State of Louisiana v. Charles L. Bergeron

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

12-71

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

CHARLES L. BERGERON

**********

APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 15984-08
HONORABLE CLAYTON DAVIS, DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

SHANNON J. GREMILLION
JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, J. David Painter, and
Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.

CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED.

Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns written
reasons.

John F. DeRosier, District Attorney
Carla S. Sigler, Assistant District Attorney
Karen C. McLellan, Assistant District Attorney
Fourteenth Judicial District Court
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, LA 70602-3206
(337) 437-3400
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

Beth S. Fontenot
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 3183
Lake Charles, LA 70602-3183
(337) 491-3864
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Charles L. Bergeron

GREMILLION, Judge.

Defendant, Charles L. Bergeron, who had previously been convicted of

molestation of a juvenile, was tried and convicted of failure to register as a sex

offender, a violation of La.R.S. 15:542. He was sentenced to ten years at hard

labor without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence.

Defendant is now before this court asserting two assignments of error. He

contends that his conviction for failure to register as a sex offender violated his due

process rights under the Louisiana and United States Constitutions because he

believed he had satisfied the registration requirements and that the trial court‟s

imposition of the maximum sentence was constitutionally excessive. For the

reasons that follow, we affirm Defendant‟s conviction and sentence.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

In his first assignment of error, Defendant contends his conviction for failure

to register as a sex offender violated his due process rights under the Louisiana and

United States Constitutions because he believed that he had satisfied the

registration requirements and was not aware of the need to further inform the

sheriff‟s department of the fact that he was temporarily living with his brother.

Detective Scott Miller testified that he was a member of the sex offender

compliance unit and supervised and tracked registered sex offenders in Calcasieu

Parish. Detective Miller indicated Defendant was required to register as a sex

offender because he was convicted of molestation of a juvenile in 2000. Defendant

reported to Detective Miller in February 2007. At that time, Defendant said his

address was 321 Dalton Road. Defendant further informed Detective Miller that,

due to damage caused by Hurricane Rita, the residence on Dalton Road was

unlivable, and he would be staying at “Country Aire Trailer Park on 397, lot #30”

at night and working on the Dalton Road residence during the day. The sex

offender registration form, marked as State‟s Exhibit 1, was completed by

Defendant on February 26, 2007.

Detective Miller was further questioned as follows:

Q Okay. Sir, whenever you meet with a sex offender such as Mr.
Bergeron, and they come report to you once a year, do you go over --
you go over, explain to them the requirements that they have to abide
by as far as notifying you of their address?

A Yes. That‟s one of the biggest problems that we have is -- is
offenders not letting us know when they move or -- and that -- every
time anybody registers, that‟s -- that‟s the most important thing,
because that‟s what happens the most that we see.

Q Are you able to explain to them if they move, when they need to
notify you, and what they need to notify you of as far as any -- any
new address?

A Yes. At that time, it was ten days that they had to report their
address. If they moved or changed residents [sic] ten days past, they
needed to let us know before that ten days was up.

In October 2007, Detective Miller received a call from the manager of a

trailer park located at 805 Topsy Road who stated Defendant was seen at the trailer

park and had offered children a ride on a four-wheeler. The manager further

informed Detective Miller that Defendant‟s brother, Gerald Bergeron, lived at lot

forty, and Defendant might be living with him. Detective Miller went to the trailer

park and spoke with Gerald. Gerald informed Detective Miller that Defendant was

his brother, and, at that time, Defendant was in the hospital. Gerald further

indicated Defendant had been living with him for two months. Detective Miller

testified Defendant never provided him with paperwork showing he was living at

805 Topsy Road. Detective Miller also noticed the trailer park was located directly

across from a school. Detective Miller testified that he asked Gerald to have

Defendant contact him. Detective Miller further testified that Defendant called

Deputy Poppy and indicated he had been living with his brother for several

months.
2

Peggy Rousseau, the manager of Country Oaks Mobile Home Park, testified

that she received complaints regarding Defendant. After discovering Defendant

was a registered sex offender, she approached Defendant‟s brother and told him

that Defendant was not allowed in the park. Gerald told Rousseau that Defendant

had been living with him a couple of months, but he would have Defendant leave.

Rousseau testified that she subsequently saw Defendant under Gerald‟s carport in

boxer shorts working on a four-wheeler. Rousseau subsequently spoke to Gerald

again, telling him Defendant had to leave the park. Rousseau reported the matter

to the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff‟s Department.

Michael Broussard was previously employed by the Louisiana Department

of Corrections, Division of Probation and Parole. He testified that he supervised

Defendant for five years, and that supervision terminated on February 10, 2005.

Broussard testified that he reviewed the sex offender registration forms with

Defendant at the time he registered, and Defendant did not indicate he had any

problem understanding the registration requirements. Broussard testified that the

forms he used indicated that Defendant was required to register with the sheriff and

state police within ten days of a change in residence.

The form signed and initialed by Defendant was admitted as State‟s Exhibit

4. The form states, in pertinent part: “Your registration time periods on

subsequent residence changes will be applied consistent with policy and applicable

law as applied to Louisiana case, i.e., 10 days.” (emphasis added). Defendant

initialed next to this provision. The form further states:

You must report all changes in address to the Louisiana State Police
Bureau of Identification and Information in writing within 10 days of
the change. This is in addition to your requirement, while under
active supervision, to secure prior approval from your Probation and
Parole Officer before changing your residence or employment.
Failure to meet either one of these requirements represents a serious
violation.
3

(emphasis added).

Defendant also initialed next to this provision. Defendant also signed the form

after an acknowledgement that states, in pertinent part:

I understand all of the above registration and notification requirements
of Louisiana statutory criminal law which have been read, explained,
and made applicable to me. I understand that my failure to comply
with these registration and notification requirements as a sex offender
may cause my probation and/or parole to be revoked. . . .

....

I hereby acknowledge receipt of this Notice of Sex Offender
Registration and Notification Requirements and acknowledge that my
Probation and Parole Officer has thoroughly explained all of the
registration and notification requirements that I must complete.

Gerald testified that Defendant lived with him between six and eight months

during 2007 because Defendant had heart surgery and could not care for himself.

Gerald testified Defendant reported that he was living with him to the proper

authorities. Gerald testified that the residence on Dalton Road was uninhabitable.

Fingerprint evidence introduced indicated Defendant was the same person

who had been arrested for sexual battery on April 27, 1999 and failed to register as

a sex offender on June 10, 2008.

Based on the testimony and evidence presented, the trial court found

Defendant guilty, stating:

And while there, I guess, on the surface would appear to be a sort of
excuse based on health issues, there wasn‟t any testimony that Mr.
Bergeron was incapable of following the guidelines, which I noted
requires that he advise the authorities, even of any temporary
residence, within ten days, and he can do that by mail under
15:542(C)2(A), which is the 2007 version of the statute.

Furthermore, he had his – his brother testified, and there was
other testimony, about his Dalton Road residence not being livable,
which means he was definitely in a -- had to be in another place,
because his stated residence with the authorities was not a place that
he could inhabit, and he knew that and his family knew that; so he
was obligated to provide information about where he was living.
4

Residence is not domicile. He didn‟t have to express or prove
an intent to leave Dalton Road. He had to advise the authorities of his
residence. That‟s where he‟s residing. He didn‟t do that.

Gerald Bergeron testified that he lived six to eight months with
him at the Topsy Road trailer park, and he only left there, because he
was discovered by the manager. Even then, apparently, it took him a
month and a half to finally leave, so he‟s – he‟s -- he clearly violated
the statute.

Medical conditions aren‟t a – aren‟t a defense. Knowledge of
what he‟s supposed to know or maybe not understanding what he was
supposed to be doing isn‟t a defense, especially when we have a lot of
evidence in the case about the repeated notices given to him about his
legal obligations when he received his probation on these very serious
charges back in 2002, let‟s see, when he pled guilty --

In brief to this court, Defendant cites State v. Molineux, 11-275, pp. 5-10

(La.App. 4 Cir. 10/19/11), 76 So.3d 617, 620-23, writ denied, 11-2556 (La.

3/30/12), 85 So.3d 117, wherein the fourth circuit stated the following:

The defendant argues that the statute violates his due process
rights under both the United States and Louisiana Constitutions
because he did not have knowledge that he had an obligation to
register under the statute. The defendant relies upon the United States
Supreme Court‟s decision in Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225, 78
S.Ct. 240, 2 L.Ed.2d 228 (1957), in support of his argument. In
Lambert, the Court found that the registration provisions for a felon
registration ordinance violated a person‟s due process rights when it
was applied to a person who had no actual knowledge of the duty to
register. Several state courts have relied upon Lambert in finding that
before an offender may be held criminally liable for failing to register,
the state must prove that he was aware of a registration requirement.
See State v. Giorgetti, 868 So.2d 512 (Fla.2004).

Defendant asserts that his conviction for failure to register as a sex offender

is a violation of his due process rights since he believed he had satisfied his annual

registration requirement, and he was not notified of the need to further inform

authorities that he was temporarily staying with his brother. Defendant contends

that when he reported his address to Detective Miller in 2007, he satisfied his

annual registration requirements.

5

Defendant points out that when he first registered in February 2000, the

notice form required that sex offenders report all changes in address within ten

days of the change. Defendant contends that in its ruling, the trial court cited the

portion of the statue that required sex offenders to advise authorities of “any

temporary residence” within ten days. Defendant asserts the sex offender

registration requirements were amended in 2005 to mandate that sex offenders

notify authorities of temporary residences. However, nothing in the record

indicated that he was aware of the requirements to report temporary residences.

Defendant asserts that neither the form he signed in 2000 nor the one he signed in

2007, informed him that he was required to report this information. Additionally,

Detective Miller did not testify that he informed Defendant of this requirement.

The State contends Defendant cannot prove a defense under the provisions

of La.R.S. 14:17, which provides:

Ignorance of the provision of this Code or of any criminal
statute is not a defense to any criminal prosecution. However,
mistake of law which results in the lack of an intention that
consequences which are criminal shall follow, is a defense to a
criminal prosecution under the following circumstances:

(1) Where the offender reasonably relied on the act of the
legislature in repealing an existing criminal provision, or in otherwise
purporting to make the offender's conduct lawful; or

(2) Where the offender reasonably relied on a final judgment of
a competent court of last resort that a provision making the conduct in
question criminal was unconstitutional.

The State further argues that Molineux and Lambert provide Defendant no

relief because he cannot claim total ignorance of the sex offender registration

requirements. The State notes that Defendant‟s brother testified that Defendant

was aware that he needed to update his registration, and Detective Miller and

Broussard informed Defendant of the change in address requirements. The State

6

avers that a temporary residence is not a residence where an individual lives for six

to eight months.

The case at bar is distinguishable from both Molineux and Lambert, as both

cases dealt with a claim by the defendant that he was not informed that he was

required to register. However, just like the defendant in Molineux, Defendant in

this case had notice of the registration requirement of which he complains.

Regardless of the various amendments to the sex offender registration and

notification requirements, Defendant was advised in the “NOTICE OF SEX

OFFENDER REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION REQUIRMENTS” form

of the revised statutes that governed his registration and notification. Defendant

was additionally informed that he must report all changes in address to the

Louisiana State Police Bureau of Identification and Information in writing within

ten days of the change. On February 14, 2000, Defendant initialed next to that

provision and signed the acknowledgement portion of the form which indicated the

probation officer had thoroughly explained all of the registration and notification

requirements to him. Defendant was also advised that he would have to comply

with the registration and notification requirements for either life or ten years after

the date he was released from prison, placed on parole, supervised release, or

probation.

Gerald testified that Defendant lived at his residence at Country Oaks

Mobile Home Park for six to eight months. Defendant‟s decision to leave Country

Aire Trailer Park and live at Gerald‟s residence constituted a change of address.

There was no temporal limitation set out in the change of address portion of the

notification and registration form signed by Defendant.

In the 2006 amendments to La.R.S. 15:541, the legislature defined

“Residence” as “a dwelling where a sex offender regularly resides, regardless of
7

the number of days or nights spent there.” See 2006 La. Acts No. 204, § 541.1

This definition was in effect when Defendant updated his registration in February

2007, and would be applicable to him based on the supreme court‟s decision in

State v. Smith, 10-1140 (La. 1/24/12), 84 So.3d 487. In Smith, the supreme court

held that an increase in the number of years the defendant, who was convicted in

June 1995 and registered in December 2006, was required to spend as a registered

sex offender was not punishment. Additionally, the application of the sex offender

statutes, as amended in 1999, 2006, 2007, and 2008, to the defendant did not

constitute an infringement of the principles of ex post facto. Moreover, in State ex

rel. Counterman v. Whitley, 611 So.2d 661, 666 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1992), the first

circuit noted that “[p]romulgation of a law is deemed adequate notice.”

Additionally, we note that in February 2007, Defendant provided Detective

Miller with two addresses, one for the location he would be during the day and the

other for the location he would be at night. This was indicative of Defendant‟s

knowledge that authorities must be kept abreast of his whereabouts.

For the reasons asserted herein, Defendant‟s due process claim lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

In his second assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court‟s

imposition of the maximum sentence was constitutionally excessive.

There was no objection to the sentence imposed, and no motion to

reconsider was filed. We, therefore, agree with the State‟s assertion that

Defendant‟s claim is barred or should be limited to a bare claim of excessiveness.

State v. Lewis, 08-1308 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/1/09), 16 So.3d 1.

1
This provision has since been amended, and the definition is found in La.R.S.
15:541(22).
8

This court discussed the standard of review applicable to claims of

excessiveness in State v. Whatley, 03-1275, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/3/04), 867

So.2d 955, 958-59, as follows:

The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
La. Const. art. I, § 20 prohibit the imposition of cruel or excessive
punishment. “ „[T]he excessiveness of a sentence becomes a question
of law reviewable under the appellate jurisdiction of this court.‟ ”
State v. Dorthey, 623 So.2d 1276, 1280 (La.1993) (quoting State v.
Sepulvado, 367 So.2d 762, 764 (La.1979)). Still, the trial court is
given wide discretion in imposing a sentence, and, absent a manifest
abuse of that discretion, we will not deem as excessive a sentence
imposed within statutory limits. State v. Pyke, 95-919 (La.App. 3 Cir.
3/6/96), 670 So.2d 713. However, “[m]aximum sentences are
reserved for the most serious violations and the worst offenders.”
State v. Farhood, 02-490, p. 11 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/25/03), 844 So.2d
217, 225. The only relevant question for us to consider on review is
not whether another sentence would be more appropriate, but whether
the trial court abused its broad discretion in sentencing a defendant.
State v. Cook, 95-2784 (La.5/31/96), 674 So.2d 957, cert. denied, 519
U.S. 1043, 117 S.Ct. 615, 136 L.Ed.2d 539 (1996).

The fifth circuit, in Lisotta, 726 So.2d at 58, stated that the
reviewing court should consider three factors in reviewing the trial
court's sentencing discretion:

1. The nature of the crime,

2. The nature and background of the offender, and

3. The sentence imposed for similar crimes by the same court
and other courts.

Defendant was convicted of failure to register as a sex offender because he

moved and failed to notify authorities of his new address and send out the required

notice. The offense was punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 and

imprisonment at hard labor for not less than two nor more than ten years without

benefit of probation, parole, of suspension of sentence. La.R.S. 15:542.1.4.

Defendant was sentenced to serve the maximum term of incarceration.

The trial court stated the following at sentencing:

[T]he Court has no hesitation in imposing the maximum sentence on
Mr. Bergeron based on the finding of guilty of failure to register as a
9

sex offender. The circumstances were blatant -- blatantly in violation
of his obligation to register, and he – he went to a location where he
knew he shouldn‟t have gone. He stayed there and caused trouble.
He stayed longer even after being found by the manager.

He -- he acted inappropriately based on the testimony, but -- but
primarily, he violated the statute. He knowingly violated it. He could
have complied easily through the assistance of his brother or other
people, and -- and he chose to go to the wrong location, and he knew
it was the wrong location.

So I‟m imposing the maximum without benefit of parole,
suspension . . . .

We concur with the trial court‟s conclusion. We find no abuse of its wide

discretion.

DECREE

Defendant‟s conviction and sentence are affirmed.

The trial court is directed to inform Defendant of the provisions of article

930.8 by sending appropriate written notice to Defendant within ten days of the

rendition of this opinion and to file written proof in the record that Defendant

received the notice. State v. Roe, 05-116 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/1/05), 903 So.2d 1265,

writ denied, 05-1762 (La. 2/10/06), 924 So.2d 163.

CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED.

10

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

12-71

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

CHARLES L. BERGERON

THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur in affirming the conviction of the defendant. I dissent,

however, on affirming a ten-year sentence at hard labor without benefit of

probation, parole, or suspension of sentence.

Maximum sentences are reserved for the worst offenders. While the

defendant’s conduct is unjustifiable, he does not fit into the characterization of a

“worst offender.” He has no prior conviction except molestation of a juvenile for

which he registered as a sex offender. He registered in 2007 and resided

temporarily with his brother because of a heart condition. The record is scant with

respect to how and when the defendant “caused trouble” while staying with his

brother. The record is equally tenuous on whether the defendant, as the trial court

observed, offered children rides on a four-wheeler. While the majority recognizes

the three factors we must consider in reviewing the trial court’s sentencing

discretion, it fails to perform a proportionality view, i.e., a comparison of sentences

imposed for similar crimes by the same court or other courts. The majority simply

rubberstamped the trial court’s imposition of the maximum sentence in finding no

abuse of the trial court’s wide discretion. While the trial court admittedly has wide

discretion, an appellate court’s review must do more than simply defer to that wide

discretion. It must, in my view, provide reasons for deference to that discretion.

The majority opinion does not fully achieve this objective.

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent in part.