State of Louisiana v. Francis Brown

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

08-1204

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

FRANCIS BROWN

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APPEAL FROM THE
TWENTY-SEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF ST. LANDRY, NO. 06-K-2644-B
HONORABLE ELLIS J. DAIGLE, DISTRICT JUDGE

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ULYSSES GENE THIBODEAUX
CHIEF JUDGE

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Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, J. David Painter, and
Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.

AFFIRMED.

G. Paul Marx
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 82389
Lafayette, LA 70598-2389
Telephone: (337) 237-2537
COUNSEL FOR:
Defendant /Appellant - Francis Brown

Earl B. Taylor
District Attorney, 27th Judicial District Court
Jennifer Ardoin
Assistant District Attorney, 27th Judicial District Court
P. O. Drawer 1968
Opelousas, LA 70571
Telephone: (337) 948-0551
COUNSEL FOR:
Plaintiff/Appellee - State of Louisiana

THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge.

The Defendant, Francis Brown, appeals his conviction for second degree

murder. He asserts that the evidence was insufficient to prove guilt; that the trial

court made erroneous evidentiary rulings on his alternative theories of the crime’s

commission and impeachment of the State’s witnesses; and erred in failing to declare

a mistrial because of an improper jury verdict.

We conclude that these assertions are meritless and affirm the

Defendant’s conviction.

Insufficiency of the Evidence

Defendant contends that, although the State proved he had been with the

victim at some point, the prosecution failed to prove he was the one who committed

the crime. Defendant further claims the State failed to exclude the reasonable

hypothesis that someone else committed the murder.

The prosecution responds that there was a substantial mass of both direct

and circumstantial evidence against Defendant. It correctly points out that the

evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to

establish Defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

The standard of appellate review for a sufficiency of
the evidence claim is whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) . . . . A determination of the weight of
evidence is a question of fact, resting solely with the trier
of fact who may accept or reject, in whole or in part, the
testimony of any witnesses. A reviewing court may
impinge on the factfinding function of the jury only to the
extent necessary to assure the Jackson standard of review.
It is not the function of an appellate court to assess
credibility or re-weigh the evidence.

State v. Macon, 06-481, pp. 7-8 (La. 6/1/07), 957 So.2d 1280, 1285-86 (citations

omitted).

At the time of the offense, second degree murder included “the killing

of a human being: (1) when the offender has a specific intent to kill or to inflict great

bodily harm . . . .” La.R.S. 14:30.1.

The evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, shows that Defendant and the victim had recently ended a romantic

involvement, but they were still arguing over rumors of the victim’s infidelity. In the

time leading up to the victim’s death, Defendant persistently attempted to maintain

telephone contact with the victim, and the victim was heard arguing with Defendant

over the phone late in the night on May 8, 2006, and into the early morning of the

following day. Around 2:00 a.m. on May 9, 2006, the victim reluctantly allowed

Defendant to enter her home. The victim’s sister observed Defendant was wearing

blue-jean shorts and a white T-shirt.

An hour later, at around 3:00 a.m., Robin Gradnigo and Jordan

Gradnigo, residents of Azeline Drive, heard a woman’s loud screams. These

witnesses testified that the screams sounded as if someone was being killed. The

Gradnigos decided to drive up and down the street, looking and listening

unsuccessfully for whoever had been screaming. They returned home around 3:12

or 3:15 a.m.

Reginald Laviolette and his parents, who also lived on Azeline Drive,

were awakened by a woman’s screams thirty minutes to an hour after the Gradnigos

had been awakened in the same manner. Although his parents went back to sleep,

Mr. Laviolette decided to look outside. Mr. Laviolette, who wore trifocals, could not

see clearly without his glasses. Nonetheless, he saw a male and a female outside;

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when the woman pleaded for help, the male told her to “quit tripping.” Mr. Laviolette

went back to bed when the couple moved away from his house.

At around 4:00 a.m., Brandon Lastrapes, who also resided on Azeline

Drive, was awakened by a loud female scream. Mr. Lastrapes observed a skinny man,

who wore dark blue shorts, a white T-shirt, and dark jacket, hit and pull a female.

The male was hitting the female on the head. Mr. Lastrapes went back to bed without

calling the police. Mr. Lastrapes also said that he saw the same man around 6:30 a.m.

riding a bike on the road without the female. Mr. Lastrapes could not positively

identify Defendant as the perpetrator from the photographic line-up, but he indicated

Defendant’s picture as appearing similar to the perpetrator. At trial, Mr. Lastrapes

could not identify which photo he had chosen.

Shane Eaglin, who lived on Gilbert Drive, along with his girlfriend,

Brandy Semien, heard a girl screaming for help from Azeline Drive at 5:15 a.m. Mr.

Eaglin had just returned home from his trip to a gas station. Mr. Eaglin walked into

his backyard, where he could see Azeline Drive, and he observed a male beating a

female on the head and dragging her by the hair. The female was on the ground,

crying, and insisting she could not get up. Mr. Eaglin observed the man wore a white

T-shirt and blue shorts. Mr. Eaglin stated he did not know the man, but he saw the

man hiding in the field one night, and the man asked Mr. Eaglin where the man’s

girlfriend lived. Mr. Eaglin replied that he did not know. Both at trial and in the

photographic line-up, Mr. Eaglin, who had been standing nine to twelve feet away

from the couple, positively identified Defendant as the perpetrator.

On cross-examination, the defense asked Mr. Eaglin about the scar he

had reported as being on the face of the perpetrator. After reviewing his police

statement, Mr. Eaglin agreed the man had a scar on his left cheek instead of his right.

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At trial, Mr. Eaglin could not see the scar on Defendant who was standing nine to

twelve feet away from him. Mr. Eaglin further testified that he had not been under

the influence of any medication, and he had one beer on the evening of the offense.

Mr. Eaglin’s girlfriend at the time, Ms. Semien, also observed the male

and female, but she saw them from approximately three times the distance as Mr.

Eaglin. Ms. Semien saw the male beating the female and physically silencing her

screams. When the man stood beneath a street light, Ms. Semien recognized him as

someone she had seen on a bicycle in that area on two prior occasions.

Ms. Semien explained that she persuaded Mr. Eaglin to go inside

because he did not know what was going on and could get killed. She also explained

that she did not call the police because she had been in many situations where a

woman (including her own mother) screams “bloody murder” but the next day the

woman and her boyfriend would hug and kiss each other. Ms. Semien stated that this

experience taught her to mind her own business.

When they heard that Shaquanda had died, Mr. Eaglin and Ms. Semien

contacted the police. Both stated that they did not read the paper nor watch the news.

Ms. Semien did not know there had been a reward offered for information in the case.

Ms. Semien picked the Defendant out of the photographic line-up. She also recalled

that the perpetrator had braids and light colored lips.

On cross examination, Ms. Semien estimated thirty feet as her distance

from the perpetrator. She stated that she was close enough to see the perpetrator’s

face under the “big street light covering where they were.” Ms. Semien also recalled

telling the police that the perpetrator had a scar on the left side of his face, and that

she could sometimes see some features on a person’s face when light flares. Ms.

Semien confirmed Mr. Eaglin’s trip to the gas station to purchase beer, but testified

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that neither she nor Mr. Eaglin had been drinking that evening. Ms. Semien, who was

questioned simultaneously with but separately from Mr. Eaglin, also positively

identified Defendant as the perpetrator when she was presented with a photographic

line-up.

An hour to an hour and a half later, the victim was discovered nearby

lying face down in an ant bed. She was unconscious, battered, and covered in ant

bites, but she was still breathing. Examination at the hospital determined Shaquanda

had suffered brain death from a severe blow to her head. The victim had Defendant’s

saliva on her shirt consistent with the locations of bite marks found on her shoulders.

A white T-shirt recovered from the crime scene tested positive for Shaquanda’s DNA

and excluded all of the known suspects except Defendant. Analysis of the shorts

Defendant was wearing during the time of the offense showed that the article of

clothing was spotted with the victim’s blood. Despite Defendant’s earlier persistence

in calling Shaquanda, he did not attempt to contact her on the phone from the time of

the incident until his arrest.

In State v. Hansbro, 35,027, pp. 9-10 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/26/01), 796

So.2d 185, 192-93, writ denied, 01-2970 (La. 10/25/02), 827 So.2d 1177, the second

circuit found sufficient evidence to convict the defendant of beating the victim to

death. The record showed that the victim in the case had been repeatedly beaten and

stomped. Id. at 193. The fatality was caused by multiple fractures to the skull, but

the blows also broke all of the victim’s ribs and caused serious injuries to the victim’s

face and neck. Id. The evidence placed the defendant at the scene of the homicide

at the time of the homicide; he had both his and the victim’s blood on his clothing;

the victim bore the imprints of the defendant’s shoe on his face and neck; a witness

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said he saw the defendant beat and rob the victim; and the defendant also admitted

to someone he had beaten and possibly killed someone. Id. at 194.

When the evidence in this case is viewed in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant beat the

victim over a two to three hour period, which shows the specific intent to inflict great

bodily harm, and that Shaquanda died as a result of the injuries sustained during the

beating.

Alternative Theory of Crime

Defendant urges that the trial court erred in prohibiting him from

presenting a theory of the crime alternate to that argued by the prosecution:

The Trial Court erred in restricting the defense[’s]
effort to show that some other person killed Richard, by
barring the defense from presenting evidence of past
difficulties and fights Richard had at school before her
death, and potential “other dudes” who may have
committed the crime. This evidence included evidence of
threats against the victim. The trial court’s ruling that such
evidence is “irrelevant” is reversible error, for any
exculpatory evidence cannot be irrelevant.

Defendant asserts that the record clearly reveals the defense had

information concerning the deceased’s fights at the school involving other people,

and the exclusion of that information was prejudicial error. Defendant alleged that

one of the young women involved in such a fight stated she wanted the victim and her

baby dead. Defendant contends that this information raises serious doubts about the

reliability of the verdict in this case.

The State replies that its objection to the evidence was not only

irrelevance but also to the hearsay nature of the evidence and to the manner in which

the defense was attempting to introduce the evidence. The State contends the manner

of introduction complied with neither the Louisiana Code of Evidence nor the rules

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set forth by jurisprudence. The prosecution continues that the trial court properly

sustained its objection.

The State first urges that any incidents at school involving another party

are irrelevant because it is overreaching to implicate another party simply because

they argued with the victim. The prosecution alleges that, considering the evidence

implicating Defendant as the offender, any attempt to implicate another party was

“nothing more than a ‘bare suspicion’ [and ‘conjectural inference’] used to cast the

shadow of guilt against the Defendant to another person and is inadmissible as

determined by prior jurisprudence.”

The State next urges that the evidence was inadmissible hearsay. The

prosecution avers the witnesses neither encountered nor overheard the argument. The

State asserts the proper method for introducing the evidence would have been to call

to the stand the person who made the threatening remarks and to then call other

witnesses to testify otherwise if that person denied the threat.

During the presentation of the defense, defense counsel asked Randolph

Lorah, who was a detective with the St. Landry Sheriff’s Office on the date of the

homicide, “Did any investigation that you did reveal that there was a fight at

Opelousas Senior High School?” The State objected to the relevance of the question.

During a sidebar conference the parties argued the objection, and the district court

sustained the objection.

Additionally, during the State’s case-in-chief, defense counsel also asked

Shaquanda’s sister, Ms. Richard, “Are you familiar with the incident that happened

at OHS?” The prosecutor objected, and both the witness and the jury were removed

from the courtroom.

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The district court sustained the State’s objection to the questions on the

basis of inadmissible hearsay. Hearsay, in general, is inadmissible. La.Code Evid.

art. 802. No prior evidence was admitted regarding an incident at the high school, the

inquiries did not specifically ask whether the witnesses had been present at the

incident, and during the presentation of its case, the defense did not call the

participants in the incident or any witnesses to testify on Defendant’s behalf. Because

the defense’s questions seemed to ask both Mr. Lorah and Ms. Richard whether they

were aware of an occurrence outside of their personal knowledge, the queries were

hearsay. La.Code Evid. arts. 602, 801. Defendant does not argue that the witnesses

had personal knowledge of the event or that the evidence falls into an exception to

the hearsay rule.

Moreover, the bare questions asking the witnesses whether they had

heard about a fight at the high school the victim attended where the query, as posed,

called for a simple yes or no answer does not “make the existence of any fact that is

of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than

it would be without the evidence.” La.Code Evid. art. 401. Thus, the question, by

itself, was not relevant.

Defendant alternatively urges that the trial court’s ruling violated due

process as it prevented him from presenting evidence that another person wanted the

victim dead. “[I]n order to preserve the right to appeal a trial court ruling which

excludes evidence, the defendant must make the substance of the evidence known to

the trial court.” State v. Stevenson, 02-79, p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/30/02), 817 So.2d

343, 347. However, the defense neither introduced nor proffered evidence during

trial showing that someone other than Defendant threatened Shaquanda’s life or

wanted her dead. La.Code Crim.P. art. 841; La.Code Evid. art. 103.

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Defendant’s contentions are meritless.

Impeachment of State’s Witnesses

The defense asserts the trial court erred in prohibiting it from asking

certain questions it wanted to ask to impeach some of the State’s witnesses:

The Trial Court erred when the defense was barred
from impeaching witnesses on cross. The Defense was
barred from grilling Shane Eaglin on his sobriety and his
story about Brown asking directions, and Brandy Semien
on her motive in testifying. The Defense also was barred
from asking Randolph Lorah details on his firing by the
Sheriff for malfeasance.

Defendant posits that the trial court’s refusal to allow this impeachment evidence

undermined the “moral force” of his defense. Defendant argues that, therefore, he has

been denied a fair trial.

The defense first contends the district court erred in sustaining an

“argumentative” objection to his question, “And you want this jury to believe that you

saw this man. . . .” Defendant contends the question was asked immediately after the

defense established an eyewitness inaccurately described Defendant as having a scar

on the left side of his face and as having been more than thirty feet away from the

man beating the victim. The defense asserts that this was an improper ruling.

The State responds the question was argumentative as it was worded

because it required the witness to comment on what the jury was to believe from the

witness’s testimony. The prosecution points out that defense counsel could have

rephrased the question and asked it again, but he did not. The State further asserts

that, even though Defendant claims the question went to the witness’s motive for

testifying, the evidence was still admitted because she had earlier stated she came

forward because she heard the girl had died. The prosecution asks this court to find

the trial court’s ruling to be either correct or harmless error.

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The record shows the defense asked this question during its cross-

examination of Ms. Semien. Defense counsel began the question after Ms. Semien

described the distance she approximated to be between her and the struggle by giving

a relative distance in the courtroom and after defense counsel verbalized the distance

to be around thirty feet. The record reveals the following exchange:

A. And you want this jury to believe that you saw this
--

MR. RICHARD: Objection. That’s
argumentative on the face of it.

THE COURT: Sustained.

MR. CLAIBORNE CONTINUES:

Q. And you saw this so-called scar over thirty feet away
at 4:00 a.m. in the morning.

A. Yes.

Thus, in context, it appears the question was asked to express defense counsel’s

incredulity at the witness being able to see details of Defendant at thirty feet. The

remark shows defense counsel did, in fact, rephrase the question, and the witness

answered affirmatively without objection by the State.

The supreme court has previously held that, when an objection was

sustained to an argumentative question, any error in disallowing the question was

harmless if the question was rephrased, permitted, and had received a response. State

v. Toomer, 395 So.2d 1320, 1333 (La.1981) (citing La.Code Crim.P. art. 921; State

v. Marcal, 388 So.2d 656 (La.1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 977, 101 S.Ct, 2300

(1981); State v. Walker, 344 So.2d 990 (La.1977)). Therefore, any error by the trial

court in sustaining the State’s objection was harmless.

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Defendant further complains the trial court improperly sustained the

State’s objection when the defense asked one of the State’s witnesses whether he

could pass a drug test at the time of his testimony.

The State contests Defendant’s argument by stating that, under La.Code

Evid. arts. 607-609.1, such questions are prohibited as the answer would have

constituted other crimes evidence that was not a felony conviction.

“Particular acts, vices, or courses of conduct of a witness may not be

inquired into or proved by extrinsic evidence for the purpose of attacking his

character for truthfulness, other than conviction of crime as provided in Articles 609

and 609.1 or as constitutionally required.” La.Code Evid. art. 608(B). Although

every witness testifying subjects himself to questioning regarding his criminal

conduct, “only offenses for which the witness has been convicted are admissible upon

the issue of his credibility, and no inquiry is permitted into matters for which there

has only been an arrest, the issuance of an arrest warrant, an indictment, a

prosecution, or an acquittal.” La.Code Evid. art. 609.1.

The question asked by defense counsel constituted a query into a

possible vice of the witness; there had been no prior evidence introduced showing the

witness had a drug habit, and there was no evidence introduced at trial showing Mr.

Eaglin had ever been arrested for drug possession. Therefore, the trial court did not

err in sustaining the State’s objection to the question.

When the defense asked whether Mr. Eaglin had learned Defendant

already knew how to get to the victim’s house, the trial court sustained the

prosecution’s objection in that the question required the witness to conclude what

Defendant knew or did not know; Defendant urges the trial court’s ruling was error.

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The State counters that its objection was based on the question’s call for

the witness to speculate as to what knowledge Defendant had or did not have. The

State postulates there could have been any number of reasons Defendant asked the

witness if the witness knew where the victim lived. The prosecution maintains the

trial court properly sustained its objection and points out the defense failed to

rephrase and re-ask the question.

In cross-examining Mr. Eaglin about Defendant asking him the location

of Shaquanda’s house, defense counsel asked, “Did it ever come to your attention that

he had been dating Shaquanda for some time prior to May 9th and he knew how to

get to her house?” The State objected, “That calls for a conclusion on the part -- wait,

wait, Mr. Eaglin. That calls for a conclusion on the part of this witness as to what

that person knew or didn’t know.” When the trial court sustained the objection,

defense counsel continued on to the next question without objecting to or

commenting on the ruling.

Under La.Code Evid. art. 602, “[a] witness may not testify to a matter

unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that he has personal

knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not,

consist of the testimony of the witness himself.” A lay witness’s “testimony in the

form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are:

(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness; and (2) helpful to a clear

understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” La.Code Evid.

art. 701.

In this case, Mr. Eaglin testified he did not know Defendant, so Mr.

Eaglin would not have had personal knowledge of what Defendant did or did not

know. Thus, both the information requested by the question and the knowledge upon

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which any reasonable inference or opinion could be based were outside of Mr.

Eaglin’s personal knowledge. Therefore, the trial court did not err in sustaining the

State’s objection.

Defendant contends the district court additionally erred in refusing to

allow the defense to have a copy of Mr. Lorah’s employment file and in barring the

defense from asking Mr. Lorah “details of his firing by the Sheriff for malfeasance,”

which required the defense to rely solely on Mr. Lorah’s truthfulness in describing

his dismissal from the sheriff’s office for malfeasance. Defendant alleges this would

have been important because the defense questioned Mr. Lorah why he never

followed up on an eyewitness’s statement that the man seen beating the victim was

another man instead of Defendant. Defendant asserts the termination papers,

therefore, could have contained critical impeachment evidence.

The State responds that the district court made an in camera inspection

of the file and determined there was nothing relevant to the case and that the trial

court further indicated it would allow the defense to introduce Mr. Lorah’s

application for unemployment benefits into evidence at trial because it was public

record. The prosecution also claims that both parties were allowed to ask questions

regarding his being fired from the sheriff’s office, which questions Mr. Lorah

answered in detail. The State urges that the trial court’s decision was correct.

We cannot find error in the trial court’s refusal to provide the defense

with a copy of Mr. Lorah’s employment record because it was not proffered into

evidence. Thus, it is not available for review. Further, Defendant does not assign

error to the trial court’s refusal to allow the proffer.

Moreover, contrary to Defendant’s assertion that he “was barred from

asking Randolph Lorah details on his firing by the Sheriff for malfeasance,” the

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record shows Defendant cross-examined Mr. Lorah at length about his dismissal from

the Sheriff’s Office. The record clearly demonstrates that defense counsel was

allowed to ask detailed questions regarding Mr. Lorah’s termination.

Mistrial

Defendant maintains he was entitled to a mistrial: “The Trial Court erred

in that a Mistrial should have been granted when the written poll of the jury on the

verdict showed there may have been only 9 votes for guilt, even though a verbal poll

came out unanimous.” Although Defendant was only charged with one offense, the

jurors were given slips marked with a list of counts one and two, and three of the slips

were mis-marked. Defendant urges that this could have meant that the vote was nine

to three, which would have been fewer than the number of votes required to return a

guilty verdict.

The basis for this assignment of error arose after the jury’s guilty verdict.

The defense moved for individual polling of the jurors, and in response, the trial court

distributed individual verdict sheets and explained that they were to individually

indicate their vote:

You will indicate as shown here, “Is this your verdict?”
You will say “yes” or “no” and there is a spot for “yes” or
“no.” That’s all you have to “X” is the “yes” or “no,” and
then the bailiff will pick up those sheets and I will tabulate
them.

When the forms were returned, the district court concluded there had been a

unanimous verdict. After both parties were allowed to review the verdict sheets, the

defense pointed out possible irregularities in some of the forms and objected thereto.

Noting Defendant’s objection, the trial court told the jurors they would

receive fresh sheets and, this time, the jurors were only mark “yes” or “no” for Count

I. At this time, the defense interjected and requested a discussion in chambers. The

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subsequent discussion began with the prosecutor setting forth what had happened

with the jury polling sheets:

MR. RICHARD: What happened was the Court
handed counsel and I the twelve slips. The slips had been
prepared with two counts, Count I and Count II, which
[sic] a “yes” or “no” for each one of them. As the Court
noted, there is only one count in this indictment, and there
were three anomalous, if you will, slips. . . . and on three
of those, three of the jurors marked “yes” on both Count I
and Count II.

The district court clarified that, on one of the three slips, the juror had attempted to

erase the “yes” marked for Count II.

The defense then argued that the jurors marking “yes” for both counts

had indicated they had voted for both second degree murder and manslaughter. The

prosecution objected to Defendant’s characterization because there had been four

responsive verdicts and only two counts listed on the form. The trial court responded

that there had been no second count, that the jurors had been asked to mark “yes” if

they had voted for second degree murder, that any other vote would have been

indicated by a “no,” and that all of the slips had been marked “yes.”

The defense elaborated on its initial argument:

MR. CLAIBORNE: From the slips that were
passed out, three jurors marked Count I and Count II, that’s
the bottom line, and I don’t think that that is in conformity
with whatever the verdict is or what their intentions are and
I do not think it’s appropriate -- I realize the Court was
about to instruct them to mark those slips of second degree
murder, and I do not think it’s appropriate for the Court to
advise them to mark those slips second degree murder.
They could have easily could have been trying to find my
client guilty of a lesser and included offense, and I just
don’t think it’s very clear of intent of those jurors,
whomever they are, and we don’t know who they are, and
if, you know, we go back in there and say, mark second
degree murder just because the verdict form was signed
second degree murder, there may some people who wanted
a lesser and included offense. That’s all I’m trying to say,
I mean, we can speculate all day as to what their thoughts

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were in this matter, and under the circumstances, you
know, I don’t know how the thing should be cured. I just
don’t think it’s in conformity with --

The district court interrupted to assert it had never advised the jurors to mark second

degree murder.

After the defense moved for a mistrial and the trial court denied the

motion, the district court explained it would ask each juror individually what his vote

had been. When the parties returned to the courtroom, the trial court explained it

would ask each juror if he had voted Defendant to be guilty of second degree murder:

“Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I am going to ask you whether or not you voted

guilty to second degree murder as indicated on the verdict from that was signed by

the foreperson, Alex T. Frank, on December 19, 2007. You will respond orally to

me.” When the district court called them individually by name, each juror responded,

“Yes.” The district court held the verdict had been unanimous: “All twelve jurors

have responded affirmatively that they voted for second degree murder. Therefore,

it’s a unanimous verdict.”

In State v. Cook, 396 So.2d 1258, 1360-61 (La.1981), the supreme court

discussed the importance of the jury poll when it is needed to clarify an ambiguous

verdict. In Cook, the jury’s initial verdict form had a vote tabulation that indicated

nine jurors had voted guilty, one juror had voted for attempt, and two for not guilty.

Id. at 1260. The supreme court held that the trial court’s subsequent poll of the jury

yielded ambiguous results because it asked the jurors, “[i]s this your verdict?” instead

of requiring them to state their individual vote or asking them if they had voted

“guilty.” Id. at 1260-61. Based on the tabulation on the original verdict sheet, the

supreme court reversed the defendant’s conviction as being one vote short of that

required to return a guilty verdict. Id. at 1261.

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Unlike Cook, the record in this case clearly shows the jury returned a

unanimous guilty verdict. On the first page of the verdict form, the jury foreperson

circled “GUILTY.” On the second page, the foreperson signed and dated

immediately below the statement, “We the jury find the defendant guilty of Second

Degree Murder as charged. (Ten of you must agree).” Any ambiguity occurring in

the polling of the jurors did not affect the jury’s unanimous verdict.

Additionally, unlike the trial court in Cook, the district court in this case

cured any possible ambiguity by clearly asking each juror whether he had voted for

second degree murder and requiring him to individually answer “yes” or “no” when

he was called by name.

Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.

CONCLUSION

We affirm Defendant’s conviction.

AFFIRMED.

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