2d 240 (IA 1998), as authority

for his position. In that case, the defendant argued that his plea was constitutionally

invalid because the trial court failed to inform him that the maximum punishment that

could be imposed included consecutive sentences. He suggested that this violated

Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 8 and the United States Constitution. The Iowa

Supreme Court agreed, stating that failure to inform the defendant of the “maximum

possible punishment” violated Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 8 and the

requirements of the United States Constitution. Id. at 246.

We also have found no reported Louisiana cases interpreting La.Code Crim.P.

art. 556.1 in the context of multiple pleas. However, we note that La.Code Crim.P.

art. 556.1 addresses the trial court’s explanation requirements in terms of a “charge,”

not “charges.” In this case, the trial court informed the defendant of the minimum and

maximum penalties for each charge. It logically follows that a defendant, when

informed of his exposure on each charge, can mathematically calculate his total

exposure if the trial court chooses to impose the sentences consecutively. Had the

legislature intended that the trial court specify to a defendant that multiple sentences

could be imposed consecutively, it could have so stated. We will not judicially

engraft that requirement onto the statute.

Further, while we are not bound by the Iowa Supreme Court’s interpretation of

Iowa law, we do not find it in conflict with our interpretation of Louisiana law.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 556.1 is written in terms of each

individual charge, and Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 8 addresses the “maximum

possible punishment”that can be imposed. (Emphasis added.) In the case before us,

the trial court informed the defendant of the maximum possible sentence that could

3

be imposed on each count. As previously stated, we find nothing in Louisiana law or

jurisprudence which requires a trial court to inform a defendant of the aggregate

maximum possible punishment to which he could be exposed when pleading to

multiple offenses.

Nothing in the record suggests that the defendant was induced to plead guilty

to both counts by unkept promises or misrepresentations on the part of the trial court,

the state, or the defendant’s counsel. The record reflects that the defendant

specifically acknowledged his pleas were not subject to a sentencing agreement. The

more reasonable explanation for the defendant’s inducement to enter into the plea

agreement was the state’s reduction of the one count from attempted second degree

murder to attempted manslaughter and the state’s agreement not to pursue him as an

habitual offender. These agreements reduced his incarceration exposure significantly.

Accordingly, we find no merit in the defendant’s assignment of error.

DISPOSITION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s convictions and sentences.

AFFIRMED.

4

NUMBER CR03-654

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

STATE OF LOUISIANA

STATE OF LOUISIANA

State - Appellee

Versus

ALBERT C. GIRTLEY, SR.

Defendant - Appellant

On appeal from the Ninth Judicial District Court [Number 265,027], for the
Parish of Rapides, State of Louisiana; the Honorable Harry F. Randow, District Judge,
presiding.

Woodard, J., dissenting.

It appears that this case presents a res nova issue concerning the legislative
intent behind requiring courts to inform a defendant of the “maximum” sentence to
which he will be exposed when pleading guilty to more than one charge and the
meaning of a “voluntary” and “knowing” guilty plea. It is well settled that the lower
court has the responsibility to inform a defendant of the maximum possible sentence
he could receive before pleading guilty to any offense(s). However, the statute
governing this requirement—La.Code Crim.P. art. 556.1—does not, explicitly, use
terms connoting its application to multiple charges.
Nevertheless, presumably, the underlying goal of its requirement is to ensure
that courts are to inform a defendant of the maximum exposure his guilty plea will
elicit so that he can give a “knowing” and, thus, “voluntary” guilty plea. Even though,
technically, one can argue that the statute requires, only, that a court advise the
defendant of the maximum on an individual charge, when he is pleading to more than
one, advising him simply of the maximum on each charge without also advising him
that those maximums, in effect, could be stacked, greatly expanding his incarceration,
undermines the legislative intent.

Notwithstanding, narrowing its focus to La.Code Crim.P. art. 556.1's word,
“charge,” as opposed to “charges,” the majority concludes that the trial court fulfilled
its responsibility to make Mr. Girtley fully aware of all the relevant circumstances
and likely consequences of his guilty plea even though dealing with multiple charges
creates a different scenario than that explicitly expressed in the statute and one in
which common sense dictates an expanded explanation of the sentencing possibilities
to fulfill constitutionally protected due process requirements. Furthermore, with its
limited interpretation of La.Code Crim.P. art. 556.1, the majority ignores the pivotal
fact that the statute also directs our courts to determine whether a defendant’s plea “is
voluntary.”
Essentially, the majority’s approach authorizes lower courts to assume that a
defendant will surmise that his sentences could be ordered to run consecutively, even
though this resulting omission means providing less than full disclosure. Moreover,
reality creates a reasonable expectation for a defendant that he will receive concurrent
sentences. This is because concurrent sentences are the norm for related crimes 1 in
light of La.Code Crim.P. art. 883 which provides “if the defendant is convicted of two
or more offenses based on the same act or transaction, or constituting parts of a
common scheme or plan, the terms of imprisonment shall be served concurrently
unless the court expressly directs that some or all be served consecutively.”
(Emphasis added.) Thus, this article and its application create for a defendant an
expectation, not of facing the imposition of, either, concurrent or consecutive
sentences, but rather, of receiving concurrent sentences unless expressly advised to
the contrary.
More importantly, to satisfy a defendant’s constitutionally protected due
process rights, courts are not permitted to assume that he knows any of the basic
consequences of pleading guilty. Rather, they must explicitly advise him of each and
every consequence and they must ascertain that he fully understands each
consequence. Indeed, in State v. Montalban, our supreme court recently determined
that a guilty plea’s validity is dependent on this satisfaction of due process:

The entry of a guilty plea must be a free and voluntary choice on the
defendant's part. Due process requires that pleas of guilty be voluntary

1
State v. Walker, 00-3200 (La. 10/16/01), 799 So.2d 461; La.Code Crim.P. art.
883.
2

and intelligent relinquishments of known rights. The court must make an
independent determination of whether the defendant’s plea is made
knowingly and intelligently through a colloquy wherein the defendant is
questioned about his decision and the constitutional rights he is
waiving.[2]

(Emphasis added.)
Additionally, the United States Supreme Court has consistently held that
“[w]aivers of constitutional rights not only must be voluntary but must be knowing,
intelligent acts done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely
consequences.”3 (Emphasis added.)
Nevertheless, in the instant case, the majority concludes that it is enough to
inform a defendant of the maximum punishment on each charge, leaving him to
surmise that the sentences could be ordered to be served consecutively, thus,
increasing his real, possible, maximum exposure of incarceration. 4 Responding to,
essentially, the same argument, the Supreme Court of Iowa stated:

The position urged . . . for our adoption violates these [Constitutional]
principles and requirements. It leaves the defendant informed of
statutory words, thus partially informed, but uninformed of the true
maximum possible punishment . . . coming from consecutive sentences.
In essence, defendant is uninformed and unenlightened.[5]

(Emphasis added.)
Furthermore, failing to inform a defendant of the possibility of consecutive
sentences violates the spirit of the law.6 A defendant surely cannot plead intelligently
without first understanding the total consequences of his plea. Therefore, “[t]o hold
that the term ‘maximum’ does not include the total possible aggregate sentence is
clearly incorrect.”7

2
State v. Montalban, 00-2739, p. 4-5 (La. 2/26/02), 810 So.2d 1106, 1108-09
(citations omitted).
3
Brady v. U.S., 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970).
4
Id.
5
Iowa v. White, 587 N.W.2d 240, 246 (IA 1998).
6
Id.
7
Id.; (quoting Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Persinger, 532 Pa. 317 (Pa.
1992)).
3

American Bar Association Standard 14-1.4 explicitly states that the courts
should inform the defendant of the possibility of consecutive sentences.8 Regarding
this standard, the Iowa Supreme Court notes that:

[T]he reasoning behind this standard is sound, for this approach
will help to assure that the defendant appreciates the significance and
consequences of his plea and that once entered the plea will withstand
post-sentencing attack. Requiring the trial court to tell the defendant that
the sentences may be imposed consecutively and what the total aggregate
sentence could be will not significantly lengthen the colloquy or place
any undue burden on the court.[9]

Trial courts can easily satisfy La.Code Crim.P. art. 556.1(A)(1) and the U.S.
Constitutional due process requirements on this issue with only a few words.10 Taking
this simple step, which is not unduly burdensome11 and which would take less than
one minute12 is necessary to fully protect a defendant’s rights and provide due process.
In the instant case, the district court did not advise Mr. Girtley that he might
have to serve consecutive sentences. Additionally, there is nothing in the record, or
from any other source, indicating that his attorney advised him of this possibility. In
fact, Mr. Girtley confirms that he believed the greatest sentence he could receive was
twenty years and had he known that he could be imprisoned for up to thirty-five years,
he would not have plead guilty.
The guilty plea colloquy indicates the trial court advised him of his right to a
trial by jury, his right to confront and cross-examine his accusers, and his right against
self-incrimination. It also informed him that if he were convicted of another criminal
offense in the future, his sentence could be increased because of his decision to enter
guilty pleas to the current offenses. Then, the following exchange occurred:

Q You understand that to the charge of attempted manslaughter the
court could give you no time in jail up to twenty years and to the

8
See III AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, STANDARDS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE, std.
14-1.4 (2d ed. 1980).
9
Iowa, 587 N.W.2d at 245; (quoting Persinger, 532 Pa. 317 (Pa. 1992)).
10
Id.
11
Id.
12
Id.
4

charge of one count of possession of a firearm by a felon the court
could give you ten years up to fifteen years without benefit, or pay
a fine of $1,000.00 not to exceed $5,000.00 or both, do you
understand that?

A Yes sir.

Missing from this exchange, however, are a few extremely important words,
explaining the difference between consecutive and concurrent sentences, that he could
receive consecutive sentences, and what that would mean for him. The inclusion of
this information would have made it possible for the court to make a reasoned
assessment of Mr. Girtley’s understanding of the full consequences of his waiver.
The majority’s opinion implies that Mr. Girtley is fortunate to have received
any plea agreement whatsoever, therefore, any possible error is harmless because the
State could have charged him with crimes that carry a much longer maximum
sentence. While this may be true, it is also true that our supreme court’s standard in
State v. Guzman13 instructs that an error is not harmless “if the district court’s flawed
compliance . . . may reasonably be viewed as having been a material factor affecting
[defendant’s] decision to plead guilty.”
Mr. Girtley’s knowledge of the possibility of consecutive sentences surely
could have affected his plea negotiations and, ultimately, his decision regarding
whether to accept a plea bargain. For example, the prospect of spending thirty-five
years in jail, compared with twenty, might have convinced him to exercise his right
to a trial to determine his fate which, in turn, might have motivated the State to make
a more lenient offer, notwithstanding other possible dropped charges. In other words,
sentencing Mr. Girtley, without informing him that he could lose an additional fifteen
years of his life, could have affected his decision to plead guilty and his substantial
rights—mainly, the extent of his loss of liberty.14 Thus, the trial court’s omission was
not harmless.

13
99-1753, 99-1528, p. 20 (La. 5/16/00), 769 So.2d 1158, 1165; quoting United
States v. Johnson, 1 F.3d 296, 302 (5th Cir. 1993) (en banc) (expressly overruling
United States v. Martirosian, 967 F.2d 1036 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing United States v.
Bachynsky, 934 F.2d at 1360).
14
Id.
5

We must not forget the magnitude of the rights a defendant loses when he
agrees to plead guilty. In Brady v. U.S.,15 the United States Supreme Court
characterized a guilty plea as “a grave and solemn act to be accepted only with care
and discernment.” “What is at stake for an accused facing death or imprisonment
demands the utmost solicitude of which courts are capable in canvassing the matter
with the accused to make sure he has a full understanding of what the plea connotes
and of its consequence.”16

15
397 U.S. at 748.
16
Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243-44 (1969).
6