State of Louisiana v. Jaime Brooks Day

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

14-708

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

JAIME BROOKS DAY

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APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 15589-10
HONORABLE CLAYTON DAVIS, DISTRICT JUDGE

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JOHN D. SAUNDERS
JUDGE

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Court composed of John D. Saunders, Jimmie C. Peters, and James T. Genovese,
Judges.

CONVICTION AFFIRMED. SENTENCE VACATED.
REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.

Peters, J., concurs in the result.

Genovese, J., dissents.

John F. DeRosier
Fourteenth Judicial District
District Attorney
Karen C. McLellan
Fourteenth Judicial District
Assistant District Attorney
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, LA 70602-3206
(337) 437-3400
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
State of Louisiana

William T. Fontenot
Fontenot & Fontenot
523 Clarence Street
Lake Charles, LA 70601
(337) 491-3864
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT:
Jaime Brooks Day

SAUNDERS, Judge

Jaime Brooks Day (hereafter “Defendant”) appeals her conviction for second

degree cruelty to a juvenile for which she was sentenced to thirty years hard labor

with credit for time served. For the following reasons, we affirm the conviction,

but vacate the sentence and remand to the trial court for resentencing.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On December 16, 2008, G.H. was placed in the custody of his father and

Defendant, his step-mother, following allegations of abuse by his biological

mother.1 Defendant’s husband was frequently away from the home, leaving her

alone to care for G.H. and the children of Defendant and the biological father of

G.H. Following a report of child abuse, Calcasieu Parish Sheriff’s Deputies went

to Defendant’s residence on February 19, 2010, and Defendant and her husband

brought G.H. to the hospital. Defendant was charged in an indictment filed on

April 8, 2010, with three counts of second degree cruelty to a juvenile, a violation

of La.R.S. 14:93.2.3, and five counts of cruelty to a juvenile, a violation of La.R.S.

14:93.2 Defendant entered a plea of not guilty on April 9, 2010.

On November 4, 2013, the State amended the indictment, noting its intent to

proceed to trial on one count of second degree cruelty to a juvenile instead of three

counts and striking five counts of cruelty to a juvenile. On the same day, the jury

was selected and trial began. Multiple fact and expert witnesses testified at trial.

On November 13, 2013, the jury found Defendant guilty of second degree

cruelty to a juvenile. On December 6, 2013, Defendant was sentenced to serve

thirty years at hard labor, with credit for time served. A motion for appeal was

1
The initials of the victim is used in accordance with La.R.S. 46:1844(W).
2
Defendant’s husband, Murry Dalton Day was charged in the same indictment. He filed a
motion to sever, which was granted on June 22, 2011.

filed and granted on December 17, 2013. A motion to reconsider sentence was

filed on January 2, 2014, and denied without hearing on January 7, 2014.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR:

Defendant now appeals her conviction and sentence and asserts the trial

court erred:

1. by allowing the prosecution to publish only the portion of a home
video that favored their case, but not the portion favoring Defendant;

2. in failing to grant a mistrial after the investigating deputy coached a
witness in the midst of her testimony;

3. allowing the state’s expert to testify outside the field of pediatrics and
tell the jury that Defendant was guilty of child abuse;

4. by excluding as hearsay the school principal’s reason for rejecting
G.H.’s application for admission into the private school;

5. allowing an employee of the Department of Child and Family
Services with no first-hand knowledge of the underlying facts to tell
the jury that Jaime committed child abuse;

6. by the allowing G.H. to testify by closed circuit television without
allowing Defendant to have G.H. examined to assess the necessity of
his closed circuit testimony; and

7. failing to give adequate reasons for the imposition of a thirty-year
sentence.

ERRORS PATENT:

In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, we have reviewed the record

for errors patent on the face of the record and find none.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1:

In her first assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court erred by

allowing the prosecution to show to the jury only four minutes of a video

approximately twenty-five minutes long in total, which she contends she made to

prove to mental health authorities how mentally ill G.H. was, in an effort to secure

the long-term care he needed. The portion of the video withheld from the jury

2

shows G.H. clawing his face, punching himself, announcing his desires to harm

himself, screaming, and telling Defendant he will miss her. It shows her telling

G.H. not to hurt himself, to calm down, and that she will miss him should he be

placed in long-term care. She contends the latter shows the extent of G.H.’s

mental illness, his efforts to harm himself, and presents her in a “better light.”

New Trial

Defendant asserts the portion shown to the jury was inflammatory because it

“made her look horrible and made G.H. look like a normal child crying for his

mother.” While the video was being played, one of the jurors asked, “Do we have

to watch this?” After this question, the court requested the video be paused, and

the prosecution announced it had shown all they wanted to show. Defendant

contends the inflammatory impact was evident by the fact that a juror had an

outburst during the viewing of the video. Defense counsel had no objection to the

admissibility of the videotape. Nonetheless, Defendant asserts that showing only a

portion of the video was unduly prejudicial and that La.Code Crim.P. art. 851(5)

allows for a grant of new trial in this situation, where “the ends of justice would be

served.”

In pertinent part, La.Code Crim.P. art. 851 provides:

The motion for a new trial is based on the supposition that
injustice has been done the defendant, and, unless such is shown to
have been the case the motion shall be denied, no matter upon what
allegations it is grounded.

The court, on motion of the defendant, shall grant a new trial
whenever:

....

(5) The court is of the opinion that the ends of justice would be
served by the granting of a new trial, although the defendant may not
be entitled to a new trial as a matter of strict legal right.

3

Defendant did not file a motion for new trial in this matter. Pursuant to La.Code

Crim.P. art. 851 (emphasis added), the court shall grant a new trial “upon motion

of the defendant.” Thus, in the absence of a timely motion by Defendant, this

court cannot grant a new trial pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art. 851(5).

Contemporaneous objection

Defendant contends the contemporaneous objection rule does not preclude

raising this issue on appeal because a “substantial right” was affected, citing State

v. Langston, 43,923 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/25/09), 3 So.3d 707, writ denied, 09-696

(La. 12/11/09), 23 So.3d 912; State v. Montoya, 340 So.2d 557 (La.1976); State v.

Williamson, 389 So.2d 1328 (La.1980); State v. Green, 493 So.2d 588 (La.1986);

and State v. Arvie, 505 So.2d 44 (La.1987), in support of her argument.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 841(A) provides “[a]n

irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict unless it was objected to at

the time of occurrence.” However, “[e]rrors that affect substantial rights of the

accused are reviewable by the appellate court, even absent contemporaneous

objection, to preserve the ‘fundamental requirements of due process.’ State v.

Williamson, supra; State v. Green, supra.” Langston, 3 So.3d at 715. Generally,

only errors that are structural may be reviewed in the absence of contemporaneous

objection. State v. Hongo, 96-2060 (La. 12/2/97), 706 So.2d 419. A structural

error is one that, “by its very nature, impacts the entire framework of the trial from

beginning to end, without reference to any other trial consideration.” State v.

Langley, 06-1041, pp. 12-13 (La. 5/22/07), 958 So.2d 1160, 1168, cert. denied,

552 U.S. 1007, 128 S.Ct. 493 (2007).

In Montoya, 340 So.2d 557, on direct examination, the arresting officer

made reference to defendant’s post-arrest silence. The court held this to be

4

reversible error because it violated the defendant’s constitutional right to remain

silent under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966).

In Arvie, 505 So.2d at 47-48 (footnotes omitted), our supreme court

explained:

On very rare occasions, this court has refused to apply the
contemporaneous objection rule as a bar to review of an error which
was so fundamental that it struck at the very essence of the reliability
of the fact-finding process. In State v. Williamson, 389 So.2d 1328
(La.1980), the judge instructed the jury on the essential elements of
first and second degree murder as those crimes were defined under
statutes which had been amended to redefine the crimes before the
date of the charged crime. Apparently the prosecution and the defense
shared the court’s misconception, and there were no objections to the
instruction. This court reversed the conviction, despite the absence of
a contemporaneous objection, noting that a substantial error in the
very definition of the charged crime was of such importance and
significance as to violate the fundamental requirements of due
process.

In State v. Green, 493 So.2d 588 (La.1986), this court again
considered an error to which no contemporaneous objection had been
made at trial. During Green’s trial on the charge of third offense theft,
the trial judge failed to instruct the jurors that they were to consider
Green’s prior theft convictions only for the purpose of sentence
enhancement and not for the purpose of determining his guilt or
innocence. Although defense counsel failed to request such an
instruction or to object to its omission, this court considered the error
and reversed the conviction. This court’s unanimous opinion noted
that the Court in Spencer v. Texas, 385 U.S. 554, 87 S.Ct. 648, 17
L.Ed.2d 606 (1967) had approved the constitutionality of a procedure
which allowed evidence both of the current offense and of prior
convictions of similar crimes at the guilt determination trial only
because of the procedural requirement in the statutory scheme that the
jury must be instructed to consider the prior crimes only for the
purpose of sentence enhancement and not for the purpose of deciding
guilt or innocence of the charged crime. Because Louisiana’s statute
arguably was facially unconstitutional without the requirement of a
limiting instruction, this court held that the failure to give such an
instruction required reversal, even without a contemporaneous
objection.

Because Defendant did not request that the entirety of the video be played

for the jury, she is ordinarily precluded from raising the alleged error for review on

appeal. See La.Code Crim.P. art. 841. The exceptions to the contemporaneous

5

objection rule arose in cases involving the defendant’s post-arrest silence, an

incorrect definition of the charged crime, and jury instructions. Because the claim

raised by Defendant does not involve a structural error, the exception to the

contemporaneous objection rule is inapplicable to the claim set forth in this

assignment of error. Thus, review of the error at issue was waived.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Defendant also alleges that defense counsel’s failure to object to the State’s

failure to play the entire videotape constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.

In State v. Griffin, 02–1703, pp. 8–10 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/15/03),
838 So.2d 34, 40, our brethren of the Fourth Circuit, with whom we
agree, reviewed the law applicable to claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel stating as follows:

Generally, the issue of ineffective assistance of
counsel is a matter more properly addressed in an
application for post conviction relief, filed in the trial
court where a full evidentiary hearing can be conducted.
State v. Prudholm, 446 So.2d 729 (La.1984); State v.
Johnson, 557 So.2d 1030 (La.App. 4 Cir.1990); State v.
Reed, 483 So.2d 1278 (La.App. 4 Cir.1986). Only if the
record discloses sufficient evidence to rule on the merits
of the claim do the interests of judicial economy justify
consideration of the issues on appeal. State v. Seiss, 428
So.2d 444 (La.1983); State v. Ratcliff, 416 So.2d 528
(La.1982); State v. Garland, 482 So.2d 133 (La.App. 4
Cir.1986); State v. Landry, 499 So.2d 1320 (La.App. 4
Cir.1986).

The defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is to be assessed by the two part test of
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052,
80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Fuller, 454 So.2d 119
(La.1984). The defendant must show that counsel’s
performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by
the deficiency. . . . The defendant must make both
showings to prove that counsel was so ineffective as to
require reversal. State v. Sparrow, 612 So.2d 191, 199
(La.App. 4 Cir.1992).

This Court has recognized that if an alleged error
falls “within the ambit of trial strategy” it does not
“establish ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v.
Bienemy, 483 So.2d 1105 (La.App. 4 Cir.1986).
6

Moreover, as “opinions may differ on the advisability of
a tactic, hindsight is not the proper perspective for
judging the competence of counsel’s trial decisions.
Neither may an attorney’s level of representation be
determined by whether a particular strategy is
successful.” State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714, 724
(La.1987).

State v. Schexnaider, 03–144, pp. 17–18 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/4/03) 852 So.2d 450,

462.

Defendant has failed to meet her burden of proving that defense counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to the State’s failure to play the entire videotape.

We have reviewed the video and find that it was well within the realm of

reasonable trial strategy not to show the entirety of it to the jury. While the video,

in some parts, showed a concerned step-parent, as a whole, it does not evoke

sympathy for Defendant. In its entirety, it is more inflammatory than probative.

Further, Dr. Scott Benton, an expert in child abuse pediatrics, testified that the

video was likely staged, as it showed a child with a relatively controlled tantrum.

Defense counsel was justified in refusing to object to showing only part of the

video to the jury. There is simply no evidence that defense counsel was deficient.

Additionally, there is no evidence that Defendant was prejudiced, given the highly

inflammatory nature of the video.

For the foregoing reasons, we find that Defendant cannot now request a new

trial, that she waived her right to request review of her claim that the trial court

erred in allowing the State to publish only a portion of the videotape by failing to

object at trial, and that all claims of ineffective assistance of counsel lack merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2:

In her second assignment of error, Defendant contends the trial court erred in

not declaring a mistrial after the investigating deputy coached a material

eyewitness in the midst of her testimony.
7

Evelyn Vincent, a homebound teacher who had been teaching G.H. in

Defendant’s home, testified at Defendant’s trial. A recess was taken during

Vincent’s testimony, during which Detective Elizabeth Zaunbrecher approached

the witness. Defendant alleges Detective Zaunbrecher provided Vincent with

information and asserts that Vincent changed her testimony concerning a particular

incident during her last visit to G.H.’s home. Defendant argues that Detective

Zaunbrecher had been observing Vincent’s testimony and expressed her approval

that Vincent adopted one version of the events on her last home visit, rather than

an earlier version.

When the encounter came to the attention of the trial court, Vincent was

questioned and stated that Detective Zaunbrecher said that Vincent was “doing a

good job.” The trial court found Detective Zaunbrecher’s behavior inappropriate

and excused her from the courtroom and the trial. The jury was then returned to

the courtroom, and the cross-examination of Vincent continued. Defendant argues

that what occurred was a direct violation of the trial court’s sequestration order and

should have been grounds for a new trial pursuant to La.Code Crim.P. art. 851,

which mandates the granting of a new trial where the ends of justice would be

served.

Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 775 provides:

A mistrial may be ordered, and in a jury case the jury
dismissed, when:

(1) The defendant consents thereto;

(2) The jury is unable to agree upon a verdict;

(3) There is a legal defect in the proceedings which would make
any judgment entered upon a verdict reversible as a matter of law;

(4) The court finds that the defendant does not have the mental
capacity to proceed;

8

(5) It is physically impossible to proceed with the trial in
conformity with law; or

(6) False statements of a juror on voir dire prevent a fair trial.

Upon motion of a defendant, a mistrial shall be ordered, and in
a jury case the jury dismissed, when prejudicial conduct in or outside
the courtroom makes it impossible for the defendant to obtain a fair
trial, or when authorized by Article 770 or 771.

A mistrial shall be ordered, and in a jury case the jury
dismissed, when the state and the defendant jointly move for a
mistrial.

“A mistrial is a drastic remedy and, except in instances in which a mistrial is

mandatory, is warranted only when trial error results in substantial prejudice to

defendant, depriving him of a reasonable expectation of a fair trial.” State v.

Smith, 04-340, p. 5 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/26/04), 888 So.2d 280, 285.

Again, Defendant did not move for a new trial. For the same reasons

articulated in our analysis of her first assignment of error, she cannot now request

one. Additionally, Defendant did not move for a mistrial. Where a defendant does

not request a mistrial and no grounds exist for the trial court to order a mistrial sua

sponte, the trial court does not err in failing to grant one. State v. Passman, 345

So.2d 874 (La.1977). Further, even had Defendant moved for mistrial, it would

not have been error for the trial court to deny the motion. The remarks made by

Detective Zaunbrecher did not make it impossible for Defendant to obtain a fair

trial. The incident was brief and brought to the attention of the trial court, which

admonished Detective Zaunbrecher and excused her from the courtroom. Further,

defense counsel questioned Vincent about the discrepancies in her versions of the

events. Thus, Defendant did not suffer any prejudice. In light of the foregoing, we

find that the trial court did not err in failing to grant a mistrial.

For the foregoing reasons, we find this assignment of error lacks merit.

9

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3:

In her third assignment of error, Defendant contends that the trial court erred

in allowing the State’s expert pediatrician to testify outside his field of medical

pediatrics and tell the jury that she was guilty of abuse. Defendant asserts that

when Dr. McCanless was asked for his medical diagnosis and other medical

questions, he spontaneously said that he and OCS believed that G.H. was abused,

which was outside the scope of pediatrics. Defendant alleges that Dr. McCanless

admitted that all of his information came from OCS, and he had talked to no one

else about G.H. Defense counsel objected to the testimony wherein Dr. McCanless

stated: “I think those are the marks that we felt were made from the ligatures

around his ankle when they were tied up -- and supposedly hung by his ankle.”

That objection was sustained by the trial court. Defense counsel did not object to

the other testimony cited in brief to this court.

Defendant asserts that Dr. McCanless’s testimony should have been

excluded because: 1) it was based on multiple levels of hearsay and violated her

constitutional right to confront her accusers; 2) it exceeded the field of pediatrics;

3) it violated La.Code Evid. art. 703 when he based his opinion as to abuse on what

OCS told him rather than upon medical evidence “of a type reasonably relied upon

by experts in a particular field”; and 4) regurgitating OCS’s abuse allegations and

cloaking them as a medical diagnosis violated La.Code Evid. art. 702, which

precludes testimony that is not scientific, technical, or otherwise specialized

knowledge that would assist the trier of fact. Defendant contends that the ends of

justice would be served by the granting of a new trial pursuant to La.Code Crim.P.

art. 851(5), that the contemporaneous objection rule does not preclude the raising

of this issue on appeal because it affected a substantial right, and trial counsel’s

failure to object constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
10

On appeal, Defendant asserts for the first time that the testimony of Dr.

McCanless should not have been admitted. However, “[a] new basis for objection

cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” State v. Fowlkes, 352 So.2d 208, 211

(La.1977) (citing La.Code Crim.P. art. 841; See also State v. Johnson, 438 So.2d

1221, 1225 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1983). Thus, Defendant cannot now attempt to avail

herself of the alleged error. See also State v. Klein, 351 So.2d 1158 (La.1977).

The alleged error does not affect the “entire framework of the trial from beginning

to end, without reference to any other trial consideration.” Langley, 958 So.2d at

1168. As previously mentioned, Defendant did not move for a new trial. For the

same reasons articulated in our analysis of her first assignment of error, she cannot

now request one.

Finally, we find that Defendant has failed to meet her burden of proof on her

claim that failure to object to Dr. McCanless’ testimony constitutes ineffective

assistance of counsel because she has not alleged that defense counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing

professional norms. Further, she has not alleged any prejudice. Both prongs of the

test set out in Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, must be satisfied in order to find

ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Truehill, 09-1546 (La.App. 3 Cir.

6/2/10), 38 So.3d 1246. Her “[g]eneral statements and conclusory allegations will

not suffice to prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v.

Celestine, 11-1403, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/30/12), 91 So.3d 573, 577 (citing State

v. Camp, 46,052 (La.App. 2 Cir. 3/16/11), 59 So.3d 548, writ denied, 11–954 (La.

12/16/11), 76 So.3d 1199.)

For the foregoing reasons, we find Defendant waived review of her claim

that the trial court erred in allowing testimony outside of Dr. McCanless’ field.

We further find that her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on the grounds
11

that her attorney failed to object to Dr. McCanless’ testimony lacks merit.

Therefore, we find this assignment of error is without merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4:

In her fourth assignment of error, Defendant contends that the trial court

erred when it sustained the prosecution’s objection to questions by defense counsel

to her regarding the reasons given to her by a school principal concerning the

rejection of G.H.’s application for entry into private school. Defendant asserts that

the prosecution accused her of deliberately favoring her biological sons by

enrolling them in a private school. Defense counsel asked the reason why G.H.

was not enrolled in the private school, and the prosecution objected. Defendant

contends that the State objected on the basis of hearsay and argues her testimony

should have been admitted. Defendant asserts the testimony was relevant to prove

her reason for enrolling G. H. into a different school than her biological sons.

Thus, “it goes to her ‘state of mind.’” She contends La.Code Crim.P. art. 851(2)

provides that the court shall grant a new trial in situations where its ruling on an

objection made during the proceedings shows prejudicial error.

La.Code Evid. art. 803 provides, in pertinent part:

The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even
though the declarant is available as a witness:

....

(3) Then existing mental, emotional, or physical condition.
A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,
sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design,
mental feeling, pain, and bodily health), offered to prove the
declarant’s then existing condition or his future action. A statement of
memory or belief, however, is not admissible to prove the fact
remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution, revocation,
identification, or terms of declarant’s testament.

The prosecution did not set forth the basis for its objection to Defendant’s

testimony. Additionally, defense counsel did not object to the trial court’s ruling.
12

On appeal, she asserts for the first time that the testimony should be admitted. “A

new basis for objection cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. LSA-C.Cr.P.

art. 841. State v. Fowlkes, 352 So.2d 208 (La.1977).” Johnson, 438 So.2d at

1224-25. Thus, Defendant cannot now attempt to avail herself of the alleged error.

See also Klein, 351 So.2d 1158. Furthermore, no motion for new trial was filed in

this matter. Consequently, for the same reasons articulated in our analysis of her

first assignment of error, this court cannot grant a new trial pursuant to La.Code

Crim.P. art. 851(2).

For the foregoing reasons, we find this assignment of error lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5:

In her fifth assignment of error, Defendant contends that the trial court erred

by allowing a governmental “bureaucrat with no first-hand knowledge of the

underlying facts to tell the jury that [she] committed child abuse.”

Lee Schmidt, an employee of the Department of Child and Family Services

(hereafter “DCFS”), testified that unnamed persons called DCFS on several

separate occasions and claimed that Defendant abused G.H., that DCFS concluded

that she committed the abuse, that there was a pattern of abuse, and, as a result,

DCFS removed G.H. from the home and placed him in foster care. Defendant

contends that the testimony was prejudicial and that Schmidt was allowed to testify

based on DCFS’s records and not upon any first-hand information. Defendant

notes that Schmidt admitted she was merely the district manager and that the

supervisor and the worker completed the work. Thus, she asserts that Schmidt’s

testimony was based upon multiple levels of hearsay and violates the confrontation

clause, the hearsay rules, and La.Code Evid. art. 701(1)’s requirement that the

testimony of lay witnesses be limited to those events that they have perceived

firsthand. She asserts that La.Code Crim.P. art. 851(5) supports her argument that
13

a new trial should be granted because the ends of justice would be served thereby,

that the contemporaneous objection rule does not preclude the raising of this issue

on appeal because it affected a substantial right, and defense counsel was

ineffective for failing to object.

Defense counsel did not object to Schmidt’s testimony. Moreover, we note

that when Schmidt refused to answer the State’s questions at trial, defense counsel

specifically stated he had no objection to the court’s order requiring her to answer

said questions. Because the claim raised by Defendant does not involve a

structural error, the exceptions to the contemporaneous objection rule are

inapplicable to the claim set forth in this assignment of error. Thus, review of the

alleged error at issue was waived. Furthermore, no motion for new trial was filed

in this matter. Thus, for the reasons articulated in our analysis of Defendant’s first

assignment of error, this court cannot now grant one.

Defendant also alleges that defense counsel’s failure to object constituted

ineffective assistance of counsel. However, we find Defendant has failed to meet

her burden of proof on her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant

has not alleged that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard

of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Further, she has not

alleged any prejudice. Her “[g]eneral statements and conclusory allegations will

not suffice to prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Celestine, 91

So.3d at 579.

For the foregoing reasons, we find this assignment of error lacks merit.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6:

In her sixth assignment of error, Defendant contends that the trial court erred

by denying her constitutional right to confront her accuser face-to-face by allowing

G.H. to testify by closed circuit television without allowing her to have her own
14

child psychology expert examine G.H. as to the necessity of his closed circuit

testimony.

On August 15, 2011, the State filed a motion to utilize closed circuit

television during the testimony of G.H. in accordance with La.R.S. 15:283. In

response, Defendant filed a motion to retain her own psychologist to examine G.H.

as to the necessity of his testimony via closed circuit television. The State opposed

the request. A hearing on Defendant’s motion was held on November 2, 2011, and

the trial court denied Defendant’s motion, stating the following:

I find it unnecessary and not appropriate to allow a third expert,
regardless of who’s retaining them, to interview the child for the same
purpose. We have two experts, they agree on it, we’re going to not
put the victim through anymore [sic] than we have to, we have
enough. We assume the experts are impartial, they’re experts, and so
they’ve made their conclusions, and I’m not going to – I’m going to
deny the motion.

At a hearing on the State’s motion on December 20, 2011, defense counsel

thoroughly questioned Dr. Dilks, a neuropsychologist who had examined G.H.

Defense counsel called Ann Landry, a licensed clinical social worker. Dr. Dilks

testified that, if required to testify in the presence of Defendant, G.H. “would [not]

be open and thorough in his memories” and that he would “shut down” and

“withdraw into himself.” He explained that children who experience trauma often

develop these problems and that it “would be very negative to his testimony.” He

further testified that it was “not only a possibility . . . [but] a probability” that

testifying in the presence of Defendant would cause G.H. to have an adverse

reaction and that it would “intensify and exacerbate” his already severe emotional

distress. Finally, he testified that he employed standard protocol in evaluating G.H.

and that his approach would have not have differed regardless of who hired him to

provide testimony. Ann Landry stated that her testimony concerning the propriety

of having G.H. testify in the presence of Defendant did not differ from Dr. Dilks.
15

The trial court found that G.H. would be allowed to testify via closed circuit

television. Defendant did not object to the trial court’s ruling on the State’s motion

and has not asked this court to review that ruling. However, Defendant asserts that

she “deserves a new trial, before which she must be given an opportunity to have

G.H. independently examined prior to any determination that closed circuit

television is necessary.” Defendant asserts the trial court’s refusal to allow her to

have G.H. examined by her own expert violates her constitutional right to confront

her accuser and that the constitutional violation was not harmless.

The trial court’s determination whether to allow a child victim to testify by

closed circuit television is subject to review for abuse of discretion. State v.

Daniels, 484 So.2d 941 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1986).

As our supreme court explained in State v. Welch, 99-1283, pp. 4-6 (La.

4/11/00), 760 So.2d 317, 320-21 (footnote omitted):

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution provides that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted
with the witnesses against him.” This right provides “ ‘two types of
protections for a criminal defendant: the right physically to face those
who testify against him, and the right to conduct cross-examination.’ ”
Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1017, 108 S.Ct. 2798, 2801, 101 L.Ed.2d
857 (1988). However, public policy considerations and necessities
may take precedence over “face-to-face” confrontation. Maryland v.
Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 849, 110 S.Ct. 3157, 3165, 111 L.Ed.2d 666
(1990).

....

In Craig, the Supreme Court found an exception for child
witnesses in child abuse cases:

Accordingly, we hold that, if the State makes an adequate
showing of necessity, the state interest in protecting child
witnesses from the trauma of testifying in a child abuse
case is sufficiently important to justify the use of a
special procedure that permits a child witness in such
cases to testify at trial against a defendant in the absence
of face-to-face confrontation with the defendant.

16

Craig, 497 U.S. at 855, 110 S.Ct. at 3169. However, the Court held
that this finding of necessity must be a case-specific one. The trial
court must hear evidence and determine whether the special procedure
is necessary to protect the child witness from trauma caused by the
presence of the defendant.

Where there is a finding of necessity, there is no confrontation clause violation.

Welch, 760 So.2d 317. “In the child-victim case where all elements of

confrontation are preserved except the ability of the witness to see the defendant

and the jury, the constitutional mandate is satisfied.” Daniels, 484 So.2d at 944.

Although we could find no jurisprudence directly addressing Defendant’s

assignment of error, we find several cases instructive. In our review of the

jurisprudence, we find no cases wherein a defendant was allowed to have an expert

perform an independent psychological or physical examination of a victim. We

summarize the jurisprudence we find instructive below.

In State v. Edwards, 419 So.2d 881 (La.1982), the supreme court held the

trial court properly denied a defendant’s request for medical and psychological

examinations of a child victim to determine his competency as a witness. In State

v. Allen, 26,547 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/7/94), 647 So.2d 428, writ denied, 95-48 (La.

5/19/95), 654 So.2d 1352, the second circuit held the defendant was not entitled to

an independent psychiatric evaluation of a child victim despite the claims that the

child had been “coached” by her mother. In State v. Abbott, 29,497 (La.App. 2

Cir. 6/18/97), 697 So.2d 636, writ denied, 97-1929 (La. 1/9/98), 705 So.2d 1097,

the second circuit denied a defendant’s motion for an independent medical

examination of the victim, which the defendant contended was necessary for his

defense.

In State v. Galliano, 05-962 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/06), 945 So.2d 701, writ

denied, 06-2367 (La. 4/27/07), 955 So.2d 682, the defendant claimed the trial court

erred in denying his motion for an independent medical examination of the victim
17

prior to sentencing, which defendant claimed would have demonstrated the child’s

current physical condition, which was relevant for sentencing because the trial

court stated that the child’s medical condition was the main reason it intended to

impose a maximum sentence. The trial court denied the motion, stating it had

heard from three doctors with regard to the child’s injuries, his current condition,

and his prognosis. In addressing this claim, the fifth circuit found:

In State v. Gerhart, 583 So.2d 843 (La.App. 5 Cir.1991), this Court
held that the trial judge did not err in denying the defendant's request
for an independent medical examination of a child sex abuse victim
and rejected the defendant’s claim that his right to present a defense
was abridged by the lack of an independent medical examination. The
Gerhart court noted that the child had been examined by a physician
accepted by the trial court as an expert in pediatrics and child sexual
abuse, who testified at trial. Further, the court noted that the defendant
“merely sought an independent medical examination to perhaps obtain
a more favorable result concerning the cause of the victim’s injury.”
Id. at 845.

Although Gerhart is not directly on point, since the asserted
purpose for the medical exam here was for sentencing, not to put on a
defense, we find the Gerhart case to be instructive. As in Gerhart, the
defendant herein has not demonstrated any prejudice in the trial
court’s denial of his motion for an independent medical examination
of the victim. Further, it is reasonable to infer that the defendant
herein, as was the case in Gerhart, merely sought the medical
examination to obtain a more favorable result concerning the severity
of Christopher’s injuries. In addition, the record contains ample
evidence of Christopher’s condition as of the time of trial in
December 2004, only a few months before the sentencing in March of
2005.

Considering the foregoing, we find that the trial judge did not
err in denying the motion for a medical examination of the child abuse
victim in this case.

Id. at 729.

Finally, in State v. Garay, 453 So.2d 1003 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1984), the

defendant alleged his constitutional rights to present an effective defense and to

confront the witnesses against him were prejudiced by the trial court’s denial of an

18

independent psychiatric examination of the child sexual abuse victim. The fourth

circuit explained:

Defendant was granted his alternative request. He received all records
from St. Vincent’s eighteen days before the trial. He was provided an
opportunity to question Brenda regarding her ability to distinguish
between prior sexual abuse and the present case when her competency
to testify was considered immediately prior to the commencement of
defendant’s trial. The trial court carefully evaluated Brenda and
concluded that she was a competent witness. That judgment deserves
great weight. State v. Francis, 337 So.2d 487 (La.1976). Brenda’s trial
testimony demonstrated a clear recollection of the factual details of
the recent incidents with defendant. See State v. Nails, 255 La. 1070,
234 So.2d 184 (1970). This recollection was distinct from that of
experiences she had earlier in her home situations. Additionally,
defendant was afforded the channel of cross-examination to further
test the clarity of Brenda’s recollection.

Id. at 1006.

The testimony of Dr. Dilks and Ms. Landry regarding G.H.’s ability to

testify in the presence of Defendant support the trial judge’s determination to allow

G.H. to testify by closed circuit television without another examination by an

expert engaged by Defendant. Dr. Dilks testified that he employed standard

procedures in evaluating G.H. and that he would not have used any different

procedure, regardless of who hired him to provide testimony. Ann Landry stated

that her testimony did not differ. The law overwhelmingly supports allowing child

victims to avoid the imposition of unnecessary independent examinations and the

extra trauma associated with testifying in the presence of their alleged abusers.

Further, Defendant has not demonstrated any prejudice to her defense in the trial

court’s denial of her motion. “[A]ll elements of confrontation [were] preserved

[during G.H.’s testimony] except the ability of [G.H.] to see the defendant and the

jury.” Daniels, 484 So.2d at 944. Therefore, there can be no prejudice in the

procedure employed, regardless of whether Defendant was denied her request for

an independent examination of G.H.

19

For these reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in refusing to allow

Defendant to compel an independent examination of G.H.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 7:

In her seventh assignment of error, Defendant contends that the trial court

failed to give adequate reasons for the imposition of a thirty-year sentence on a

first-felony offender whom the trial court found was not a threat. Defendant was

convicted of second degree cruelty to a juvenile, which is punishable by

imprisonment at hard labor for not more than forty years. La.R.S. 14:93.2.3.

Defendant was sentenced to serve thirty years at hard labor. At sentencing, the

trial court stated:

I don’t accept that Ms. Day is a threat. I think the circumstances that
were thrust upon her, she was unable to handle. And, unfortunately,
for her, her method of handling [G.H.] was to practically kill him.

And I put a great weight on the testimony and the letter that
I’ve received from Dr. Benton. He was perhaps the other star in this
case from the standpoint of being able to explain the unexplainable,
which is how do custodians, stepparents, or parents mistreat a child in
this way? There’s a fundamental point that he made -- and I think
Dilks made it, too -- which is that children don’t starve themselves.

If you accept that, and I do, and I think you have to accept that,
then the defense kind of crumbles, because this child was not starving
himself, he was being starved, and I don’t know why. But as soon as
he was taken away, he wasn’t -- he ate. He did what living things do,
which is try to stay alive, and that fundamental point changes things.

The other main bit of evidence that you can’t ignore is the tape.
And Dr. Benton refers to it in his letter. “Jaime Day’s self-made
videotape stands as a window into her emotional abuse of [G.H.] and
likely reflects her best public persona.” It was -- it was awful. And the
courtroom couldn’t watch it, the jurors, staff, us, and, yet, it was a
tape that the defendant made that lasted 25 minutes. And I accept that
as a window into what she was doing.

So it’s not a maximum case only from the standpoint that she’s
not -- I can’t conceive of these set of circumstances being present in
the future to result in the same sort of cruelty. Cruelty seems like a
mild term for what we witnessed in trial, but I’m sentencing the
defendant to 30 years at hard labor.

20

Defendant filed a timely motion to reconsider sentence.3 The motion was denied

without conducting a hearing.

Defendant asserts the trial court failed to comply with La.Code Crim.P. art.

894.1. She also asserts the sentence imposed was excessive and notes the trial

court did not believe she was a threat and believed she was thrust into a situation

she could not handle. In support of her claim of excessiveness, she asserts the trial

court failed to consider that 1) she had no prior criminal record; 2) she had been a

loving and caring mother to her three biological children; 3) she had no history of

violence; 4) she had strong support from her family and church and had been a

daily churchgoer for a majority of her life; 5) she and her husband won custody of

G.H. after he suffered abuse and neglect at the hands of his biological mother; 6)

many letters of support were submitted on her behalf; 7) she was a young adult and

a candidate for rehabilitation; 8) she voluntarily sought the assistance of mental

health professionals for G.H., inviting them into her home on a weekly basis for

assessments and counseling; 9) the sentence presumed that many of G.H.’s

problems were caused by Defendant, but the evidence shows G.H.’s problems

were caused by his biological mother, which resulted in posttraumatic stress

disorder, his pre-existing mental illness and destructive behavior, and Medicaid’s

refusal to authorize long-term inpatient care; and 10) she was the only person

willing to stick with G.H., and it was unfair to punish her for all of his problems.

Whether the trial court failed to comply with La.Code Crim.P. art. 894.1 is

an issue that may not be raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Blue, 09-1111

(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/7/10), 34 So.3d 447; State v. Hebert, 08-542 (La.App. 3 Cir.

3
The State asserts that the motion to reconsider sentence may not have been a valid
motion because it was filed after the motion for appeal had been granted, which divested the trial
court of jurisdiction. By virtue of La.Code Crim.P. art. 916, the trial court retains jurisdiction to
take action on properly filed motions to reconsider sentence after an order of appeal has been
entered. Thus, Defendant’s motion was timely filed.
21

11/5/08), 996 So.2d 688. Defense counsel made no objection to the trial court’s

failure to comply with the article at the sentencing hearing and did not mention it

in his motion to reconsider sentence. Thus, we do not address this issue now.

We now turn to a review of the sentence for excessiveness. We explained in

State v. Soileau, 13-770, 13-771, p. __ (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/12/14), __ So.3d __, __:

Sentences within the statutory sentencing range can be
reviewed for constitutional excessiveness. State v. Sepulvado, 367
So.2d 762 (La.1979). In State v. Barling, 00-1241, 00-1591, p. 12
(La.App. 3 Cir. 1/31/01), 779 So.2d 1035, 1042-43, writ denied, 01-
838 (La.2/1/02), 808 So.2d 331, a panel of this court discussed the
review of excessive sentence claims, stating:

La. Const. art. I, § 20 guarantees that, “[n]o law
shall subject any person to cruel or unusual punishment.”
To constitute an excessive sentence, the reviewing court
must find the penalty so grossly disproportionate to the
severity of the crime as to shock our sense of justice or
that the sentence makes no measurable contribution to
acceptable penal goals and is, therefore, nothing more
than a needless imposition of pain and suffering. State v.
Campbell, 404 So.2d 1205 (La.1981). The trial court has
wide discretion in the imposition of sentence within the
statutory limits and such sentence shall not be set aside as
excessive absent a manifest abuse of discretion. State v.
Etienne, 99-192 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/13/99); 746 So.2d
124, writ denied, 00-0165 (La.6/30/00); 765 So.2d 1067.
The relevant question is whether the trial court abused its
broad sentencing discretion, not whether another
sentence might have been more appropriate. State v.
Cook, 95-2784 (La.5/31/96); 674 So.2d 957, cert. denied,
519 U.S. 1043, 117 S.Ct. 615, 136 L.Ed.2d 539 (1996).

Further, in reviewing the defendant’s sentences, the appellate
court should consider the nature of the crime, the nature and
background of the offender, and the sentences imposed for similar
crimes. State v. Lisotta, 98-648 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/16/98), 726 So.2d
57 (citing State v. Telsee, 425 So.2d 1251 (La.1983)), writ denied, 99-
433 (La.6/25/99), 745 So.2d 1183. In State v. Smith, 02-719, p. 4
(La.App. 3 Cir. 2/12/03), 846 So.2d 786, 789, writ denied, 03-562
(La.5/30/03), 845 So.2d 1061, a panel of this court observed that:

While a comparison of sentences imposed for similar
crimes may provide some insight, “it is well settled that
sentences must be individualized to the particular
offender and to the particular offense committed.” State
v. Batiste, 594 So.2d 1 (La.App. 1 Cir.1991).
22

Additionally, it is within the purview of the trial court to
particularize the sentence because the trial judge
“remains in the best position to assess the aggravating
and mitigating circumstances presented by each case.”
State v. Cook, 95-2784 (La.5/31/96); 674 So.2d 957, 958.

The record establishes Defendant’s guilt, and she does not now challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence. However, a review of the testimony, which we

summarize below, establishes the excessiveness of the sentence imposed.

Testimony of G.H.’s teacher and school counselors

Christine Collins, Polly Fontenot, and Shelia Devillier each encountered

G.H. at school. Each testified that, when they first observed G.H., he appeared

very thin and had a black eye. Each of these witnesses testified that G.H.

attributed his black eye to a fall off his father’s bicycle. One witness testified she

did not recognize G.H. from the year before because he was so much thinner. She

obtained extra food for him from the cafeteria, which he readily ate. Two

witnesses testified that Defendant frequently called or sent notes to the school

instructing that G.H. was not to have any food other than what she packed for him.

However, one witness testified that Defendant had explained that G.H. was not to

have food from the cafeteria because he chose to pack his lunch, and she did not

wish to pay for both. Nonetheless, she observed G.H. ask the other children for

their uneaten food, and G.H. only had an apple in his lunchbox on one occasion.

Two of these witnesses testified to an occasion where G.H. defecated in his pants

at school.

Sheila Vincent’s testimony

Sheila Vincent is a homebound teacher who came into Defendant’s home to

instruct G.H. on four separate occasions. She testified that on three of her visits,

G.H. silently refused to cooperate in the lessons. Instead, he stood at the corner of

the table, put his head down, and did not interact with her. On one occasion, she
23

offered G.H. candy, with Defendant’s knowledge, and G.H. did not eat the candy.

She testified that she documented her final encounter with G.H. as “I now feel

maybe my first impression of parental abuse was incorrect . . . I think there is

something very disturbing about him and his surroundings.” When asked to

elaborate on these observations, she testified “Well, the fact that [G.H.] just stood

where he stood . . . that he never communicated with me was very disturbing to

me.”

Karla Simien’s testimony

Karla Simien, G.H.’s first foster mother, who had raised over sixty foster

children over many years and adopted several of them, testified that, throughout

the time that G.H. resided with her, she kept a journal, in which she documented

G.H.’s behavior. She testified that G.H. would eat all through the day and hide

food. Mrs. Simien testified that there were several occasions where G.H. harmed

himself and threatened to blame the injuries on her and her husband. She

described that G.H. would frequently go into the other foster children’s rooms at

night and stand directly over them, which scared them. He would also throw

things at the other children while they slept. When he was disciplined over this

odd behavior, he started throwing a tantrum, during which he screamed, clawed his

face, and bit himself. He later told Mrs. Simien that he was going to blame the

injuries on her husband.

She described another time that she told G.H. he could not have unlimited

access to food, after which he threw a tantrum that lasted for hours, during which

he would scream, growl, claw and bite himself, and throw furniture. After the

tantrum, she documented in her journal that G.H. threatened to “do to [her] what he

did to Jaime” and to tell others that she starved him. She testified that G.H. said he

threatened her because he wanted to go to a place where he would get more
24

attention, because Defendant had not given him enough attention and the other

foster children were getting more attention than he was. She finally requested his

removal from the home.

Susan Sportsman’s testimony

Susan Sportsman was another of G.H.’s foster mothers. She testified that

G.H. had a tendency to hoard food, to hide it in unusual places, and to throw

tantrums if he was not allowed to have unrestricted access to food. She testified

that the tantrums persisted for several years after he came to live with her, and,

although they got better, the behavior never completely resolved. She testified that

he would sometimes eat so much, he vomited. She testified that G.H. once

threatened to kill her and himself. He physically attacked her several times; once

was during a tantrum over food. She testified that G.H. had a problem with

shoplifting and that he often did not obey when first told not to do something.

Gerald Price’s testimony

Defendant’s father, Gerald Price, testified that he had observed G.H. refuse

to eat on multiple different occasions. He testified that he observed G.H. urinate in

the back seat of Mr. Price’s vehicle. He testified that G.H. often refused to eat,

demanded specific foods, and threw tantrums to avoid eating. He described a time

where G.H. was making noise in the middle of the night. When he inquired into

what G.H. had been doing, G.H. told him “nothing.” Upon investigation, he

discovered that G.H. had used a paint marker on multiple items of furniture and the

floor. He remarked that he found “phenomenal” G.H.’s ability to be so sincere.

When Mr. Price later tried to discuss the incident with G.H., G.H. told him, “I

don’t remember that. I only remember good things.” He was so disturbed by

G.H.’s “demeanor” that he recommended to Defendant that she obtain professional

help for G.H.
25

Laurie Labove’s testimony

Laurie Labove is a licensed clinical therapist who also lived next door to

Defendant while G.H. was in her care. She testified that she visited Defendant’s

home several times a week and that her grandson, who resides with her, played

with Defendant’s biological sons. She testified that Defendant was an excellent

mother and encouraged G.H. to play with the children, but that G.H. “was always

by [Defendant’s] side” and that he “adored” Defendant. She described an incident

where she observed G.H. urinate on himself. She described another incident where

G.H. defecated on the living room floor. When Defendant asked why G.H. had

done so, he responded “[b]ecause you’re sitting there talking to her and not me.”

Finally, she testified that there were many occasions where Defendant prepared

meals for all of the children, and G.H. would refuse to eat what was prepared.

Instead, he would demand other items of food. Sometimes, after Defendant had

prepared a special food item for G.H., he would refuse it, as well.

Dr. Murphy’s testimony

While he lived with Defendant, G.H. was hospitalized on three separate

occasions, during which he was under the care of Dr. Charles Murphy, a

psychiatrist qualified as an expert. Dr. Murphy described G.H. as “extremely

articulate and sophisticated beyond his age,” “very oppositional,” and “attention-

seeking and manipulative.” He gave the following examples of G.H.’s

manipulative behavior: G.H. often said he was going to harm himself “so that

people will feel sorry for [him],” G.H. threatened to kill himself if he was

discharged “in a very calm, cool and collected fashion,” and G.H. complained that

voices told him to harm himself, but that this was “very suspect . . . [because] his

non-verbal communication . . . was inconsistent with what he was verbalizing.”

26

He had several working diagnoses of G.H., but his final diagnosis was

posttraumatic stress disorder longstanding.

G.H. reported to a member of the treatment team that he was “a changed

person but may still lie and steal a little…‘because nobody is perfect. Everybody

does it.’” Dr. Murphy recorded that G.H. “love[d] father but love[d] stepmother

more.” Dr. Murphy testified that G.H. urinated and defecated in various places,

including on himself, and that G.H. admitted he did so because he was angry at

being punished, which Dr. Murphy found unusual. Finally, Dr. Murphy testified

that, although it was possible that Defendant abused G.H., he believed that G.H.’s

posttraumatic stress disorder longstanding was caused by the abuse he sustained

while living with his biological mother. He testified that Defendant was working

with the treatment team for G.H.’s benefit and that he was “very surprised” to see

G.H. in the condition in which he arrived at the hospital on February 19, 2010.

Dr. McCanless’ testimony

Dr. Edgar McCanless, a pediatrician, examined G.H. multiple times after his

February 19, 2010 hospital admission. G.H. weighed thirty-eight pounds, which

was below the fifth percentile on a growth chart for children. Dr. McCanless

testified that G.H. had obvious signs of physical abuse and malnourishment,

including a black eye, a bruise to the left upper lip, a scar from a laceration on his

upper lip, blisters inside his left ear, a small scab above the buttocks crease, a large

burn scar on his back, a distended abdomen, edema of the legs and lower body

parts, which was caused by low serum proteins in the blood as a result of

starvation, anemia, low body temperature, and a fine coating of hair on his face,

called lanugo, which was a result of starvation. Dr. McCanless testified that G.H.

was later diagnosed with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Finally, Dr.

27

McCanless testified that he had never seen a child near G.H.’s age intentionally

starve himself or sustain such self-inflicted injuries.

Dr. Benton’s testimony

Dr. Scott Benton, an expert pediatrician for the state who specializes in child

abuse pediatrics, testified that a “classic” symptom of starvation abuse is later food

hoarding and that in each of the starvation abuse cases he had experienced, the

children later hid food in unusual places and had arguments with their caretakers

over food. He testified that he had never seen a child in G.H.’s age group self-

starve, explaining that this behavior was usually observed in teenagers who were

purposefully trying to lose weight. He found significant that, in each setting where

G.H.’s access to food was not restricted, he ate. Regarding G.H.’s allegations that

he ate his own feces and drank his own urine, Dr. Benton testified that eating feces

or drinking urine is “typical of a starved child.” He testified that G.H.’s later

tendencies to hide food, to check for food in the home, and to disagree with

throwing away leftovers were behaviors consistent with that of a starved child. He

testified that he did not feel that G.H.’s injuries, which he were documented in the

medical records and photographed, were self-inflicted, explaining that the

“severity” of the injuries exceeded the typically superficial nature of most self-

inflicted injuries.

Lin McDonald’s testimony

Prior to his removal from her home, Defendant voluntarily sought assistance

for G.H., enrolling him in an outpatient psychiatric treatment program called

Helping Hands. Lin McDonald and other Helping Hand’s staff came into the

home once or twice per week to treat G.H., for a total of approximately forty

sessions. Mr. McDonald testified that Defendant had reported that G.H. would not

eat food she prepared and instead requested grits, but that when she prepared grits,
28

he also refused to eat them. He testified that he and his staff documented at least

two occasions where G.H. stated he did not want to go to school and threatened to

defecate on himself if forced to go. Finally, he testified that neither he nor his staff

saw any evidence of child abuse.

Discussion

The evidence indicates that Defendant physically abused and starved G.H.,

and the sufficiency of the evidence is not now on appeal. However, after a

thorough review of the record, we find that the thirty-year sentence “shocks the

conscience” and is, therefore, excessive. The record reveals neither the degree to

which Defendant intentionally harmed G.H. nor the degree to which the harm may

be attributable to negligence in the context of caring for a difficult, mentally ill

child. The record reveals a young man with significant mental illness prior to

coming into Defendant’s care. His behavior was difficult, at best, and often

outrageous. We find the difficulties presented to Defendant in caring for G.H.

significant in our review of the appropriateness of the sentence. It appears much of

the harm to G.H. was unintentional, resulting in part from G.H.’s refusal to eat.

Some of the bruising was likely caused by G.H. himself. The record

overwhelmingly indicates that Defendant was in a precarious situation; she was

caring alone for her own children and G.H., who was such a significant challenge,

and was unable to get the assistance G.H. required. While we do not excuse her

treatment of G.H., we must take into account the tremendous difficulty she faced in

caring for him.

Moreover, we find significant that Defendant is a first time offender, with no

prior history of violence, is not a threat to any other children, is a young woman

with the capacity for rehabilitation, took good care of her biological children, and

was involved with church throughout her life. We can find no measurable
29

contribution that such a harsh sentence would provide. For these reasons, we feel

that the sentence of thirty years at hard labor is excessive. Accordingly, pursuant to

La.Code Crim.P. art. 881.4(A), we remand this matter to the trial court for

resentencing.

Although we could find no cases factually analogous to the instant case, we

find a review of cases where a sentence of thirty years was imposed to be

illuminating.

In State v. Davis, 39,197 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/16/04), 890 So.2d 708, writ

denied, 05-1346 (La. 1/9/06), 918 So.2d 1041, the defendant was living with E.N.

and her four-year-old son, A.N., when he beat A.N. for being unable to count

properly. A physician testified that A.N. was bruised on his back from his

shoulders to his knees; several areas of skin had been torn from his back side and

buttocks, which were due in part to human bites; his body was severely swollen

from the accumulation of blood under the skin; he appeared to be twice his normal

size; his kidneys had failed; he had a terribly high chemical imbalance; and he had

severe muscle damage. The physician stated A.N. was in intensive care for over a

week.

The defendant had a prior conviction for attempting to disarm a police

officer. He pled guilty to second degree cruelty to juveniles, and the state agreed

not to charge the defendant as a second felony offender. The defendant was

sentenced to thirty years at hard labor, which was upheld on appeal.

In State v. Dixon, 03-160 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/4/03), 852 So.2d 471, the victim

testified that the defendant, his step-father, whipped him with an extension cord on

his buttocks, legs, back, and neck, causing bleeding. The defendant also hit the

victim with a walking cane and his fists or hands. He held the victim by his ankles

and dropped him to the floor. The victim sustained a hematoma on the forehead; a
30

laceration on the upper lip; swelling to the upper and lower lips; multiple semi-

circular lesions on the neck in the form of an inverted “c,” which would be

consistent with being struck by an extension cord; bruises over his entire back and

chest; bruising on the inner and outer thighs, buttock, and legs; swollen knees,

which caused diminished ability to bend them. Several of the wounds were large

and open down to the bare muscle tissue and the victim he could hardly walk due

to the pain caused by the open wounds. A doctor testified that the victim suffered

severe physical abuse over a period of time.

The defendant was convicted of second degree cruelty to a juvenile and

sentenced to thirty years at hard labor. The defendant had a prior felony conviction

for manslaughter, and prior to sentencing, the state withdrew its motion to have the

defendant sentenced as a habitual offender. This court found the defendant’s

sentence was not excessive.

Although the excessiveness of the imposed sentence was not an issue on

appeal, we also find State v. Vance, 03-1946 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/30/04), 879 So.2d

862, writ denied, 06-1071 (La. 11/9/06), 941 So.2d 34, provides some guidance to

the trial court in resentencing Defendant. In Vance, the defendant was the father

of the victim, a one year old boy. The child was brought to the emergency room

with second-degree burns to his head, face, feet, ankles, and backside. The

defendant testified that the burns occurred after he took a bath with the child and

the child stayed in the bathtub too long. A physician expert testified that the

pattern of injuries suggested the child was dipped into hot water and were not

likely to occur when an adult bathed with a child.

The defendant was convicted of second degree cruelty to a juvenile,

adjudicated a second habitual offender, and sentenced to serve twenty years at hard

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labor. We note the evidence did not reveal whether the child’s injuries were

intentionally or negligently inflicted.

Defendant received the same sentence as the defendants in Davis, 890 So.2d

708, and Dixon, 852 So.2d 471. We note the strong contrast between the

defendants in those cases and Defendant in the instant matter. In Davis, 890 So.2d

708, and Dixon, 852 So.2d 471, the defendants intentionally injured and

traumatized children, and there was no evidence that the children had any pre-

existing psychological issues that made them especially difficult to care for to

mitigate the abuse. Further, they were second offenders with little candidacy for

successful rehabilitation. We also note, in Vance, 879 So.2d 862, the defendant

received a sentence of twenty years where the evidence did not reveal whether he

had intentionally or negligently injured the child, but he was also a second

offender, and likely had little chance of rehabilitation.

In the instant matter, Defendant is a young woman, who attended church

throughout her life, took good care of her biological children, and had no history of

crime or violence. Thus, she is likely a good candidate for rehabilitation. Further,

she was faced with a tremendously difficult situation in caring for G.H., a young

man whose serious problems existed prior to coming into Defendant’s care. It is

likely that G.H.’s injuries were self-inflicted to some measure, and some were the

result of Defendant’s negligence in this very difficult situation.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, Defendant’s conviction is affirmed. However, we

vacate her sentence and remand to the trial court for resentencing.

CONVICTION AFFIRMED. SENTENCE VACATED. REMANDED

FOR RESENTENCING.

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