State of Louisiana v. Paul Roberts, Jr.

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

06-765

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

PAUL ROBERTS, JR.

**********
APPEAL FROM THE
NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 276,876
HONORABLE JOHN C. DAVIDSON, DISTRICT JUDGE
**********

GLENN B. GREMILLION
JUDGE

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Court composed of Oswald A. Decuir, Jimmie C. Peters, and Glenn B. Gremillion,
Judges.

AFFIRMED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

James C. Downs
District Attorney
Loren M. Lampert
Asst. District Attorney
9th Judicial District Court
701 Murray Street
Alexandria, LA 71301
(318)473-6650
Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellee:
State of Louisiana

D. Wayne Bush
S. Christie Smith, IV
The Smith Law Firm
P. O. Drawer 1528
Leesville, LA 71496-1528
(337) 239-2244
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Paul Roberts, Jr.

Gremillion, Judge.

Following a jury trial, the defendant, Paul Roberts, Jr., was convicted of

second degree murder, a violation of La.R.S. 14:30.1; attempted second degree

murder, a violation of La.R.S. 14:27 and 14:30.1; possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon, a violation of La.R.S. 14:95.1; and possession of marijuana with

intent to distribute, a violation of La.R.S. 40:966(A)(1). He now appeals raising eight

assignments of error. For the following reasons, we affirm with instructions.

FACTS

Defendant was convicted of second degree murder for the killing of

Christopher Cook and the attempted second degree murder of Jose Reyna, Jr., as well

as the other crimes mentioned above. These events occurred at Cook’s apartment in

Alexandria, Louisiana, on April 23, 2003, during a drug transaction.

Reyna, Jr. and Cook met at a halfway house in Rapides Parish where

Reyna was serving time for possession of marijuana and distribution of drugs.1 After

leaving the halfway house, Reyna returned to Texas. However, he and Cook had

decided to deal marijuana together. The plan was that Cook would sell the marijuana

in central Louisiana, then pay Reyna for the delivery. On April 23, 2003, Reyna went

to Alexandria to pick up a truck and a portion of the money Cook owed him for the

most recent delivery.

Reyna testified that when he arrived at Cook’s apartment there were two

other men there. Cook was conducting a drug transaction with the two men. Cook

1
At the time of trial, Reyna was serving sentences for money laundering and possession
of marijuana with intent to distribute. He had received a sentence of seven years on each count to
run concurrently.

1

left the room and returned with an ice chest containing four pounds of marijuana.

During the transaction, Reyna and Cook were seated on a sofa on the left side of the

room and the other two men on a sofa on the right side of the room. Reyna testified

that “the big fellow,” Kenny Bell, weighed the marijuana and the other man,

Defendant, pulled out a gun. Defendant then said, “be cool, we just gonna take this

and nothing’s gonna happen.” Reyna further testified that Bell opened the door to the

apartment, and said, “blast ‘em.” Defendant and Bell left, taking the marijuana with

them.

According to the record, Defendant shot Cook and Reyna as he was

running out of the apartment. Reyna was taken to a local hospital, where he remained

hospitalized for two weeks. Cook died as a result of a gunshot wound to the neck and

was pronounced dead at the scene. An autopsy revealed that a bullet entered Cook’s

left neck, lacerated the left jugular vein and the top portion of the left lung, and exited

out his back.

SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

In his eighth assignment of error, Defendant contends the evidence was

insufficient to sustain the verdict. Since a ruling that the evidence was insufficient

would necessitate an acquittal, we will address this assignment first, pursuant to State

v. Hearold, 603 So.2d 731 (La.1992).

This court has explained:

When the issue of sufficiency of evidence is raised on appeal, the
critical inquiry of the reviewing court is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct.
2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, rehearing denied, 444 U.S. 890, 100 S.Ct. 195,

2

62 L.Ed.2d 126 (1979); State ex rel. Graffagnino v. King, 436 So.2d 559
(La.1983); State v. Duncan, 420 So.2d 1105 (La.1982); State v. Moody,
393 So.2d 1212 (La.1981). It is the role of the fact finder to weigh the
respective credibility of the witnesses, and therefore, the appellate court
should not second guess the credibility determinations of the triers of
fact beyond the sufficiency evaluations under the Jackson standard of
review. See State ex rel. Graffagnino, 436 So.2d 559 (citing State v.
Richardson, 425 So.2d 1228 (La.1983)). In order for this Court to
affirm a conviction, however, the record must reflect that the state has
satisfied its burden of proving the elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.

State v. Kennerson, 96-1518, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/7/97), 695 So.2d 1367, 1371.

The indictment charged Defendant with second degree murder, asserting

that he did kill Cook “with specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm; and

while engaged in the commission of the offense of armed robbery” of Cook and

Reyna. Additionally, he was charged with attempted second degree murder, in that

he did attempt to commit second degree murder of Reyna, “with specific intent to kill

and while engaged in the commission of the offense of armed robbery” of Cook and

Reyna. In addition to those charges, Defendant was charged with possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon and possession of a controlled dangerous substance

(marijuana) with intent to distribute.

Subsequently, Defendant was convicted of each charge. Louisiana

Revised Statute 14:30.1(A) defines second degree murder as the killing of a human

being:

(1) When the offender has a specific intent to kill or to inflict great
bodily harm; or

(2)(a) When the offender is engaged in the perpetration or attempted
perpetration of aggravated rape, forcible rape, aggravated arson,
aggravated burglary, aggravated kidnapping, second degree kidnapping,
aggravated escape, drive-by shooting, armed robbery, first degree
robbery, or simple robbery, even though he has no intent to kill or to

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inflict great bodily harm.

Attempt is defined in La.R.S. 14:27 as follows:

A. Any person who, having a specific intent to commit a crime,
does or omits an act for the purpose of and tending directly toward the
accomplishing of his object is guilty of an attempt to commit the offense
intended; and it shall be immaterial whether, under the circumstances,
he would have actually accomplished his purpose.

B. (1) Mere preparation to commit a crime shall not be sufficient
to constitute an attempt; but lying in wait with a dangerous weapon with
the intent to commit a crime, or searching for the intended victim with
a dangerous weapon with the intent to commit a crime, shall be
sufficient to constitute an attempt to commit the offense intended.

The supreme court has explained:

To sustain a conviction for attempted second degree murder, the
state must prove that the defendant: (1) intended to kill the victim; and
(2) committed an overt act tending toward the accomplishment of the
victim’s death. La. R.S. 14:27; 14:30.1. Although the statute for the
completed crime of second degree murder allows for a conviction based
on “specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm,” La. R.S.
14:30.1, attempted second degree murder requires specific intent to kill.
State v. Huizar, 414 So.2d 741 (La.1982). Specific intent may be
inferred from the circumstances surrounding the offense and the conduct
of the defendant. La. R.S. 14:10(1); State v. Butler, 322 So.2d 189
(La.1975); State v. Martin, 92-0811 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/31/94), 638 So.2d
411.

State v. Bishop, 01-2548, p. 4 (La. 1/14/03), 835 So.2d 434, 437.

Defendant makes two specific arguments: (1) that the State failed to

show the specific intent element of second degree murder and attempted second

degree murder, because the surviving victim, Reyna, testified Defendant’s aim was

“random,” and (2) that there was insufficient evidence of an armed robbery, since

Bell, the previously convicted co-defendant, testified that “nothing was taken.”

Defendant does not now allege that the State failed to prove he was the shooter.

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At trial, Reyna testified that before the shooting Defendant was sitting

down on the couch. Reyna thought that Bell was distracting them while he was

weighing the marijuana. Reyna said he heard a gun cock and looked to see Defendant

pointing a gun at Cook and him. It was at this point that Defendant got up and said

to “be cool” and that they were going to take the marijuana and nothing else was

going to happen. However, according to Reyna, it was at this point that Bell told

Defendant to “blast ‘em” and Defendant started shooting. Reyna testified that he was

hit three times and Cook once. He described the shooting as “random.”

Reyna’s testimony clearly showed that Defendant pointed a pistol at

Reyna and Cook, then fired it, killing Cook and hitting Reyna three times. Further,

Defendant’s actions support a finding of specific intent. “Deliberately pointing and

firing a deadly weapon at close range are circumstances which will support a finding

of specific intent to kill.” State v. Brown, 03-897, p. 22 (La. 4/12/05), 907 So.2d 1,

18. Therefore, the evidence supported a finding that Defendant specifically intended

to kill Reyna and Cook beyond a reasonable doubt. For this reason, the first portion

of Defendant’s argument fails.

Defendant’s second argument is that the State failed to prove that he

committed or attempted to commit an armed robbery at the time of the shootings.

Having determined that specific intent was established pursuant to La.R.S.

14:30.1(A)(1), we find that there was no need for the State to prove that Defendant

was committing an armed robbery pursuant to La.R.S. 14:30.1(A)(2)(a).

Nevertheless, the jury heard Reyna testify that Defendant and Bell took

approximately four pounds of marijuana as they left Cook’s apartment. During

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cross-examination, Bell testified that he did not steal anything from the apartment,

nor did he see Defendant steal anything. It is quite possible that the jury found Reyna

more credible, and it is well-settled that such a determination is within its purview.

Thus, Defendant’s second argument under this assignment of error lacks merit.

For the reasons discussed above, this assignment of error is without

merit.

JOINDER OF CHARGES

In his first assignment of error, Defendant argues that the lower court

erred by refusing to sever the charges prior to trial. In his motion below, Defendant

argued that joinder of the offenses was prejudicial, that the charges were not part of

a “continuum,” and that the State had joined them in order to portray him in a bad

light. However, he did not seek severance of the second degree murder and attempted

second degree murder charges. The State filed a written opposition to the motion,

arguing that it was untimely and that the offenses all arose out of the same transaction

or occurrence. The trial court denied the motion. The argument in the trial court

centered on the case of State v. Morris, 99-3075, pp. 3-7 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/3/00),

770 So.2d 908, 913-15, writ denied, 00-3293 (La. 10/12/01), 799 So.2d 496, cert.

denied, 535 U.S. 934, 122 S.Ct. 1311 (2002) (emphasis added), which we set forth

at length below:

Defense counsel complained of the joinder of the felon in
possession of a firearm count through various means, including a
motion to quash the charge and several motions to sever the offenses.
During trial, counsel vehemently objected to the introduction of the
evidence and even refused to cross-examine the State’s witnesses whose
testimony established the prior conviction. On appeal, defendant now
argues that the lack of jurisprudence on the issue conclusively
establishes that trial courts routinely sever these charges before trial; or,

6

if the trial court refuses a motion to sever, an appellate court will reverse
that ruling on supervisory review.

We find defendant’s arguments unpersuasive. We have found no
published jurisprudence directly addressing this issue. However, while
some appellate decisions incidentally indicate that a felon in possession
charge was severed from other offenses before trial, other decisions
reflect that a felon in possession charge was jointly tried with other
offenses or even tried in a separate proceeding, but at the same time as
other offenses.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 493 provides for the
joinder of two or more offenses, as follows:

Two or more offenses may be charged in the same
indictment or information in a separate count for each
offense if the offenses charged, whether felonies or
misdemeanors, are of the same or similar character or are
based on the same act or transaction or on two or more acts
or transactions connected together or constituting parts of
a common scheme or plan; provided that the offenses
joined must be triable by the same mode of trial.

“If it appears that a defendant or the state is prejudiced by a
joinder of offenses in an indictment or bill of information or by such
joinder for trial together, the court may order separate trials, grant a
severance of offenses, or provide whatever other relief justice requires.”
LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 495.1.

A defendant in any case bears a heavy burden of proof when
alleging prejudicial joinder of offenses as grounds for a motion to sever;
factual, rather than conclusory, allegations are required. State v. Davis,
92-1623, p. 9 (La.5/23/94), 637 So.2d 1012, 1019, cert. denied, 513 U.S.
975, 115 S.Ct. 450, 130 L.Ed.2d 359 (1994). In ruling on a motion for
severance, the trial court must weigh the possibility of prejudice to the
defendant against the important considerations of economical and
expedient use of judicial resources. State v. Brooks, 541 So.2d 801, 804
(La.1989). An appellate court will not reverse the trial court’s ruling
denying a motion for severance absent a clear showing of prejudice.
State v. Machon, 410 So.2d 1065, 1068 (La.1982); See State v. Allen,
95-1515, p. 5 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/28/96), 677 So.2d 709, 713, writ denied,
97-0025 (10/3/97), 701 So.2d 192.

Because all of the charged offenses were triable by the same
number of jurors and required the same concurrence, joinder was not
improper; because the use of a weapon is an essential element of the

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armed robbery charges, evidence that defendant was armed also was not
improper. Thus, the only question is whether the introduction of
evidence of defendant’s prior conviction for first degree robbery was so
prejudicial that the trial court’s failure to sever that count was an abuse
of discretion.

As a general rule, evidence of criminal conduct that takes place
in a series of events is admissible at the trial of one of the offenses. See
LSA-C.E. art. 404(B). See also State v. Colomb, 98-2813, pp. 1-2
(La.10/1/99), 747 So.2d 1074, 1075. Any time the State introduces
evidence of other criminal activity by the accused, the possibility exists
that the trier of fact will be affected to some degree by the evidence; for
that reason, the State must be mindful of the circumstances in which it
elects to try a charge of felon in possession of a firearm with other
substantive offenses to insure that justice is served. Nevertheless, there
is no absolute ban on the introduction of evidence of other unrelated
crimes, including felony convictions; instead, statutory and
jurisprudential guidelines establish the circumstances under which this
evidence is admissible. See LSA-C.E. arts. 403; 404(B). See also State
v. Prieur, 277 So.2d 126, 130 (La.1973). Herein, the jury was properly
instructed, after the presentation of the evidence and again during the
general instructions, that the evidence of defendant’s prior conviction
was admitted only to establish the elements of one of the charged
offenses and not as evidence bearing on defendant’s character.

. . . .

In any event, even if we were to find the trial court erred in
refusing to sever the felon in possession of a firearm charge, the
erroneous admission of other-crimes evidence is a trial error subject to
harmless-error analysis on appeal. State v. Johnson, 94-1379, p. 15
(La.11/27/95), 664 So.2d 94, 101. The test for determining whether an
error is harmless is whether the verdict actually rendered in this case
“was surely unattributable to the error.” Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S.
275, 279, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993); Johnson,
94-1379 at 14, 664 So.2d at 100.

The State’s evidence included testimony by: two customers,
neither of whom was able to positively identify defendant as a
perpetrator, but who both testified Molden was accompanied by another
man dressed totally in black; defendant’s two accomplices, who
admitted that they planned and participated in the robbery with
defendant; and the store manager, who testified he was absolutely
positive defendant was the person who held a gun to his head and
threatened to kill him while he tried to open the safe. Given the
extensive direct evidence of the armed robberies, the verdicts on those

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charges could not have been related to evidence of any prior conviction
of defendant.

There were no eyewitnesses to the abduction and murder of Ms.
Purdue. However, as discussed later, defendant was clearly connected
to those offenses through circumstantial evidence. Any possibility that
the jury was prejudiced against defendant because of his prior
conviction is so remote as to render the verdicts surely unattributable to
the evidence.

As an aside, we note that the supreme court has applied the harmless

error analysis to cases involving joinder/severance problems. See e.g., State v.

Deruise, 98-0541 (La. 4/3/01), 802 So.2d 1224, cert. denied, 534 U.S. 926, 122 S.Ct.

283 (2001); and State v. Strickland, 94-0025 (La. 11/1/96), 683 So.2d 218, questioned

on other grounds in State v. Joseph, 03-1445 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/26/04), 875 So.2d

1011.

As noted in our sufficiency of evidence review of the murder and

attempted-murder convictions, the State presented a strong case against Defendant,

which included the eyewitness testimony of Reyna, the surviving victim, and the

testimony of Bell, Defendant’s accomplice. Regarding the conviction for possession

of marijuana with the intent to distribute, Reyna testified that Defendant and Bell

absconded from the crime scene with four pounds of marijuana. This testimony alone

was sufficient to establish that Defendant had physical possession of the marijuana.

Also, in his statements to police, Defendant admitted to being a drug dealer, and to

being present in the victim’s apartment while a drug transaction was taking place. In

addition, Bell testified that the marijuana was worth $700 per pound. Although none

of the officers testified regarding whether the amount of marijuana involved was

either consistent or inconsistent with personal use, we believe that the jury had

9

sufficient facts before it to infer that Defendant had the intent to distribute the

marijuana taken by him and Bell.2 In essence, it was reasonable for the jury to infer

that Defendant’s act of shooting two men (killing one and critically injuring the other)

and taking $2800 worth of marijuana from the dead victim’s apartment, was not

consistent with an intent to use the drugs merely for personal use.

Regarding the conviction for illegal possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon, Reyna’s testimony established that Defendant possessed a firearm.

The State established Defendant’s status as a convicted felon via the testimony of

Lyndel Willis, a probation and parole agent from the Department of Corrections.

Also, we note that the trial court gave a limiting instruction regarding the evidence

that Defendant had a prior felony conviction.

In our opinion, the evidence in the present case is at least as strong as the

evidence presented in Morris. Thus, we find that the trial court did not commit error

in denying the motion to severe. Even if the trial court erred in denying the motion,

the error was harmless since the verdicts were surely unattributable to the joinder of

the offenses. Therefore, this assignment of error is without merit.

SHACKLED DEFENDANT

In his second assignment of error, Defendant argues that the trial court

erred by allowing him to be shackled during trial. Both sides note that ordinarily a

2
For appellate analysis of the intent issue, this court has employed a five-factor test: “(1)
whether the accused ever distributed or attempted to distribute drugs; (2) whether the drugs were in
a form usually associated with possession for distribution to others; (3) whether the amount of drugs
created an inference of an intent to distribute; (4) whether expert or other testimony establishes that
the amount of drugs found in the accused’s possession is inconsistent with personal use only; and
(5) whether there was any paraphernalia, such as baggies or scales, evidencing an intent to
distribute.” State v. Davis, 05-543, p. 9 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/30/05), 918 So.2d 1186, 1192, writ
denied, 06-0587 (La. 10/13/06), 939 So.2d 372 (citing State v. House, 325 So.2d 222 (La.1975)).

10

defendant should not appear before a jury in prison restraints. Defendant

acknowledges that a defendant may be visibly restrained in some circumstances, but

argues that no such circumstances existed in the present case. In response, the State

argues that he must show prejudice to obtain relief on appeal, and that he has failed

to do so.

However, we find that this assignment of error presents us with nothing

to review. Both sides agree the restraint device was under Defendant’s clothes, but

Defendant argues that part of it was still visible, and that the device was also audible.

The State contends the device was invisible to the jury. As the record contains no

evidence, exhibits, or proffers depicting the appearance or sound of the device, there

is no practical way for us to review the factual issue of whether the restraint device

was visible or audible to the jury. Accordingly, the issues raised under this

assignment of error would be better addressed in the post-conviction process, where

the record can be more fully developed. La.Code Crim.P. art. 924, et seq.

DEFENDANT’S CHALLENGES FOR CAUSE

In his third assignment of error, Defendant argues that the trial court

erred by denying his challenges for cause of four venire members. He adds that the

denial of these challenges caused him to prematurely exhaust his peremptory

challenges.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 797 governs challenges

for cause. It states, in pertinent part:

“The state or the defendant may challenge a juror for cause on the
ground that:

....

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(2) The juror is not impartial, whatever the cause of his partiality. An
opinion or impression as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant shall
not of itself be sufficient ground of challenge to a juror, if he declares,
and the court is satisfied, that he can render an impartial verdict
according to the law and the evidence;

....

(4) The juror will not accept the law as given to him by the court;. . . .”

Also, La.Code Crim.P. art. 800(A) states: “A defendant may not assign

as error a ruling refusing to sustain a challenge for cause made by him, unless an

objection thereto is made at the time of the ruling. The nature of the objection and

grounds therefor shall be stated at the time of objection.”

The supreme court has explained:

A trial court is vested with broad discretion in ruling on
challenges for cause, and its rulings will be reversed only when a review
of the voir dire record as a whole reveals an abuse of discretion. State
v. Cross, 93-1189, p. 7 (La.6/30/95), 658 So.2d 683, 686; State v.
Robertson, 92-2660, p. 4 (La.1/14/94), 630 So.2d 1278, 1281. Prejudice
is presumed when a challenge for cause is denied erroneously by a trial
court and the defendant ultimately exhausts his peremptory challenges.
Robertson, 92-2660 at p. 3, 630 So.2d at 1280; State v. Ross, 623 So.2d
643, 644 (La.1993). An erroneous ruling depriving an accused of a
peremptory challenge is a substantial violation of his constitutional and
statutory rights and constitutes reversible error. Cross, 93-1189 at p. 6,
658 So.2d at 686; State v. Bourque, 622 So.2d 198, 225 (La.1993). “A
challenge for cause should be granted, even when a prospective juror
declares his ability to remain impartial, if the juror’s responses as a
whole reveal facts from which bias, prejudice or inability to render
judgment according to law may be reasonably implied.” State v. Jones,
474 So.2d 919, 926 (La.1985). However, a trial court does not abuse its
discretion when it refuses to excuse a prospective juror on the ground he
is not impartial where, after further inquiry or instruction, the potential
juror has demonstrated a willingness and ability to decide the case
impartially according to the law and evidence. Robertson, 92-2660 at
p. 4, 630 So.2d at 1281.

State v. Scott, 04-1312, pp. 16-17 (La. 1/19/06), 921 So.2d 904, 921, cert. denied, 75

U.S. 3167, 127 S.Ct. 137 (2006).

12

Defendant exhausted his peremptory challenges, and excused each of the

prospective jurors he claims should have been excused for cause with a peremptory

challenge. Accordingly, we discuss the merits of each of the four challenges for

cause that he raises on appeal.

David Vanderhoeven

Defendant first complains of the denial of his challenge for cause against

venire member David Vanderhoeven. The trial court denied the challenge, finding

Vanderhoeven would apply the law. The trial court noted Defendant’s objection for

the record. The grounds for said objection were not stated for the purposes of Article

800. However, in the context of the proceedings, we recognize that the grounds for

the objection could reasonably be considered to be identical to the grounds for the

initial challenge for cause. Further, a review of the jurisprudence indicates that we

have not applied Article 800 strictly. For example, in State v. Hundley, 99-1156

(La.App. 3 Cir. 3/22/00), 760 So.2d 417, we noted the lack of objections to the

challenges at issue, but proceeded to analyze the assignment of error in the interest

of justice. See also State v. Garrick, 02-712 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/30/04), 879 So.2d 401,

writ denied, 04-1969 (La. 3/17/05), 896 So.2d 986.

Regarding the substance of Defendant’s assignment of error, we have

carefully reviewed the entirety of Vanderhoeven’s voir dire examination. While some

of his answers were ambiguous regarding his ability to apply the law as given to him

as required by La.Code Crim.P. art. 797(4), the totality of his voir dire indicates that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting the challenge for cause.

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Vanderhoeven is married and the father of two children. Both he and his

wife are employed, she for a medical company and he as a computer drafter and

designer of steel structures for electrical substations. They live in Pineville. He has

been the victim of a burglary and the burglar was arrested and convicted. He still

thinks about it and is concerned about his security and the safety of his family and

belongings. He wanted to serve, feeling it was his civic duty, stating that “its people

like us are gonna protect the rest of society from criminals” as well from prosecutors

who want to put people in jail “undeservedly.” He explained that he does not believe

that everyone who is brought to trial by the State is guilty simply because they are on

trial and everyone on trial is not, in fact, a criminal. Vanderhoeven thinks that

protecting society is convicting people that are actually guilty of crimes and that not

everybody who the D.A. brings to trial is guilty. He believes that the State should

have to prove each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Vanderhoeven

says that the way you can tell when someone is telling the truth is by their demeanor,

“[t]he way they act when they’re telling their story.”

Under questioning by Defendant, Vanderhoeven admitted that he was

“strong minded” in that when he made his mind up it was doubtful that he could

change it even in jury deliberations. He said it makes him feel that he was following

his conscience and that once he made his mind up, that was his decision. This

concerned the trial court enough that it recalled Vanderhoeven for further

examination. When questioned by the State, he explained that he did not come to

court with an agenda to convict somebody and that if the State failed to prove each

element of the case beyond a reasonable doubt he would vote not guilty. When asked

14

about his strong mindedness, he said he would listen to what the other jurors said

before he would render his final vote. In this regard, the following transpired

between the State and Vanderhoeven:

BY [THE STATE]:

Now, if at the end of the evidence, your mind is, you’re firmly
convinced you know exactly what happened or didn’t happen, one way
or the other, ahm, you’re definite in your belief as to what did or didn’t
happen, what was or was not proved. When you go into the back with
your fellow jurors, if the Judge instructed you that it is your duty, under
your oath, to consult with the fellow jurors and listen to what they have
to say, and if it’s necessary reexamine your own views, but do not
surrender your own views unless you’re firmly convinced you’re wrong,
and that’s exactly what is said, by the way, ah, you could follow that
instruction?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Do not surrender my own views unless, unless what?

BY [THE STATE]:

Unless you’re firmly convinced you were wrong.

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Sure.

It appears that Vanderhoeven would surrender his views if he were

convinced he was wrong. When re-examined by Defendant, Vanderhoeven was

asked if once he made his mind up before he began deliberations, could he change it?

He responded, “Ah, I’m sure it is possible.” Asked again if he made his mind up,

would he be able to re-examine his views in relation to what others on the jury said,

he said, “I possibly could, yes sir. Not to say that that’s gonna change my mind,

though.” Further questioning followed by Defendant:

15

BY [DEFENDANT]:

What happens if you were so convinced of your position, that you made
up your mind while the State was still presenting its evidence?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

I don’t know that that’ll happen.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Could that happen?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

It’s possible.

Finally, this exchange occurred between Vanderhoeven and the State and

the trial court:

BY [THE STATE]:

If you made up your mind at point C, and there’s still evidence,
D, E, F and G to come in, would you still listen to that evidence?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Yes, I would listen to it.

BY [THE STATE]:

And if it changes your mind from point C, to point G, ah, something
completely different comes out, and your mind is changed, is that
possible?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Anything can happen.

BY [THE STATE]:

Okay.

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

16

I merely rendered that today to explain to him the type of person that I
am. And, and the way that I believe and, and my, my conscience.

BY [THE STATE]:

Thank you very much.

BY THE COURT:

Let me tell you what my concern is. What, what I, what my concern is,
it’s, it’s quite simple, I wanta make sure that, and, and I appreciate you
for your honesty, I want you to know that. This is not a test that you fail
or pass. But, what you get to do as a juror is you actually get to sit in the
back and, unlike me, you actually get to discuss your decision with other
people. When I render those decisions, I don’t discuss ‘em with
anybody, it’s just me. And that’s an important part of the process. And,
I, you know, I’m a little concerned when you indicate[d] that once you
made your mind up, it, you were done. Because the way the jury process
works, is you’re supposed to engage in that conversation in the back,
and then you guys, after you elect, you elect a foreman, you engage in
the conversation, then you, you, you vote. Okay? Ah, did, did I misread
you, because my understanding was, once you made your mind up, that
was it. And there really wasn’t any deliberation.

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

In most circumstances, when I make a decision, that’s the decision I go
with.

BY THE COURT:

Okay. Have you ever sat on a jury before?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

No sir, I haven’t.

BY THE COURT:

Did you under, understand the process here?

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Yes sir.

17

BY THE COURT:

I mean, this isn’t like going to buy a car.

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Right.

BY THE COURT:

Or making a business deal, you know. Or, or, or just in any decision you
would make in a personal relationship.

BY VANDERHOEVEN:

Correct.

BY THE COURT:

Okay. I appreciate your honesty. Thank you, sir. Okay, you can step
to the back.

The trial court in its broad discretion denied the challenge for cause and

Defendant used a peremptory challenge to exclude Vanderhoeven from the jury.

Vanderhoeven said that he could follow the judge’s instructions and that while he is

“strong minded” he would listen to his fellow jurors, and if convinced he was wrong,

change his mind, albeit he would hold to his views until that happened. He wanted

to serve on the jury to protect society, but expressed no agenda to vote guilty just

because a defendant was charged by the State and put on trial.

In State v. Kang, 02-2812 (La. 10/21/03), 859 So.2d 649, a venire

member said he was a next door neighbor to a high ranking police officer and would

“probably tend to put more weight on the Deputies, especially if it’s on things they

observed.” Id. at 652. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal had reversed the

conviction, but the supreme court granted a writ of certiorari and reversed the court

18

of appeal finding that it did not give sufficient deference to the trial court. The Kang

court stated:

We have repeatedly held that a trial judge is vested with broad
discretion in ruling on challenges for cause, and only where it appears,
upon review of the voir dire examination as a whole, that the judge’s
exercise of that discretion has been arbitrary or unreasonable, resulting
in prejudice to the accused, will this Court reverse the ruling of a trial
judge[.]

Id. at 654 (citing State v. Lee, 93-2810 (La. 5/23/94), 637 So.2d 102, 108, which

quoted State v. Passman, 345 So.2d 874, 880 (La.1977)).

Accordingly, the supreme court in Kang stressed the great deference that

reviewing courts should accord to trial court decisions regarding challenges for cause.

Further, the supreme court recently rendered State v. Leger, 05-0011 (La. 7/10/06),

936 So.2d 108, where the defendant in a first degree murder case assigned as error

the trial court’s refusal to allow challenges for cause for several prospective jurors.

In one case, the defendant complained that where a venire member stated she would

automatically vote for the death penalty if the defendant was found guilty of first

degree murder, the trial court was in error when it found that the State had sufficiently

rehabilitated the venire member. In rendering on this issue, the supreme court wrote:

“While the reviewing court must carefully review the record of
voir dire for abuses of discretion, it need not and should not attempt to
reconstruct the voir dire by a microscopic dissection of the transcript in
search of magic words or phrases that automatically signify either
qualification or disqualification.” State v. Lucky, 96-1687 p. 7-8 (La.
4/13/99), 755 so.2d 845, 851, cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1023, 120 S.Ct.
1429, 146 L.Ed.2d 319 (2000); see State v. Ball, 2000-2277, p. 21 (La.
1/25/02), 824 So.2d 1089, 1108, cert. denied, 537 U.S. 864, 123 S.Ct.
260, 154 L.Ed.2d 107 (2002) (prospective juror’s use of the term
“automatically” was troubling, but more likely merely mirrored the
defense counsel’s use of the term in the question put to her). This court
must look to entire voir dire on this subject matter and not individual
responses.

19

Id. at 161.

While Vanderhoeven may not have clearly spoken the “magic words”

that he could listen to the evidence and make his mind up only after all the evidence

was in and after due deliberations with his fellow jurors, the trial court did not abuse

its broad discretion in refusing to allow the challenge for cause for him. After our

review of the entire voir dire, we find that there is no merit in this assignment of error.

Suellyn Hudson, Nicole Dossey, and Geraldine Pringle

Next, Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his

challenges for cause against Suellyn Hudson, Nicole Dossey, and Geraldine Pringle.

Again, we have carefully considered the record regarding each of these prospective

jurors. Hudson is married. She is a math teacher at Brame Middle School and her

husband is a nurse at Cabrini Hospital. She has three adult children and a fifteen

year-old stepson. She has been the victim of a house burglary. Her students are very

important to her and she expressed a desire for the court to consider that in deciding

whether she should be a juror on this case. Hudson, who has taught school for

twenty-eight years, said she knew one of the State’s witnesses and one of the State’s

witness’s son. The State’s witnesses she knew are police officers. She taught Officer

Gary Mouliere and Detective Cedric Green’s son, both of whom she held in high

regard. While she said she would believe Mouliere “over a student that was not so

good in my classroom,” and that Green’s son was very good in her room and “a

darling child,” she told the trial court that she “probably could” set that aside and

follow the trial court’s instructions to “not consider that in determining, ah, the

credibility of a witness, or anything other than the evidence in this case.” She showed

20

an understanding of direct and circumstantial evidence, and of the necessity of

proving each element of crime beyond a reasonable doubt in order to bring in a

verdict of guilty. Under examination by Defendant, she remembered that her first

husband, who had died eleven years earlier, had been an accountant for the Rapides

Parish Sheriff’s Office before his death. After that, this exchange occurred between

counsel for Defendant and several jurors:

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Okay. Well, let’s talk about the police for a little while. What do you
think about cops? Everybody’s got feelings about police right? What’s
the job of the police? Mr. Schneider?

BY MR. SCHNEIDER:

To serve and protect, to (interrupted)

BY [DEFENDANT]:

That’s what it says on the car for sure, right? And in general I would
agree. Ah, the police’s job is to serve and protect. Ahm, would you
believe somebody, ahm, simply, would you believe somebody, if a
police officer told you that’s the guy that I saw do something, ah, Ms.
Hudson, would you have a tendency to believe him?

BY MS. HUDSON:

Probably.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

I mean, I (interrupted)

BY MS. HUDSON:

Yeah.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

I hear you.

21

BY MS. HUDSON:

I mean, we’re supposed to trust our policeman aren’t we? I mean, I
would like to think I could trust my policemen.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

I understand. And, Ms. Pringle, if a police officer said, you know, that,
that’s the guy that I saw snorting coke, would you have tendency to
believe?

BY MS. PRINGLE:

My question dissection be, well why didn’t you arrest ‘im?

BY [DEFENDANT]:

And the answer might be, perhaps and did, and that’s why you would be
hearing ‘im say, that’s the guy that, ah, I saw commit this crime.

BY MS. PRINGLE:

If I did not know that I would ask ‘im.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

So, you’re telling us, yes, you’d have a tendency to believe.

BY MS. PRINGLE:

I would.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

And let’s talk about, then, what that’s gonna tell us. Would you have a
tendency to believe a police officer over someone else, because she was
a police officer, this is a police officer, giving the testimony? All other
things being even. Two people saying two things, that couldn’t both be
true at the same time, one being a police officer, one not being a police
officer, what do you think, Ms. Hudson?

BY MS. HUDSON:

Umm, that’s pretty tough. I guess it was prob, would probably be who
convinced me the most. Probably in my own mind, I probably, and I’m
being honest, I probably would believe the policeman over just a regular

22

person off the street.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

I hear you, I mean, (interrupted)

BY MS. HUDSON:

And that’s just being honest.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Ms. Dossey, you’re nodding your head yes, too?

BY MS. DOSSEY:

Yes.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Natural inclination right?

BY MS. DOSSEY:

Right.

When asked what she thought about a person who would not testify on

his behalf, she indicated that person must have a lot of confidence in his lawyer if he

did not speak up to defend himself and “then in my head that would play out the fact,

the possibility that person is guilty.”

Defendant made a successful challenge for cause against another venire

member, before he challenged Hudson for cause. The challenge was based on the fact

that Hudson had taught one of the witnesses and expressed the opinion that she would

believe him over another student who was not so good. Defendant further argued to

the trial court that it should consider that statement:

. . . [I]n relation to her other statement that she would have a tendency to
believe officers, ah, over non officers generally, well, there’s going to be an

23

officer whom she taught, whom she trusts, testifying. I think that, that she,
patently she would try, but she would have difficulty, ah, in disbelieving the
things that that officer might say.

The State then announced that the witness Hudson taught, Officer Mouliere, probably

would not testify, and in fact, he did not testify.

The trial court found Hudson had been rehabilitated over the course of

voir dire, and denied the challenge. Defendant did not lodge an objection to the

court’s ruling on Hudson, as well as the court’s ruling on the cause challenges to

Dossey and Pringle; however, we shall address each matter in the interest of justice.

See, e.g., Hundley, 760 So.2d 417. Further, we note that Defendant raised other

concerns about these prospective jurors that were not included in his challenge for

cause. These new grounds will not be considered, pursuant to Article 800, due to the

practical consideration that the trial court did not have an opportunity to address them

at a time when any errors could have been remedied. Thus, we will limit our review

to the concerns Defendant raised at trial.

To recap, during voir dire, Hudson stated she would be inclined to

believe potential police witnesses because of her relationship to them as a former

student and the father of a former student. When asked if she could put such an

inclination aside, pursuant to the court’s instructions on the law to be applied, she

replied that she “[p]robably could.” As Defendant noted in his challenge, Hudson

later expressed a tendency to assign greater credibility to police officers than to other

witnesses. Our review of the voir dire transcript does not reveal any attempt by the

State or the trial court to rehabilitate Hudson on this issue.

The next challenge which Defendant claims the court erred in denying

24

is against Dossey. She is married, a first grade teacher, and her husband works at

Cabrini Hospital managing the cardiac rehabilitation unit and radiology. They have

one child, a two-year-old daughter, and they live in Boyce. She and her husband were

the victim of a car burglary about five years before. She said she would have trouble

believing a career criminal, but accepts the fact that the State has the burden of proof

and that the burden never shifts to the defendant to prove his innocence. She believes

that the State must prove each and every element of a crime beyond a reasonable

doubt and if the State fails to prove each element then she would have to vote not

guilty. Dossey admitted some confusion about whether or not the jury would be

required to find the defendant guilty on all of the charges for him to be guilty on any

of the charges. This seemed to be explained to her satisfaction by counsel for

Defendant because she was not questioned about it any further following the

explanation. She teaches with the wife of a law enforcement officer. Although

Dossey indicated that she could follow the trial court’s instructions, as reflected

above she indicated it would be a “natural inclination” to believe a police officer over

a person who is not a police officer. When asked about the defendant’s right to not

have to testify, she said she would draw on her experience with her first graders who

refuse to answer her questions regarding minor discretions in her classroom.

This exchange occurred:

BY MS. DOSSEY:

Right. And, I’m talking about what she was just talking about. Like
when we teach school, if there’s a student in our class, even with my
first graders, if someone accuses them of doing something, and they
won’t talk back to me and tell me anything, and they’re looking around
the room, and not . . . I have to assume that, well, okay, then you
must’ve thrown the crayon across the room, because you’re not telling

25

me otherwise. And, I thought of that because, there was a little boy who
actually was in my class last year, and his teacher sent ‘im up to the
office, because he wouldn’t speak up. He wouldn’t say what happened
or anything, he just sat there. And so, I guess she probably got
frustrated whit ‘im, because, and when you can’t get information out of
that person you don’t know, you don’t know anything and it’s hard to
tell, it’s hard to judge, if they won’t say anything for themselves.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Indeed. Indeed, absence of evidence, right?

BY MS. DOSSEY:

Right.

BY [DEFENDANT]:

Would the, the absence of the Defendant providing you with some
evidence make you think he was more likely than, it might be more
likely that he might be guilty.

BY MS. DOSSEY:

It would make me think about it a little harder.

Obviously referring to her first graders, Dossey said she could tell when

someone was lying because “they won’t look at you,” they are “fidgety,” and their

stories change from the time they are outside and when they get back in the

classroom.

Defendant challenged Dossey for cause claiming he had concerns about

her feelings about a “witness who would not testify for himself,” and “that a police

officer’s testimony, ah, is more believable than someone else’s absent other

evidence.” After a brief argument, the trial court denied the challenge without

reasons, and as we have stated, Defendant did not object.

26

Finally, Defendant challenged Pringle for cause and the trial court denied

that challenge. She is a retired secretary to the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of

Western Louisiana and her husband is also retired. He worked for Walker-Roemer

Dairies and was a self-employed nurseryman. They have three adult children and one

of them, their forty-six-year-old daughter, works for the Rapides Parish Sheriff’s

Office in evidence. She also has a grandson that works for the Sheriff’s Office as a

dispatcher. Neither of them were involved in this case in any way. She said she did

not think that her child and grandchild working in law enforcement would factor into

her considering the evidence in this case. She said she could give both sides a fair

trial and decide the case based on the evidence and not the fact that she has relatives

in law enforcement. She recognized the name of one of the witnesses as being a

friend of her daughter and grandson, but said she “wouldn’t recognize the young man

if I’d see ‘im.” At the time of the trial, Pringle had not seen her daughter or grandson

in about three weeks although she talks to them once or twice a week.

She said she would have a problem with the death penalty saying, “I am

not qualified by God to sit in judgment on that person and say he must die.” When

it was explained to her that this was not a death penalty case and that she was not

judging his salvation or his righteousness, she said she could judge whether the

defendant committed the act of second degree murder.

When questioned by Defendant, she had some problems understanding

that there must be proof of all of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,

but when it was explained to her in more detail, it was apparent that she finally

understood. Pringle also stated that, “if the person does not speak in his own, or their

27

own behalf, my first thought is, they’re hiding something” when questioned about a

defendant’s right not to testify. When asked how she could tell if someone was not

telling the truth, she recalled her children and said they would not look at her and

blame someone else. She said she is a very trusting person, but once she finds out

that someone has not told her the truth, she will not believe them anymore.

The trial court evidently felt that these three ladies could apply the law

and that they would not unreasonably believe law enforcement officers over lay

witnesses, even though each of them expressed some inclination to assign greater

credibility to law enforcement officers and to decide the case impartially according

to the law and the evidence. Initially, we reviewed a number of cases (some offered

by Defendant in his brief) indicating that when a potential juror seemingly favors a

law enforcement witness over lay witnesses, the trial court is obliged to excuse that

person for cause. However, we find those cases are not determinate in the instant

case and can be easily distinguished from it.

We begin our analysis by recalling the black letter law we cited earlier

in Scott, 921 So.2d 904, that is, “prejudice is presumed” when a trial court

erroneously denies a challenge for cause and the defendant ultimately exhausts his

peremptory challenges. See Kang, 859 So.2d 649. “This is because an erroneous

ruling depriving an accused of a peremptory challenge violates his substantial rights

and constitutes reversible error.” Id. at 652. We are, therefore, reminded that for an

error to warrant a reversal, the defendant must show: “(1) the erroneous denial of a

challenge for cause; and (2) the use of all of his peremptory challenges.” Id. In this

case, as we have noted, Defendant exercised all of his peremptory challenges.

28

We have reviewed the following cases wherein the appellate courts

reversed the trial court’s decision denying challenges for cause. In each case, the

appellate court reversed the defendant’s convictions. In the armed robbery case of

State v. Hallal, 557 So.2d 1388 (La.1990), the venire member who was not excused

for cause was the wife of a fifteen-year veteran of the Vernon Parish Sheriff’s Office

and knew five of the police officer witnesses. The law officers testified, among other

things, relative to an unrecorded confession. The venire member testified that she

would believe these witnesses “[n]ot because they were law enforcement officers, but

because I know them[,]” and that “I just feel like the ones that I know are honest

people . . . and I don’t think they would lie.” Id. at 1389.

The potential juror in State v. White, 574 So.2d 561 (La.App. 3 Cir.

1991), cited by Defendant, actually had done legal work for the District Attorney’s

Office, knew the District Attorney and several of the Assistant District Attorneys, and

had a number of friends who were law enforcement officers. He said that it was more

likely that a police officer would tell the truth rather than someone else, and was

never rehabilitated on this issue. That case, distribution of a counterfeit controlled

dangerous substance, involved conflicting testimony between the law enforcement

officers and the defendant’s witnesses.

In State v. Jones, 623 So.2d 877 (La.App. 1 Cir.), writ denied, 629 So.2d

419 (La.1993), a prospective juror had been employed as an administrative assistant

by the Louisiana State Police for twelve years. During voir dire, the prospective juror

stated that she would do her best to be fair. She later indicated that her acquaintance

with people in law enforcement could cause her to favor the state. However, Bishop

29

then informed the trial court that if the state had not proven its case she would not

vote guilty and she would attempt to render the fairest verdict she could based on the

facts presented. Our colleagues on the First Circuit Court of Appeal noted that

Bishop never expressly stated she could put aside her bias. The court went on to find

that her statement that she would “do her best” to give the defendant a fair and

impartial trial was not sufficient and reversed the defendant’s convictions and

sentences for aggravated rape and aggravated burglary.

We also reviewed State v. Mathis, 95-0862 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/5/96), 675

So.2d 1217, writ denied, 96-1710 (La. 3/21/97), 691 So.2d 79, where the defendant

was convicted of possession of cocaine. Here again, the police officers testified as

fact witnesses and their testimony was in direct conflict with that of the defendant and

his witnesses. During voir dire, two prospective jurors said they would find the

police officers more credible than other witnesses, and were not rehabilitated. One

of them was married to a police officer. Both stated they could be impartial, but

repeated the belief that police witnesses are more credible than others. The Mathis

court held that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the challenges for cause,

reversed the conviction, and remanded for a new trial.

In State v. Paul, 99-92 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/19/99), 738 So.2d 1128, the

defendant was charged with distribution of cocaine. He challenged four prospective

jurors for cause. During questioning by the defendant, a venire member indicated that

the testimony of a police officer would be more accurate than that of a non-police

officer because a police officer “is at a higher standard.” Id. at 1130. Three other

prospective jurors expressed similar views. The court of appeal noted that neither the

30

state nor the judge attempted to rehabilitate the prospective jurors after they voiced

their bias in favor of police officers. Further, the appellate court stated, “Given that

the state’s case was based entirely on the testimony of police officers, the potential

jurors’ general attitudes toward law enforcement officers were highly relevant.” Id.

The appellate court also noted that the prospective jurors never expressly stated that

they would set aside their biases and give the defendant a fair trial. Therefore, it held

that the trial court’s failure to grant the defendant’s challenges for cause was an abuse

of discretion.

As we have said, each of those cases can be distinguished from this case.

None of the venire members in this case, even Pringle, have the relationship with law

enforcement officers that existed in Hallal, White, and Jones. Although Pringle had

a daughter and grandson working in law enforcement, neither testified in this case and

had not discussed it with her. She knew no other law enforcement officers well

enough to even recognize them. While it is true that Hudson and Dossey said they

favored police officers over regular witnesses, no police officer testified as to the

facts of this case. That was left to the principals in this action. Eight officers testified

during the course of this trial regarding the crime scene and evidence gathering. By

our count, there were only eleven objections made during their testimonies and most

were to the form of the questions. Never once was an officer’s credibility called into

question nor was any of it in conflict with Defendant’s witnesses’ testimonies.

In that regard, we note the case of State v. Price, 02-360 (La.App. 4 Cir.

4/2/03), 842 So.2d 491, writs denied, 03-1322 (La. 11/21/03), 860 So.2d 542 and

03-1517 (La. 12/12/03), 860 So.2d 1151, where the trial court denied the defendant’s

31

challenge for cause regarding a prospective juror whose husband was a state trooper.

During voir dire, the prospective juror indicated that she would probably find a police

officer a more credible witness. She further indicated that it was possible that she

could not hear the case without any bias in favor of believing the police witnesses.

However, when questioned by the trial court, the prospective juror stated that she

would give the testimony of all witnesses equal weight and would look at the

testimony of each witness individually in order to determine whether their testimony

was worthy of belief. The trial court subsequently denied the defendant’s challenge

for cause. In reviewing the case, our colleagues on the Fourth Circuit, Court of

Appeal, noted that the trial court’s questioning rehabilitated the prospective juror, and

that none of the police officers that she knew testified at the trial. Additionally, her

responses to the trial court’s questioning showed that she could fairly evaluate the

credibility of all witnesses and judge them equally. The appellate court then

distinguished the case from Hallal, indicating that there was no confession or

statement given to police by the defendant in Price. It also distinguished Mathis,

where police seized cocaine directly from the defendant. Thus, the appellate court

concluded that the state’s burden of proof was not as directly dependent upon police

credibility as it was in those two cases. The fourth circuit then held that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion when denying the defendant’s challenge for cause.

Likewise, in this case, the State’s case was not dependent on the

testimony of police officers, but on the testimony of the victim/eyewitness, Reyna.

While in Price, the trial court did question the prospective juror and in the instant

case the trial court did not conduct such examination, we are mindful of the broad

32

discretion afforded the trial court, particularly in light of the deference afforded the

trial court in Kang and Leger.

In Kang, 859 So.2d at 653-654, the supreme court stated:

In State v. Lee, 93-2810 (La.5/23/94), 637 So.2d 102, this court
reiterated the broad discretion afforded trial courts' rulings on motions
to strike jurors for cause because of their ability to get a first person
impression of prospective jurors during voir dire. We characterized our
jurisprudence as follows:

We have repeatedly held that a trial judge is vested with
broad discretion in ruling on challenges for cause, and only
where it appears, upon review of the voir dire examination
as a whole, that the judge's exercise of that discretion has
been arbitrary or unreasonable, resulting in prejudice to the
accused, will this Court reverse the ruling of a trial judge[.]

Lee, 93-2810 at p. 9, 637 So.2d at 108 (quoting State v. Passman,
345 So.2d 874, 880 (La.1977)).

This standard is utilized since the trial court has the benefit of
seeing the facial expressions and hearing the vocal intonations of the
members of the jury venire as they respond to questioning. Anthony,
98-0406 at p. 25, 776 So.2d at 392. Such expressions and intonations
are not readily apparent at the appellate level where a review is based on
a cold record. Lee, 93-2810 at p. 9, 637 So.2d at 108.

In Leger, 936 So.2d at 169, the supreme court reiterated:

Our review of the record fails to reveal disparate treatment on the
part of the trial judge in his determination of the parties’ cause
challenges. Each of his rulings noted supra is supported by the record.
In addition, we note the deference afforded to a trial court’s first-hand
observation of tone of voice, body language, facial expression, eye
contact, or juror attention. This court previously held “significantly, it
is in the determination of substantial impairment that the trial judge’s
broad discretion plays a critical role.” Lucky, 1996-1687 p. 7, 755 So.2d
at 850.

Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its broad discretion

in denying Defendant’s challenges for cause. In fact, it appears that Defendant did not

take a peremptory challenge for Hudson until it came to the attention of the trial court

33

that she had made an inquiry of a bailiff/deputy sheriff concerning her safety and the

safety of her family if the jury found Defendant guilty.

Having excused the venire, the trial court called Corporal Wilbert Weekly

of the Rapides Parish Sheriff’s Office for examination. Weekly stated that Hudson

approached him and expressed concern regarding her safety, and asked who would

protect her family if the jury found Defendant guilty. Defense counsel then re-urged

a challenge for cause against Hudson; the trial court denied the challenge, and

observed that Hudson’s questions did not indicate she was assuming that she would

find Defendant guilty. The trial court noted its belief that Hudson was still willing to

consider the evidence. Also, the trial court noted Defendant’s objection for the record.

Our research has been fruitless in finding any cases on this issue and Defendant cites

no cases in support of his objection. We again call to mind the jurisprudence that

gives the trial court broad discretion in deciding challenges for cause, and we can find

no error in the trial court’s refusal to grant a cause challenge on this issue.

Finally, we note that the record shows that Defendant made no challenges

for cause or even indicated that he wanted to excuse any other potential jurors after he

used all of his peremptory challenges. Accordingly, we find that this assignment of

error is without merit.

OPENING STATEMENT/DEFENDANT’S INCULPATORY STATEMENT

In his fourth assignment of error, Defendant claims the trial court erred

by allowing the State to refer to his inculpatory statement in its opening argument.

The State argues that Defendant suffered no prejudice, as he had advance notice that

the State intended to introduce the statement, and that Defendant concedes this fact.

34

Before opening statements were given, the State indicated that it was

going to mention Defendant’s inculpatory statement in its opening statement. At that

point, the trial court discussed with both Defendant and the State on the record the

issue of whether or not the State could refer to Defendant’s statement in its opening

statement. Defendant conceded that the statement was provided to him during the

investigation of his case and that he was not contesting the notice provision of the

statement. The trial court then conducted a hearing regarding the admissibility of the

statement and, following the taking of testimony on that issue, found it to be

admissible. After further discussion with both parties, the trial court ruled that the

State should not refer to the statement as a “confession” in its opening. The State did

not object. Defendant then argued that the statement should not be referred to as an

“admission” either, but the trial court overruled that motion and the opening

statements proceeded wherein the State referred to the statement.

We note a similar scenario that arose before the Fifth Circuit Court of

Appeal in State v. Lisotta, 97-407 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/25/98), 712 So.2d 525. In that

case, the prosecuting attorney said in his opening statement:

“You’re also going to hear from Deputy Kuhn that this defendant
made several statements at the time that he was arrested denying certain
things, saying things that the State intends to show, prove, that he’s
guilty, exactly what we say he’s guilty of.”

Id. at 527. Our colleagues in the fifth circuit wrote:

Lisotta’s trial counsel moved for a mistrial because any statements
allegedly made by him had not yet been deemed admissible.
LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 767 reads:

“The state shall not, in the opening statement, advert
in any way to a confession or inculpatory statement made by
the defendant unless the statement has been previously

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ruled admissible in the case.”

The record shows that prior to trial, the state had filed a notice of
its intent to use and introduce Lisotta’s statements into evidence. The
purpose of Art. 767 is to prevent surprise and prejudice. In State v.
Strickland, 683 So.2d 218 (La.1996), the Louisiana Supreme Court said
that if the defense has prior notice of the state’s intent to introduce a
statement and the statement is properly admitted later, the prosecutor’s
premature mention of the statement in its opening statement to the jury
causes no prejudice.

Here, the deputy’s statement was admitted during the trial. State
v. Strickland, supra, is controlling; consequently, this assignment of error
is without merit.

Id.

Lisotta is on point in this case. Since Defendant has conceded that he had

notice of the statement and knew that the State was likely to use it at trial, we find that

this assignment of error has no merit.

TRANSCRIPT OF DEFENDANT’S STATEMENT

In his fifth assignment of error, Defendant argues that the trial court erred

by allowing the State to present the jury with a transcript of his statement to read as

it listened to an audiotape of the statement. Defendant contends the transcript was not

proven to be accurate, was, in fact, inaccurate, and was unnecessary since the

audiotape’s quality was not in question. While Defendant acknowledges the

jurisprudence that allows juries to be provided transcripts while listening to taped

statements, he claims that inaccuracies in the transcript distinguish the present case

from the general case law.

We have said:

Furthermore, the supreme court has held that a “transcript of a tape
[is] admissible over a best evidence objection, since the transcript
provide[s] the jury with a convenience in following the playback of the

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tape.” State v. Burdgess, 434 So.2d 1062, 1066 (La.1983)(citing State
v. Snedecor, 294 So.2d 207 (La.1974)). Thus, the trial court in the
present case could have properly allowed the introduction of the
transcripts into evidence. The Defendant cites no authority nor does the
jurisprudence appear to support a finding that allowing the jury to read
along while the tape was being played allowed the State to give the jury
an “extra dose” of its version of the case. The jury was not able to view
the transcripts during deliberations. Finally, since the defense counsel
does not specifically allege any inconsistencies between the transcripts
and the audio-tapes, we find defense counsel has failed to prove that the
transcripts provided the jury with an erroneous interpretation of the tapes.
Accordingly, this assignment lacks merit.

State v. Sykes, 03-397, pp. 31-32 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/8/03), 857 So.2d 638, 658, writ

denied, 03-3429 (La. 4/2/04), 869 So.2d 875 (alteration in original).

The trial court and the State also acknowledged that there were

inaccuracies in the transcript, but the trial court ruled that the errors were not so

significant that they required a limiting order.

We have reviewed the transcript and the tape, and agree with the trial

court that any inaccuracies in the transcript are minor. As the State observed below,

the transcriptionist (apparently a police department secretary) listed some passages as

“inaudible,” but the correlative passage on the tape were, in fact, audible. For

example, when Defendant described a pistol to police, he told them it was a Ruger;

however, the transcriptionist missed the term “Ruger” and typed “inaudible.” At

another point, the clause “I went back” is mis-transcribed as “I don’t think.”

The errors in the transcript do not alter the general nature of Defendant’s

statement, in which he denied any involvement in the shooting. Thus, Defendant has

failed to show that use of the transcript prejudiced his case; this assignment of error

lacks merit.

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OPENING STATEMENT
REFERENCE TO CO-DEFENDANT’S CONVICTION AND SENTENCE

In this assignment of error, Defendant argues that the trial court erred by

allowing the State to refer in its opening statement to Bell’s (the co-defendant)

conviction and sentence for second degree murder based on the incident at issue.

Defendant did not object contemporaneously to those comments during the State’s

opening statement. Accordingly, the State argues that because Defendant failed to

contemporaneously object, the issue was not preserved for appeal, pursuant to

La.Code Crim.P. art. 841.

Defendant concedes that the remarks made by the State initially went

unchallenged because he anticipated questioning Bell about whether he had made a

deal with the State regarding his testimony, and he thought that discussing any such

inducements would necessarily require him to discuss Bell’s conviction. However,

Defendant claims that since Bell denied on direct examination that he had made any

deal regarding his testimony, Defendant claims he had no need to cross-examine him

on this issue. Nonetheless, in his cross-examination of Bell, Defendant was able to

suggest to the jury that some sort of deal had taken place.

Under cross-examination, Bell admitted that he had been convicted of

second degree murder and attempted second degree murder. Bell said that he has yet

to be sentenced on those charges and that he has filed a motion for a new trial on those

convictions. He also admitted to pleading guilty to possession of marijuana with

intent to distribute, for which he received a five year sentence with credit for time

served and with that credit he had completed that sentence. Bell responded

affirmatively when asked by Defendant whether the hearing on his motion for new

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trial had been continued until after Defendant’s trial. Defendant was able to lead Bell

to say on cross-examination that if the motion for new trial on the second degree

murder and attempted second degree murder convictions was granted, the charges

would be “undone” and Bell would be “left with . . . attempted possession with intent.”

Further, Bell said that charges of first degree murder with the possibility of the death

penalty and conspiracy to commit first degree murder had been dismissed by the State.

After completing his case-in-chief and just before resting his case,

Defendant made a motion for mistrial based on the reference to Bell’s conviction made

by the State during its opening statement. Alternatively, he requested the trial court

to instruct the jury “not to consider anything about Bell’s trial.” The trial court denied

the motion, but subsequently instructed the jury that evidence of Bell’s conviction was

inadmissible against Defendant.

Defendant argues that his motion for mistrial preserved the issue for

review, claiming that Article 841 does not require a contemporaneous objection, but

merely an objection within a reasonable time. While we have found no case directly

on point, we can rely on State v. Phillips, 03-304 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/23/03), 853 So.2d

675, writ denied, 03-2406 (La. 2/6/04), 865 So.2d 738, for guidance. In Phillips, the

defendant complained that the trial court had erred by denying his motion for a

mistrial after the State made reference, during cross-examination, to a separate

allegation that he had committed attempted murder. Defendant did not object, and

briefly asked questions in an apparent attempt to clarify the situation the witness had

mentioned. Later, after resting his case, the defendant moved for mistrial, which the

trial court denied. Citing the contemporaneous objection rule codified in La.Code

39

Crim.P. art. 841, the Phillips court held that the defendant had failed to preserve the

issue for review since he did not object at the time it arose.

In the present case, Defendant had not yet rested his case at the time when

he moved for a mistrial. However, he was at the end of his case when he made his

motion for a mistrial and he rested soon after the mistrial issue was discussed. In that

regard, Phillips is factually similar to the case at hand. We rely on it and find that the

trial court did not commit error in refusing to grant a mistrial because Defendant had

not contemporaneously objected during the State’s opening statement.

Further, it was due to Defendant’s own trial strategy (a strategy that was

apparently attempted) that the fact of Bell’s conviction was put before the jury without

objection. By the time Defendant moved for mistrial, it was already a matter of

hindsight. He cannot now be heard to complain simply because the trial did not

develop in accordance with his strategic expectations. Finally, while we agree with

Defendant that Article 841 would allow for an objection to be made within a

reasonable time from the alleged objectionable statement, the statute contemplates that

an objection be made timely enough for the trial court to take corrective actions if such

is possible. By the time Defendant made his objection and moved for mistrial, there

was nothing the trial court could have done to correct the alleged error short of mis-

trying the case except by instructing the jury, which was done in this instance.

Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, this assignment of error

lacks merit.

CO-DEFENDANT’S STATEMENT

Defendant argues in this assignment of error that the trial court erred in

40

refusing to admit into evidence a transcript of a statement made by the surviving

victim, Reyna, to Detective Green. He argues that the transcript should have been

admitted to prove the existence of the statement, which Reyna had denied giving

during his testimony. Detective Green testified that he took several statements from

Reyna and Reyna admits giving all of them except the one at issue, which was given

on May 9th, the day Reyna got out of the hospital. The record is clear that Reyna

denied giving the statement and Detective Green testified that the statement existed.

Defendant urges that the trial court simply refused to admit the written statement into

evidence as proof of the fact that the statement exists. The trial court stated:

You have the right of showing them that exists. You clearly established
that it existed with Detective Green. I mean, Detective Green clearly
admitted there was a statement, and in front of the jury you identified the
statement, you presented to ’m, he reviewed the statement. I’m going to,
ah, deny its admission at this time.

“Absent a clear abuse of discretion, the trial judge’s determinations

concerning relevancy and admissibility should not be overturned.” State v. Cosey,

97-2020, p. 13 (La. 11/28/00), 779 So.2d 675, 684, cert. denied, 533 U.S. 907, 121

S.Ct. 2252 (2001) (citations omitted). Because the existence of the statement was

established through Green’s testimony, and its existence was effectively demonstrated

before the jury, we are unable to say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying

the admission of the transcript. Therefore, this assignment of error also lacks merit.

ERRORS PATENT

We review all appeals in accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, for

errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find that there

are two possible errors patent.

41

First, the bill of information erroneously cites La.R.S. 40:966(A)(1)(G)

for count four, possession with the intent to distribute marijuana. The correct citation

for that offense is La.R.S. 40:966(A)(1). Subsection G provides for a special

restriction on probation and parole for those persons to whom subsections (D) and (F)

apply. Since subsections (D) and (F) are not applicable in this case to Defendant,

subsection (G) is likewise inapplicable. Additionally, we note that in one portion of

the bill of information, La.R.S. 14:30 is erroneously cited as the statute for attempted

second degree murder, count two. In another portion of the bill, however, La.R.S.

14:30.1 is correctly cited for that count. The erroneous citation of a statute in the

charging instrument is harmless error as long as the error did not mislead the

defendant to his prejudice. La.Code Crim.P. art. 464. After reviewing the face of the

record, we find that there was no prejudice to Defendant nor does he allege any

because of the erroneous citations mentioned above. Thus, the citation errors are

harmless.

Second, the trial court erroneously ordered the first five years of the

sentence imposed for count four, possession with the intent to distribute marijuana, to

be served without benefit of parole. At the time Defendant committed the present

offense, April 23, 2003, the penalty provision for possession with the intent to

distribute marijuana provided for a sentence of five to thirty years at hard labor and

a fine of not more than $50,000.00. La.R.S. 40:966(B)(3). The penalty provision does

not authorize the trial court to impose any of the sentence without benefit of parole.

Thus, the trial court improperly denied parole eligibility. Accordingly, we amend

Defendant’s sentence on that count to delete the denial of parole eligibility for the first

42

five years. See State v. Gregrich, 99-178 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/13/99), 745 So.2d 694

and State v. Buckley, 02-1288 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/5/03), 839 So.2d 1193. See also State

v. Sanders, 04-17 (La. 5/14/04), 876 So.2d 42, where the supreme court found that an

appellate court should not rely on the self-activating provisions of La.R.S. 15:301.1

when the trial court imposes “limits beyond what the legislature has authorized in the

sentencing statute(s).” Id. at 42. We also instruct the trial court to make an entry in

the minutes reflecting this change. See State v. Tate, 99-1483 (La. 11/24/99), 747

So.2d 519.

CONCLUSION

Defendant’s convictions for second degree murder, attempted second

degree murder, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession of

marijuana with intent to distribute are affirmed. However, we amend the sentence on

possession of marijuana with intent to distribute conviction to delete the denial of

parole eligibility for the first five years, and instruct the trial court to amend the

minutes to reflect that change.

AFFIRMED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

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