State of Louisiana v. Chaddrick D. Mayes

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

14-683

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

CHADDRICK D. MAYES

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APPEAL FROM THE
THIRTY-SIXTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF BEAUREGARD, NO. 2013-251
HONORABLE MARTHA A. O’NEAL, DISTRICT JUDGE

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PHYLLIS M. KEATY
JUDGE

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Court composed of Shannon J. Gremillion, Phyllis M. Keaty, and John E. Conery,
Judges.

AFFIRMED.

David W. Burton
District Attorney
Richard F. Blankenship
Assistant District Attorney
Post Office Box 99
DeRidder, Louisiana 70634
(337) 463-5578
Counsel for Appellee:
State of Louisiana

Mitchel M. Evans, II
Attorney at Law
416 North Pine Street
DeRidder, Louisiana 70634
(337) 462-5225
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
Chaddrick D. Mayes

KEATY, Judge.

Defendant, Chaddrick D. Mayes, appeals his conviction for second degree

murder. For the following reasons, we affirm.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Defendant shot and killed Kenneth “Kenny” Palmer, III, following a verbal

altercation which occurred between them while attending a wedding party. As a

result, Defendant was charged with second degree murder, a violation of La.R.S.

14:30.1. Following a jury trial, Defendant was found guilty of that charge. The

trial court thereafter heard and denied Defendant’s motion for a post-verdict

judgment of acquittal as well as his motion for new trial. The trial court

subsequently sentenced Defendant to life imprisonment.

Defendant appeals his conviction, assigning the following three errors:

(1) The jury failed to consider the evidence regarding the
provocation exhibited by Palmer;

(2) The jury was confused over the use of other crimes evidence,
thereby giving great weight to same in rendering its verdict,
exceeding the limited purposes for which other crimes evidence
may be utilized, and;

(3) The trial court abused its discretion by failing to determine the
extent which Defendant would be entitled to the full version of
jury instructions relative to his justifiable homicide defense.
The shortened version of the jury instructions misled the jury in
its deliberations as to whether Defendant was entitled to use
lethal force.

DISCUSSION

I. Errors Patent

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for

errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find that

there are no errors patent.

II. First Assignment of Error

In his first assignment of error, Defendant contends that the jury failed to

consider the provocation exhibited by Palmer.

The standard of review applicable to Defendant’s sufficiency of the evidence

claim is “whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found proof beyond a reasonable

doubt of each of the essential elements of the crime charged.” State v. Leger, 05-

11, p. 91 (La. 7/10/06), 936 So.2d 108, 170, cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1221, 127 S.Ct.

1279 (2007)). The foregoing standard of review was originally enunciated in

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781 (1979). The Jackson standard of

review, which is legislatively embodied in La.Code Crim.P. art. 821, “does not

allow the appellate court ‘to substitute its own appreciation of the evidence for that

of the fact-finder.’” State v. Johnson, 14-82, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/4/14), 140

So.3d 854, 857 (quoting State v. Pigford, 05-477, p. 6 (La. 2/22/06), 922 So.2d 517,

521). The appellate court does not “assess the credibility of witnesses or reweigh

the evidence.” Johnson, 140 So.3d at 857.

Defendant argues that the State failed to disprove that he acted in self-

defense. Killing in self-defense is governed by La.R.S. 14:20(A)(1), which states,

in pertinent part, that a homicide is justified “[w]hen committed in self-defense by

one who reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of losing his life or

receiving great bodily harm and that the killing is necessary to save himself from

that danger.” In examining a self-defense claim, it is necessary to consider: (1)

whether the defendant reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of

death or great bodily harm; (2) whether the killing was necessary to prevent that

death or great bodily harm; and (3) whether the defendant was the aggressor in the

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conflict. State v. Jenkins, 98-1603 (La.App. 4 Cir. 12/29/99), 750 So.2d 366, writ

denied, 00-556 (La. 11/13/00), 773 So.2d 157.

In State v. Mincey, 08-1315 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 14 So.3d 613, a case

that is factually similar to the instant case, this court reviewed whether the State

presented sufficient evidence to disprove the defendant’s justification defense. The

victim in Mincey, Jerome Dejean, was at a nightclub when he became involved in a

verbal altercation with the defendant. The defendant subsequently shot Dejean

after Dejean attempted to punch him. On appeal, the defendant argued that the

State failed to disprove that he acted in self-defense. This court held, in pertinent

part:

The essence of his defense is that he was justified in responding to an
attempted punch by shooting his opponent in the chest at close range.
We recognize that Dejean had two friends with him. Thus, Defendant
may have genuinely felt endangered; further, some level of fear was
objectively reasonable. However, the level of force he used to defend
himself was far beyond what was necessary under the circumstances.

....

. . . [A]s mentioned earlier, responding to an oncoming punch
by shooting the other person in the chest is an excessive response.
Thus, the jury’s determinations in the present case were not
unreasonable. Therefore, the Defendant’s reliance on self-defense is
meritless.

Mincey, 14 So.3d at 615-16.

In this case, as in Mincey, Defendant’s defense is that he was justified in

shooting Palmer because Palmer lunged towards him or shoved a table towards

him. Responding to an oncoming table or lunge “by shooting [Palmer] . . . is an

excessive response.”1 Mincey, 14 So.3d at 615-16. Consequently, this court finds

1
See also State v. Levier, 09-238 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/4/09), 21 So.3d 1139, writ denied,
38 So.3d 298 (La. 6/4/10), wherein this court held that the evidence was insufficient to establish
self-defense so as to support a conviction for second degree murder. Although the defendant

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that the State presented sufficient evidence to disprove Defendant’s claim of self-

defense. Accordingly, this assignment of error lacks merit.

III. Second Assignment of Error

In his second assignment of error, Defendant argues that the jury’s confusion

over the use of other crimes evidence caused it to give greater weight to his prior

gun offense when rendering its verdict, exceeding the limited purposes for which

other crimes evidence may be utilized.

“‘Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts committed by a defendant is

generally inadmissible because of the substantial risk of grave prejudice to the

defendant.’” State v. Raines, 13-304, p. 7 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/13/13), 124 So.2d

1275, 1278-79 (quoting State v. Jarrell, 07-1720, pp. 10-11 (La.App. 1 Cir.

9/12/08), 994 So.2d 620, 629-30). There are statutory and jurisprudential

exceptions, however, to this rule. La.Code Evid. art. 404(B); State v. Monroe, 364

So.2d 570 (La.1978). Specifically, in Monroe, the supreme court held that

evidence of a prior criminal act that is similar to the instant offense was admissible

at trial to negate a claim of self-defense.

According to the record in this case, Defendant was convicted in 2001 of

aggravated criminal damage to property when he shot a gun towards an occupied

vehicle. In the instant case, the trial court heard the State’s motion to determine

the admissibility of other crimes evidence which pertained to Defendant’s previous

conviction in 2001. The trial court held that the evidence regarding Defendant’s

previous conviction was admissible, although no mention could be made of the fact

that he had been charged with attempted manslaughter.

claimed he was justified in shooting the victim because the victim was reaching in his pocket and
the defendant knew or saw that he had a knife, this court found that the level of force used by the
defendant was far beyond what was necessary.

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At trial, the State presented Lieutenant Kenneth Pine who testified regarding

Defendant’s 2001 arrest and conviction. Lieutenant Pine testified that Defendant

admitted to pulling the trigger of a “Larsen nine millimeter semi-automatic

handgun[.]” Lieutenant Pine also testified that the bullet from that gun hit a car

with occupants.

With respect to the prior gun conviction, the jury instructions contained in

the record state the following:

Evidence that the defendant was involved in the commission of
an offense other than the offense for which he is on trial is to be
considered only for the limited purpose(s) to show motive, intent,
absence of mistake or accident, or to rebut claim of self-defense or
other defense.

Remember the accused is on trial only for the offense charged.
You may not find him guilty of this offense merely because he may
have committed another offense.

Evidence of other crimes may be offered to prove such things
as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, and
identity, absence of mistake or accident, but not to prove the “bad
character” of the accused. To the extent that other crimes’ evidence
proves such matters as guilty knowledge or intent, it does help to
prove the offense charged.

Thus, the trial court gave the jury instructions on limiting the use of the other

crimes evidence.

In the present case, a bullet shot by Defendant from his gun hit and killed

Palmer. Similarly, a bullet shot by Defendant from his gun in 2001 hit an occupied

vehicle. This 2001 conviction arising from Defendant’s act of shooting towards a

vehicle showed the improbability that Defendant acted in self-defense in the instant

case. Moreover, as previously mentioned, the appellate court does not “assess the

credibility of witnesses or reweigh the evidence.” Johnson, 140 So.3d at 857.

Thus, this assignment lacks merit.

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IV. Third Assignment of Error

In his third assignment of error, Defendant alleges that the trial court abused

its discretion by failing to allow a full version of jury instructions relative to his

justifiable homicide defense. The shortened version of the jury instructions,

according to Defendant, did not contain the following subsections provided in the

justifiable homicide statute, La.R.S. 14:20:

C. A person who is not engaged in unlawful activity and who is
in a place where he or she has a right to be shall have no duty to
retreat before using deadly force as provided for in this Section, and
may stand his or her ground and meet force with force.

D. No finder of fact shall be permitted to consider the
possibility of retreat as a factor in determining whether or not the
person who used deadly force had a reasonable belief that deadly
force was reasonable and apparently necessary to prevent a violent or
forcible felony involving life or great bodily harm or to prevent the
unlawful entry.

Defendant contends that this failure to include the foregoing subsections misled the

jury as to whether he was entitled to stand his ground and use lethal force.

The State counters that exclusion was proper, supporting its argument with

jurisprudence found in the per curiam opinion of State v. Wilkins, 13-2539 (La.

1/15/14), 131 So.3d 839. In Wilkins, the supreme court found that Subsections C

and D of La.R.S. 14:20 must be read and applied together. The State asserts that

La.R.S. 14:20(C) and (D) are inapplicable in the present case because Subsection C

is conditional pursuant to its language that “[a] person who is not engaged in

unlawful activity . . . shall have no duty to retreat before using deadly force[.]”

Since Defendant was previously convicted in 2001 of aggravated criminal damage

to property, the State asserts that he was a convicted felon in unlawful possession

of a firearm when the instant crime was committed. Since Wilkins provides that

Subsections C and D must be read and applied together, and since Defendant was

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engaged in unlawful activity during the instant shooting, the State argues that

Defendant is not entitled to the benefit of Subsections C and D. We agree with the

State.

Defendant further contends that the State’s reasoning regarding Subsections

C and D conflicts with jurisprudence providing that a felon may arm himself in

self-defense. Defendant notes the supreme court’s holding in State v. Blache, 480

So.2d 304, 308 (La.1985),2 wherein it states:

We hold that when a felon is in imminent peril of great bodily
harm, or reasonably believes himself or others to be in such danger, he
may take possession of a weapon for a period no longer than is
necessary or apparently necessary to use it in self-defense, or in
defense of others. In such situation justification is a defense to the
charge of felon in possession of a firearm.

In opposition, the State argues that Defendant did not “take possession of a

weapon for a period no longer than is necessary” to defend himself as stated in

Blache, 480 So.2d at 308. We agree with the State for the following reasons.

The record shows that Palmer was unarmed despite Defendant’s belief to the

contrary. This is shown by the trial testimony of the State’s witness, Sergeant

James Halbert, of the DeRidder Police Department. Sergeant Halbert testified that

he arrived at the scene following the shooting. He testified that he looked at

Palmer’s body and failed to see any weapons on him. The State also presented

Alzata “Brownie” Crawford at trial. Crawford, who was at the scene of the crime

when it occurred, testified that after Palmer shoved the table and prior to the

shooting, she did not see a gun in Palmer’s hand.

2
We note that Blache was overruled by State v. Curtis, 04-111 (La.App. 3 Cir. 8/4/04),
880 So.2d 112, writ denied, 04-2277 (La. 1/28/05), 893 So.2d 71, regarding a sentencing-related
issue.

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The record also contains the testimony of another eyewitness, Paul Fairley,

who testified that Defendant showed his weapon approximately two or three times

prior to the shooting. Although Defendant kept placing the gun behind his back

after each reveal and prior to the shooting, Fairley testified that he “never took his

hand off of the weapon.” Fairley testified that he attempted to prevent the shooting

by jumping in front of and talking to Defendant. Fairley testified that he managed

to get Defendant to walk away with him. While they were walking away, however,

Fairley testified that he heard a table move followed by the sound of a shooting

gun. Fairley testified that Palmer subsequently dropped to the ground, and

Defendant ran away.

The record also contains Defendant’s testimony that he bought the gun

which killed Palmer approximately four or five months prior to the shooting

despite not having a concealed gun permit. Defendant testified that he placed the

gun in his waist prior to the party. Thus, the foregoing testimony contained in the

record shows that Defendant carried a gun into a party and shot an unarmed man.

It further shows that Defendant possessed the gun longer than was necessary to

defend himself, which is contrary to the holding in Blache.

We further note that the record does not reveal that Defendant was in

“imminent peril” as stated in Blache, 480 So.2d at 308. As mentioned above, the

evidence shows that Palmer was unarmed despite Defendant’s belief that Palmer

was armed. The evidence contained in the record also shows that Defendant was

more physically fit than Palmer. This is shown by the testimony of Dr. Terry

Welke, a forensic pathologist who performed Palmer’s autopsy. Dr. Welke

testified that Palmer was six feet tall, weighed 206 pounds, and was overweight.

On the other hand, photographs submitted by the State at trial revealed that

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Defendant had a muscular build. Thus, a jury could have reasonably believed that

the foregoing evidence and testimony showed that Defendant was not at a

disadvantage when compared to Palmer.

Based on the above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding

the justifiable homicide defense statute found in La.R.S. 14:20(C) and (D) from the

jury instructions. Thus, this assignment of error is without merit.

DECREE

Defendant’s conviction is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

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