State of Louisiana v. Courtney Paul Savoy

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

08-1444

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

COURTNEY PAUL SAVOY

************

APPEAL FROM THE
NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 288,660
HONORABLE THOMAS M. YEAGER, DISTRICT JUDGE

************

JIMMIE C. PETERS
JUDGE

************

Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, John D. Saunders, and
Jimmie C. Peters, Judges.

CONVICTION AND SENTENCE VACATED;
REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

James C. “Jam” Downs
District Attorney, Ninth Judicial District Court
W. T. Armitage, Jr.
Assistant District Attorney
Post Office Drawer 1472
Alexandria, LA 71309
(318) 473-6650
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Christopher A. Aberle
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 8583
Mandeville, LA 70470-8583
(985) 871-4084
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Courtney Paul Savoy

PETERS, J.

A jury convicted the defendant, Courtney Paul Savoy, of simple escape in

violation of La.R.S. 14:110. Thereafter, the trial court sentenced the defendant to

serve five years at hard labor and ordered that the sentence run consecutive to the

sentence he was serving at the time of the offense. On appeal, the defendant’s

counsel raises one assignment of error, and the defendant raises eleven pro se

assignments of error. For the following reasons, we vacate the defendant’s conviction

and sentence and remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings.

DISCUSSION OF THE RECORD

The defendant’s conviction arises not from his own escape from legal custody,

but from the January 20, 2007 escape of a fellow inmate, Jacob Shaw. On that day,

both the defendant and Shaw were inmates at the Winn Correctional Center (Winn

prison) in Winn Parish, Louisiana, and had been transported to the Huey P. Long

Hospital in Pineville, Louisiana. Before being transported, they were placed in

handcuffs, leg shackles, and waist chains.

After the transportation van arrived at the hospital mid-morning, Becky

Morgan, one of the two guards transporting the prisoners, opened the door of the

prisoner compartment and reached for Shaw’s waist chain to help him exit the

vehicle. Once he exited the van, Officer Morgan immediately observed that Shaw’s

chain was not in place, but was in his hand. She slammed the door of the van, leaving

the defendant inside. Shaw ran from the scene and disappeared into an adjacent

wooded area.

Law enforcement authorities apprehended Shaw the next day, and the

defendant’s prosecution as a principal in the escape arose from a statement made by

Shaw soon after his capture. Specifically, Shaw told Detective Bo Edmonds of the

Pineville Police Department that the defendant helped him plan the escape and picked

the lock of one of his leg irons on the way to the hospital.

Shaw’s implication of the defendant in the escape did not come immediately

after his apprehension. When Detective Edmonds first interviewed him after his

capture, Shaw did not implicate the defendant. Furthermore, Detective Edmonds

interviewed the defendant at the hospital immediately after the escape and received

no information that caused him to suspect the defendant’s involvement.1 However,

after Shaw was returned to the Winn prison, Tim Wilkinson, the prison warden,

contacted the detective and informed him that Shaw wished to change his statement.

Detective Edmonds traveled to Winn Parish and interviewed Shaw a second

time. In that interview, Shaw informed the detective that the defendant helped him

plan the escape and even picked the lock on one of his leg irons during the trip to

Pineville. Detective Edmonds then conducted a second interview with the defendant

on January 29, 2007, in the presence of the warden and Correctional Officer Bobby

Tollar. In that interview, the defendant admitted that the hospital trip was part of a

larger plan of escape. According to the defendant, he “undid one of [Shaw’s]

[shackles] with a bobby pen [sic]” while on the way to the hospital, but was unable

to remove the other because the bobby pin had become bent. The defendant asserted

in his statement that he did not plan to escape and that his involvement was to “better

insure [sic] the hospital trip” because of his shoulder problems. He only removed his

hands from the waist chains to pick the lock on Shaw’s leg irons.

The defendant testified at trial that his first statement was accurate and that his

second statement was coerced through threats from Warden Wilkinson. According

1
The defendant told the officers who interrogated him that he never saw Shaw unlock any
part of his restraints and was surprised when the escape occurred.

2

to the defendant, when he was returned to the Winn prison he was placed in lock

down and questioned by the warden and his assistant two or three times. He asserted

that Warden Wilkinson told him that he would remain in lock down unless he said

what the warden wanted him to say—that he was involved in the planning and

implementation of the escape attempt. The defendant testified that the warden

informed him that if he admitted to his involvement, he would be immediately

transferred out of the prison. In fact, within two weeks of his statement implicating

himself in the escape, he was transferred to the Wade Correctional Center.

Warden Wilkinson also testified at trial, denying that he threatened or

intimidated either Shaw or the defendant or that he made any promises to obtain the

second statements. He explained that the defendant has the ability to dislocate his

own shoulder and that he has used this ability many times to effect a trip to the

hospital. This, according to the warden, explained the defendant’s comment in his

second statement that his shoulder “could better insure [sic] the hospital trip” as part

of the escape plan. Furthermore, the warden testified that the configuration of the leg

irons required the assistance of another person to get to the lock.

At trial, Shaw was called as a witness by the defense but was of no help

because he basically restated the particulars of his second statement. According to

Shaw, after they began the trip to Pineville, the defendant removed his hands from the

handcuffs attached to his waist chain and helped him remove the leg iron. When he

arrived in Pineville, Shaw was surprised to see that the defendant had put his

handcuffs back on. He then “weighed [his] options” and decided to escape alone.

However, when confronted with a letter he had written to the defendant, Shaw

3

admitted that he told the defendant in the letter that he had informed the authorities

that he alone had removed himself from his shackles.2

OPINION

In this appeal, the defendant’s counsel raised one assignment of error:

The trial court denied Savoy his fundamental right to present a defense
and to confront his accuser when it prevented him from impeaching
Shaw with evidence of two prior inconsistent statements.

In his pro se brief filed with this court, the defendant raised eleven additional

assignments. However, since we find merit in the defense counsel’s assignment of

error, we need not address the defendant’s pro se assignments.

During Shaw’s testimony, counsel for the defendant asked him about

conversations he had with two other inmates at the Winn prison. The defendant’s

counsel implied that Shaw told these two men, Quindele Addison and Travis

Richardson, that the defendant had nothing to do with the planning or effecting of

Shaw’s escape. Shaw acknowledged that he had after-the-fact conversations

regarding his escape with both men, but denied that he told either man anything

different from his testimony at trial.3 In fact, Shaw suggested in his testimony that

while they were awaiting their appearance in the trial, both men told him that they

lied concerning statements made by him to get an “extended vacation from lock

down” by being transported for the trial.

2
Other parts of the letter introduced in evidence strongly suggest a common effort to escape
because Shaw comments that he saw the defendant “freeze up” as he left the van and strongly
questioned the defendant with rather explicit language concerning why he failed to follow him in the
escape attempt.
3
Shaw testified that his lock-down cell was next to Addison’s when he was returned to the
Winn prison and that he spoke to Addison concerning the escape. He also claims that his first
exposure to Richardson after his escape attempt was when he, Addison, and Richardson shared the
same holding facility in the Rapides Parish jail immediately before trial.

4

In response to this testimony, the defendant’s trial counsel announced his

intention to call Addison and Richardson to impeach Shaw’s testimony. He stated

that both men would testify that Shaw informed them that the defendant had nothing

to do with the planning or execution of the escape. The state objected to the

testimony, and the trial court sustained the objection. The trial court’s ruling in this

regard is the basis of this assignment of error. The defendant asserts that the trial

court erred in depriving him of the fundamental right to present a defense and to

confront his accusers.

Addison and Richardson did, in fact, testify at trial. However, they only related

a conversation they overheard the day before trial began.4 They both testified that

they overheard Shaw tell the defendant’s attorney that he was fearful of Warden

Wilkinson and that he would agree to testify favorably for the defense only if he

received a written promise that he would be transferred out of the Winn prison.

While admitting that he feared all correctional officers in a general sense, Shaw

denied that this conversation occurred.

In analyzing this issue, we begin with the well-established rule that a

defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense is fundamental and that

evidentiary rules may not infringe on that right. State v. McCullough, 00-983

(La.App. 3 Cir. 12/6/00), 774 So.2d 1105, writ denied, 01-533 (La. 1/25/02), 806

So.2d 669. In fact, our evidentiary rules allow the introduction of “prior inconsistent

statements and evidence contradicting the witness’ testimony” for the purpose of

attacking the credibility of a witness. La.Code Evid. article 607(D)(2). Such

evidence “is admissible after the proponent has first fairly directed the witness’

4
Because of the trial court’s ruling on the state’s objection, the defendant proffered the
affidavits of Addison and Richardson asserting Shaw’s inconsistent statements to them.

5

attention to the statement, act, or matter alleged, and the witness has been given the

opportunity to admit the fact and has failed distinctly to do so.” La.Code Evid. art.

613. Once the foundation is sufficient for a prior inconsistent statement, the

statement is subject to the balancing test of La.Code Evid. art. 607(D)(2)—that its

probative value is “substantially outweighed by the risks of undue consumption of

time, confusion of the issues, or unfair prejudice.” State v. Juniors, 03-2425 (La.

6/29/05), 915 So.2d 291, cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1115, 126 S.Ct. 1940 (2006); State

v. Cousin, 96-2973 (La. 4/14/98), 710 So.2d 1065. The probative value of the

statement must be “measured against the prejudicial impact that potentially may result

from the jury’s improper use of the evidence.” Id. at 1071.

In rejecting the defendant’s request to allow Addison and Richardson to testify

concerning the alleged conversations, the trial court did not reach the balancing

requirement. Instead, the trial court concluded that the defendant had failed to lay the

proper foundation for introduction of the evidence.

[Y]ou didn’t bring [Shaw] date, time and place. You didn’t ask him, you
just said, did you make this statement, which meant since he was born
until today’s date. And to impeach him you have to do that foundation.

....

Was it in Louisiana or was it in Texas? Was the sun shining, was
it dark, what prison they were in. I mean, you gonna have to bring . . .
you’re gonna have to try to re . . . have him go through the computer in
his mind and ask him when it was made. And that’s the foundation
that’s required under the law . . . you haven’t provided the foundation to
set him up to impeach ‘im, because those questions were not asked . . .
of Mr. Shaw.

Thereafter, the following dialogue relative to how the foundation should have been

laid transpired between the counsel for the state and the trial court:

6

BY [STATE’S COUNSEL]:

[I]f he’s got a statement that . . . he knows is reliable and somebody can
rebut it and he says, I didn’t make that statement, then he turns around
and asks, on such and such a date, didn’t you say this to such and such
a person.

BY THE COURT:

Yes or no.

BY [STATE’S COUNSEL]:

[A]nd he says, no. Then, then you can put that guy on and say on such
and such a date, ah, didn’t so and so say to you this.

BY THE COURT:

That’s the correct way to do it.

While we agree with that analysis generally, we find that the proper foundation was

laid for the testimony of Addison and Richardson.

Of critical importance in our analysis is the fact that Shaw not only admitted

having conversations with Addison and Richardson after his failed escape, he

remembered specific details of the conversations. We find that in this case, a detail

such as the date of the alleged statement is immaterial as any such statement, if made,

was clearly made after the escape,5 and while not agreeing with Addison’s or

Richardson’s version, Shaw’s detailed knowledge of the particular conversation was

implied by him recognizing it. Shaw fairly directed himself to the conversation at

issue, he had a fair opportunity to admit that he told Addison and/or Richardson that

the defendant was uninvolved, and he failed to do so. All the requirements of Article

613 were satisfied by Shaw’s acknowledgment of the conversation. That being the

case, extrinsic evidence of Shaw’s alleged statement was admissible to establish the

5
The proffered affidavits suggest that the conversation with Addison occurred in July of
2007, and the conversation with Richardson occurred on October 17, 2007.

7

fact of contradiction for the sole purpose of Shaw’s impeachment and not to prove the

truth of the defendant’s guilt or innocence. La.Code Evid. art. 613; Juniors, 915

So.2d 291. However, reaching that conclusion does not end our inquiry.

The question we must now consider is whether the statements are admissible

under the balancing test of Article 607(D)(2). Without the testimony of Addison and

Richardson concerning these conversations, the jury was left with Shaw’s two

conflicting statements: Shaw’s letter to the defendant which seems to both implicate

and exonerate the defendant; the defendant’s conflicting statements; and the

testimony that both Shaw and the defendant had a fear of the authorities having

control over their lives as incarcerated individuals. The jury obviously chose to

accept the evidence pointing to the defendant’s involvement in the offense and

returned a guilty verdict.

The defendant suggests that had the jury been allowed to hear the testimony of

Addison and Richardson concerning Shaw’s continued conflicting statements, it

would have returned a different verdict. The state argues primarily that the trial court

was correct in concluding that the defendant failed to lay a proper foundation for the

admissibility of the statements. In the alternative and citing Juniors, 915 So.2d 291,

the state argues that any error did not affect the substantial rights of the defendant.

As pointed out in Juniors, 915 So.2d at 331, “[t]he test is whether there is a

reasonable possibility the error might have contributed to the conviction and whether

the court can declare a belief that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

The reviewing court must find the verdict actually rendered by this jury was surely

unattributable to the error.” While we agree with the state’s brief that the use of

Addison’s and Richardson’s testimony was an attempt to impeach Shaw’s testimony

8

and to bolster his intimidation defense and that the jury rejected these attempts, we

cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would not have reached a different

verdict if confronted with evidence of other inconsistent statements by Shaw. We

find that there is a reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the conviction,

and we cannot declare that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, we

find merit in this assignment of error. Accordingly, the defendant’s conviction and

sentence are vacated and the matter is remanded for a new trial.

DISPOSITION

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the defendant’s conviction and sentence

and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings.

CONVICTION AND SENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED TO
THE TRIAL COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.

9